CN113099929B - System and method for improving steep slope tree growth and water and soil loss - Google Patents
System and method for improving steep slope tree growth and water and soil loss Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G27/00—Self-acting watering devices, e.g. for flower-pots
- A01G27/005—Reservoirs connected to flower-pots through conduits
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/027—Pots connected in horizontal rows
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
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Abstract
The invention relates to a system and a method for improving the growth of trees on a steep slope and water and soil loss, and belongs to the technical field of ecological landscape and sponge city construction. The system comprises a fine-grain structure soil layer, a large-grain structure soil layer, a siphon drain pipe, a planting hole and a tree planting hole; a fine grain structure soil layer is arranged at the bottom of the planting hole, and a large grain structure soil layer is arranged above the fine grain structure soil layer and at the periphery of the planting hole; and a siphon drain pipe is arranged between the soil layers with the fine-grain structures at the bottoms of the adjacent planting holes. The invention utilizes the structure of double-layer structure soil, and utilizes the difference of different grain diameter structure soil in the soil infiltration rate to install different grain diameter structure soil layer by layer to respectively achieve the purposes of rapid rainwater infiltration, accumulation and reduction of water and soil loss; fully utilizes the water head difference of the steep slope in the rainwater collection in the rainy period, and skillfully and specially installs the siphon drain pipe to realize siphon phenomenon linkage and automatic and rapid drainage between the planting holes with different elevations, thereby reducing the blockage of the drain pipe and ensuring the long-term effectiveness of drainage.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a system and a method for improving the growth of trees on a steep slope and water and soil loss, and belongs to the technical field of ecological landscape and sponge city construction.
Background
For the reasons of vehicle driving safety and the like, China stipulates that the gradient of a highway in plain areas is less than 3 percent, and the heavy hill in mountains is less than 5 percent; the grade of the first-level highway is less than 4% in plain areas and less than 6% in mountainous heavy hills; by analogy, the lower the highway grade is, the gradient requirement is gradually reduced, and the worst mountainous road is reduced to about 10%. In practice, however, many distinctive zones tend to exceed the above grade. For example, the steepest street in the world, the south city of New Zealand but Nedin's Baeden street, has a steepest slope of up to 35%. In addition to steep slopes caused by natural reasons such as relief of land and the like, artificial steep slopes formed by land development or landscape construction in cities, such as artificial rockeries, stepped structures, roof greening, underground parking lots and the like, are very common, and for underground parking lots, the slopes are generally 10-15%, and are most common about 12%. It can be seen that steep slopes are very common, whether for natural or artificial reasons. The steep slopes with large slopes have the following ecological environment problems: firstly, the abrupt slope is easy to form surface runoff, so that instant rain flood is easily caused, the urban drainage pressure is increased, and the surface soil of the abrupt slope is easily washed away, so that the water and soil loss is serious; and secondly, the steep slope has serious water and soil loss, so that the soil layer becomes thin, the plants are difficult to plant, especially the wind power at the top end of the steep slope is large, large-sized tree species are difficult to plant, and the landscape is seriously influenced. Therefore, the plant planting specification generally has to be reduced at various steep slopes, and even if the traditional planting method is adopted, the plants, particularly the plants at the top of the slopes, grow obviously and badly; in addition, the water and soil loss is serious, the water storage capacity of the soil on the wavy road surface is poor, the drought resistance of plants is obviously weakened, and the irrigation pressure is increased. And along with the increase of the gradient, the problems are more aggravated, and the ecological civilization construction development is seriously restricted.
Regarding different plant types, the ecological environmental benefit generated by planting trees in unit area is far greater than that of short plants such as lawns, and once the trees grow, the maintenance of the trees can be completely self-maintained like the trees in natural forest lands, and the high maintenance cost is not needed like lawns all the time, so that in a limited land space, a plurality of tree planting trees can obtain better ecological environment and economic benefit. But in the early stage of tree planting, how to create a habitat suitable for the growth of trees is very important. As a new planting technology, the greening structure soil not only can effectively improve the growth habitat of trees on hard pavements, but also can be used as a rainwater accumulator due to high infiltration rate (>500mm/h), and can obtain good ecological benefits (such as Chinese patent, patent number: ZL 201410311938.5). Although the greening structural soil has a plurality of advantages, the cost is high, and the installation of the greening structural soil has certain difficulty and technical requirements (such as Chinese patent No. ZL201610861802.0) for ensuring that the hard pavement structural soil achieves a good drainage effect, otherwise, the structural soil accumulates rainwater which cannot be drained to municipal pipelines or other water bodies in time, and local water accumulation is formed. However, if all the rainwater rapidly infiltrated into the structural soil smoothly enters the municipal pipeline, the rainwater is not well accumulated and recycled in the soil, and the method is also a resource waste. Therefore, the application technology of the greening structural soil also needs to be adjusted according to local conditions aiming at different site conditions, different plant types, different soil properties and climate conditions. For example, for a steep slope with a large gradient, if the greening structure soil technology is simply used, the following limitations exist: 1) if the whole pavement is completely made of structural soil, although rainwater accumulation can be reduced, the construction cost is increased greatly; because the structural soil has higher infiltration rate, the collected rainwater is easy to be quickly discharged along the low-lying part of the terrain along with gravity, so that the water resource waste is caused, the soil has less accumulated rainwater, and in dry seasons, plants are easy to lack water and need extra water for irrigation; 2) if the structural soil is applied around the tree pit, rainwater is easy to collect in the structural soil to form an artificial pond due to poor infiltration capacity of the peripheral soil, and the plant root growth is damaged when the flooding exceeds half an hour generally; 3) if only structural soil is used around the tree pit, and different tree pit structural soil are connected by a common drainage pipe, the slurry in the rainwater is easy to block the pipeline; according to the technical installation structure soil disclosed by the Chinese patent No. ZL201610861802.0, although non-woven fabrics are also paved at the inlet of the municipal pipeline, the sedimentation of fine soil particles in the structure soil at the opening of the municipal pipeline cannot be prevented, and the drainage is influenced after a long time. Therefore, the greening structural soil technology is fully utilized, and on one hand, the high infiltration capacity of the greening structural soil is fully utilized, the accumulation of surface runoff and slurry in a pipeline is reduced, and the smooth drainage is ensured; meanwhile, rainwater can be accumulated as much as possible in a soil layer which can not be reached by the plant root system (the plant root system can not be damaged), and the water can be ensured to supplement the soil and the water supply requirement of the plant through the action of the soil capillary in the drought season.
Although the Chinese patent 'a siphon drainage collection system' (application number 201910611500.1) proposes a siphon drainage system to solve the problem of drainage of greening planting roof of underground garage, the aim is to quickly drain all the infiltrated water; with respect to the patent structure, not only the linkage between siphon technologies is not realized, but also a siphon drainage collection system is specially installed at the bottom to specially collect the infiltration water, and the infiltration water is directly drained into the sedimentation observation well and the reservoir by utilizing a drainage pipe, so that the drainage is facilitated, but the maintenance and the reutilization of the soil moisture of the planting layer are not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of improving the growth of trees on a steep slope and preventing water and soil loss of the steep slope.
In order to solve the problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is to provide a system for improving the growth and water and soil loss of trees on a steep slope, wherein the trees are planted on the steep slope, and the system comprises a fine-grain-size structure soil layer, a large-grain-size structure soil layer, a siphon drain pipe, a planting hole and planted trees; planting trees in the planting holes, wherein the bottom of each planting hole is provided with a fine-grain-size structural soil layer, and large-grain-size structural soil layers are arranged above the fine-grain-size structural soil layer and on the periphery of the planting hole; a siphon drain pipe is arranged between the soil layers with fine grain structures at the bottoms of the adjacent planting holes.
Preferably, the siphon drain pipe comprises a water inlet and a water outlet, and the height difference between the water inlet and the water outlet is more than or equal to 1 meter.
Preferably, the slope of the steep slope is greater than 9.42%.
Preferably, the fine-grain-size structural soil layer is arranged at the bottommost end of the planting hole and is set to be a small-grain-size structural soil layer with the thickness of 1 m; comprises stones with a grain size of 1-3.0cm, wherein 75% of the stones have a grain size of <2.0 cm; the stone and soil are mixed according to the volume ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 in the ratio of 1.
Preferably, the fine grain structure soil layer is provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone blocks.
Preferably, the large-particle-size structure soil layer is arranged at the periphery of the planting hole; the grain size of the large stone blocks arranged in the soil layer with the large grain size structure is 4.0-7.5cm, wherein the grain size of 75% is more than 5.0 cm; the stone and soil are mixed according to the volume ratio of 4: 1-5: 1, and mixing.
Preferably, the large-particle-size structure soil layer is provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone blocks.
Preferably, the pipe diameter of the siphon drain pipe is set to be 15 mm; the siphon water drainage pipe comprises a section with fixed length and another section with adjustable length according to the site, and a connecting bayonet is arranged between the two sections.
Preferably, the siphon drain pipe length of a fixed length is set to 0.5 m.
The invention provides a using method of a system for improving the growth and water and soil loss of trees on a steep slope, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, according to the field and site conditions, local vegetation and climatic conditions, calculating the gradient and determining whether a double-layer soil and siphon drainage combined technology is adopted;
step 2: carrying out scheme design, determining a planting scheme and determining the position of a plant planting center; carrying out planting hole design and calculating the length of a siphon drain pipe;
and step 3: starting construction; carrying out terrain excavation, and preparing planting soil, large-grain-size structural soil, fine-grain-size structural soil and an adhesive;
and 4, step 4: installing a fine-grain structure soil layer, and installing a fixed length of siphon drain pipe in the fine-grain structure soil layer and perpendicular to the horizontal plane; another section of siphon drain pipe is laid between the upper end of the section of siphon drain pipe and the bottom of the adjacent low-level planting hole; a connecting bayonet is arranged between the two sections of siphon drainage pipes;
and 5: then laying large-particle-size structural soil on the periphery of the planting hole;
step 6: after the large-particle-size structural soil is paved, putting about half of planting soil in each central position, and putting trees to be planted into the planting holes; then laying the rest planting soil to complete the planting of the whole tree;
and 7: and (5) leveling the terrain and the road surface to finish construction.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention utilizes the double-layer structure soil technology, utilizes the difference of the soil with different grain diameter structures in the soil infiltration rate, and mounts the soil with different grain diameter structures layer by layer to respectively achieve the purpose of rapid infiltration and accumulation of rainwater; meanwhile, the water head difference caused by rainwater collection of the steep slope in the rainy period is fully utilized, redundant water is quickly removed by using a siphon drain pipe, the blockage of the drain pipe is reduced, and the long-term effectiveness of drainage is ensured.
Has the advantages that:
1. the invention adopts a double-layer structure soil technology, and utilizes the difference of soil infiltration rates among large-particle-size structure soil, small-particle-size structure soil and natural soil, thereby not only achieving the natural and rapid infiltration of rainwater, preventing the generation of surface runoff and draining water to the maximum extent; meanwhile, part of rainwater can be accumulated, and the total loss of water resources caused by rapid drainage of the rainwater is reduced. Accomplish partial rainwater and can effectively save and recycle, unnecessary rainwater can high-efficient, discharge fast, rational utilization rainwater resource.
2. According to the invention, the steep slope terrain height difference is utilized, natural gravity drainage is replaced by natural siphon drainage, so that redundant water can be drained more quickly and efficiently, the damage of accumulated water to plant root systems is reduced, the accumulation of pipeline sludge is reduced, and the drainage effect is prolonged; compared with a siphon drainage collection system (application number 201910611500.1), a special siphon drainage system is not required to be installed at the bottom to collect the inflow water, so that the construction cost is low and the construction is simple; and the siphon phenomenon is skillfully utilized, and siphon phenomenon linkage and automatic drainage among the planting holes with different heights are realized.
3. According to Bernoulli's equation and indoor simulation test, the invention determines that the galvanized pipe with the diameter of 15mm and the vertical installation height of 0.5m are adopted, so that the flow rate and the drainage effect of the siphon are ensured, and the sediment accumulation between pipelines can be reduced; meanwhile, the siphon drain pipe is connected by a short siphon pipe with the length of 0.5m and a long siphon pipe through threaded joints, so that the construction is convenient; the siphon effect is effectively improved and the service life is prolonged;
4. according to the planting characteristics of the street trees and the trees, the method is accurately calculated, is suitable for steep slopes with the gradient of more than 9.42 percent, well defines the application range of the method, and can better guide practical application; and the technical advantage is more obvious when the gradient is larger.
5. The invention effectively utilizes the terrain height difference, the double-layer structure soil and the siphon drainage technology, can reduce the manufacturing cost and can obtain better ecological and landscape benefits.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the present invention of using double-layer soil and siphon drainage pipe to improve the growth of trees on steep slopes and water and soil loss.
In the figure H General assembly The elevation between the tree planting hole at the highest position of the steep slope and the underground normal water level at the lowest position of the slope bottom is shown, Z in the figure is the installation height of the siphon drain pipe, and H in the figure is the elevation of the water inlet pipe orifice at the upper part and the water outlet pipe orifice at the lower part of the siphon drain pipe.
Reference numerals: 1. a fine-grain structural soil layer; 2. a large-grain-size structure soil layer; 3. planting holes; 4. planting trees; 5. a short siphon (water inlet end); 6. a long siphon (water outlet end); 7. bayonets of the long siphon and the short siphon.
Detailed Description
In order to make the invention more comprehensible, preferred embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the invention provides a system for improving the growth of trees on a steep slope and water and soil loss, wherein trees are planted on the steep slope, and the system comprises a fine-grain structure soil layer 1, a large-grain structure soil layer 2, a siphon drain pipe, a planting hole 3 and planted trees 4; planting trees 4 are arranged in the planting holes 3, the bottom of each planting hole 3 is provided with a fine-grain-size structural soil layer 1, and a large-grain-size structural soil layer 2 is arranged above the fine-grain-size structural soil layer 1 and on the periphery of each planting hole 3; a siphon drain pipe is arranged between the soil layers 1 with fine grain structures at the bottoms of the adjacent planting holes 3. The siphon water discharge pipe comprises a short siphon pipe (water inlet end) 5 and a long siphon pipe (water outlet end) 6, and the height difference between the water inlet end and the water outlet end is more than or equal to 1 meter. The gradient of the steep slope is more than 9.42 percent. The fine-grain-size structural soil layer 1 is arranged at the bottommost end of the planting hole 3 and is set to be a small-grain-size structural soil layer with the thickness of 1 m; comprises stones with a grain size of 1-3.0cm, wherein 75% of the stones have a grain size of <2.0 cm; the volume ratio of the stones to the soil is 4: 1-5: 1, and mixing. The fine grain structure soil layer 1 is provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone. The large-grain-size structure soil layer 2 is arranged at the periphery of the planting hole 3; the grain size of the large stone blocks arranged in the soil layer 2 with the large grain size structure is 4.0-7.5cm, wherein the grain size of 75 percent is more than 5.0 cm; the volume ratio of the stones to the soil is 4: 1-5: 1, mixing; the large-particle-size structure soil layer 2 is internally provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone blocks. The pipe diameter of the siphon drain pipe is set to be 15 mm; the siphon water discharge pipe comprises a short siphon pipe 5 with a fixed length and a long siphon pipe 6 with another length which can be adjusted according to the field, and a bayonet 7 of the long siphon pipe and the short siphon pipe is arranged between the two sections. The length of the short siphon 5 of a fixed length is set to 0.5 m.
The invention provides a using method of a system for improving the growth of steep slope trees and water and soil loss, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, according to the field and site conditions, local vegetation and climatic conditions, calculating the gradient and determining whether a double-layer soil and siphon drainage combined technology is adopted;
step 2: carrying out scheme design, determining a planting scheme, and determining the planting center position of a plant; carrying out planting hole design and calculating the length of a siphon drain pipe;
and step 3: starting construction; performing terrain excavation, and preparing planting soil, large-grain-size structural soil, fine-grain-size structural soil and an adhesive;
and 4, step 4: installing a fine-grain structure soil layer, and installing a fixed length of siphon drain pipe in the fine-grain structure soil layer and perpendicular to the horizontal plane; another section of siphon drain pipe is laid between the upper end of the section of siphon drain pipe and the bottom of the adjacent low-level planting hole; a connecting bayonet is arranged between the two sections of siphon drainage pipes;
and 5: then laying large-particle-size structural soil on the periphery of the planting hole;
step 6: after the large-particle-size structural soil is paved, putting about half of planting soil in each central position, and putting the trees to be planted into the planting holes; then laying the residual planting soil to complete the planting of the whole tree;
and 7: and (5) leveling the terrain and the road surface to finish construction.
The invention aims at the defects of high cost, easy blockage of pipelines by sludge and insufficient utilization of rain floods in the application of the traditional structural soil; meanwhile, the problems of large surface runoff, serious water and soil loss, thin soil layer, unfavorable plant growth and the like existing in a steep slope are solved; the double-layer structure soil and the siphon drain pipe with different grain diameters are arranged to solve the problems, and the system and the method which are suitable for restoring the plant landscape on the steep slope and reducing the water loss and soil erosion and rainfall flood are built. The invention combines the special site conditions of the steep slope and the growth characteristics of the root system of the tree and combines the double-layer soil technology and the siphon drainage principle. Wherein the upper layer large-particle-size structural soil mainly plays a role in draining water, and surface runoff and plant root flooding are reduced; the lower layer of small-particle-size structural soil has an instant water storage function; the siphon drain pipe arranged between the upper and lower elevation structures utilizes the natural water level difference formed after the rainwater infiltrates into the soil, so that the rainwater can be conveyed and discharged at the bottoms of different tree pits in a power-free, rapid and efficient manner.
Because the siphon phenomenon is formed naturally, the height of the water inlet and the water outlet of the siphon is ensured to be more than 1m, the siphon is arranged at the height of 0.5m of the second-layer structural soil, the height difference between the tree pits of two trees is at least 0.5m, and the planting depth of the tree planting pits is at least about 1m, so that the vertical height of the trees which can automatically act through the siphon and the underground normal water level is at least 1.5 m. The distance between the street trees is generally about 3-8m, and the maximum value is 8 m; the diameter of the tree pit of the conventional street tree is 2-4m, and the maximum value of the tree pit is 4 m; the steep distance between two trees is about 8+4 x 2-16 m. The vertical distance x (m) between two trees is thus at most about:
the slope Y is then at least:
Y＝(1.5/15.9295)*100％≈9.42％
therefore, the technology is suitable for steep slopes with the gradient larger than 9.42%, and the larger the gradient is, the higher the application value is.
Designing the layout of the structural soil according to the site conditions, the application depth and range of the structural soil and the requirements of greening planting, setting the position of each planted tree as the central position, and then calculating the positions and occupied volumes of planting holes, upper-layer structural soil and lower-layer structural soil; then, carrying out terrain excavation along the central position, and completely excavating the bottom soil to form a pit; ensuring that the range and the depth of the excavated land can meet the laying requirements of double-layer structure soil, planting holes (the diameter is 2-4m and the depth is 1-2m) and siphon drainage pipes.
A small-grain-size structural soil layer with the thickness of 1m is laid on the lower layer (the depth of about 2.5-3.5 m) and is arranged at the bottommost end of the whole planting hole; the stone particles are between 1-3.0cm, wherein 75% of the particles are <2.0 cm; according to the stone and soil ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 (volume ratio) mixing; the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stones, and the addition amount of the adhesive can be omitted if the local soil is clay soil or loam; in order to ensure that the structural soil is paved compactly, paving the structural soil in 25-35cm, rolling for 5 times by using a manual vibrating and flattening machine or a rolling machine each time, and then paving the next layer.
The upper layer large-particle-size structural soil is paved and is mainly used for planting holes (2-4m) with the periphery of about 1-3m, and the specific range can be properly adjusted according to the crown width or the root system reachable range of the crown of the planted tree; the laying depth is about 1-2m, is more common at 1.5m, and is adjusted according to the expected specification size after the trees grow; the large stone has a particle size of 4.0-7.5cm, wherein 75% of the particles have a particle size of >5.0 cm; according to the stone and soil ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 (volume ratio) mixing; the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stones, and the addition amount of the adhesive can be omitted if the local soil is clay soil or loam; in order to ensure that the structural soil is paved compactly, paving the structural soil in 30-35cm, and paving the next layer after rolling for 3-5 times by using a manual vibrating and flattening machine or a rolling machine each time; the connection with the planting soil holes can be laid according to a method of using the greening structure soil as a rainwater accumulator (Chinese patent No. ZL201610861802.0), and 5-10cm of water permeable bricks are reserved according to requirements.
In order to ensure the siphon effect, the mounting height Z of the siphon tube is simplified and obtained according to the Bernoulli equation, and the mounting height which is convenient to mount and has the siphon effect is obtained to be 0.5m through indoor simulation experiments; the water inlet end of the siphon is arranged at the height of 0.5m of the soil layer of the small-grain-size structure extending from the outermost part of the planted trees with high topography, in order to ensure the siphon effect, the siphon arranged in the small-grain-size structure soil is vertical, the height is about 0.5m, and the siphon is exactly the joint of the upper layer of structure soil and the lower layer of structure soil; the water outlet of the siphon is arranged at the lowest part of the soil layer of the small-grain-size structure at the bottommost end of the adjacent low-range planted trees; ensure that the water inlet and the water inlet of the siphon have at least more than 1m of fall.
In order to ensure the siphon effect and research the influence of pipelines with different diameters on drainage, 6 galvanized water pipes with diameters of 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm and 40mm are adopted to carry out flow velocity and flow rate test values according to the Bernoulli equation, a flow calculation table of a siphon is established, and finally the 15mm galvanized water pipe is determined to be adopted; the siphon is divided into two sections, and the short section is 0.5m in height; the long section is adjusted according to the distance between two trees on site; the two sections of siphon pipes are connected by special thread cards. Thus, the siphon pipe can be ensured to have enough flow, and the construction is convenient.
The planting hole is in the central position, generally with a depth of about 1-2m, most commonly 1.5 m; generally circular, about 2-4m in diameter, most commonly 3 m; can also be square with side length of about 2-4 m; the specific size can be adjusted according to the estimated maximum distribution range of the root system of the planted tree.
The method is based on the great difference of soil infiltration rates of large-particle-size structural soil, small-particle-size structural soil and natural soil, wherein the infiltration rate of the large-particle-size structural soil is more than 500 mm/h; the soil infiltration of the small-particle-size structural soil is about 200-400 mm/h; the infiltration rate of natural soil is generally less than 10mm/h, rarely >100mm/h, and the infiltration rate of heavily compacted and heavy soil is even close to 0. Therefore, in the water-rich period, the soil layer with the large-particle-size structure can quickly infiltrate all rainwater contacted with the ground surface, and the formation of surface runoff of a steep slope is greatly relieved; after the rapidly infiltrated rainwater enters the small-grain-size structural soil, the rainwater is instantly gathered on the small-grain-size structural soil layer due to the low infiltration rate of the natural soil, and the effect of a water-retaining layer is achieved. When rainwater is gathered to a certain degree, the pressure at the water inlet of the siphon pipe at the high position of the terrain is increased, and the pressure between the water outlet of the siphon pipe at the low position of the terrain meets the siphon requirement, the siphon phenomenon of the siphon pipe is automatically started, the drainage speed is accelerated, the rainwater is prevented from staying in the structural soil for a long time, and the root system is not damaged; when the accumulated rainwater is reduced, the siphonage phenomenon is automatically closed, so that part of the rainwater can be kept at the bottom of the tree pit to play a role in moistening and drying, and particularly in a dry season, the water can slowly nourish the upper soil and plant growth through the capillary action of the soil. The siphon drainage pipe is utilized, instead of simply connecting a pipeline between the high-level tree pit and the low-level tree pit for drainage, the original passive gravity drainage is changed into active siphon drainage, the phenomena of incomplete and untimely gravity drainage, easy pipeline clogging and the like can be effectively solved, and the efficient, rapid and stable drainage effect is achieved.
As shown in figure 1, figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the double-layer soil and siphon drainage pipe combination for improving the growth of steep slope trees and water and soil loss. In the figure H General assembly At least requiring H for the elevation between the tree planting hole at the highest position of the steep slope and the underground normal water level at the lowest position of the slope bottom General assembly >1.5 m; in the figure, Z is the installation height of the siphon drainage pipe, is generally 0.5m and is vertical; h in the figure is a siphon drain pipeThe heights of the upper water inlet pipe orifice and the lower water outlet pipe orifice are required to ensure siphon energy absorption and automatic siphon drainage, and H is not less than Z +0.5m, namely H is not less than 1 m;
in the figure, a fine-grain structure soil layer 1 mainly plays a role in instantaneous water storage; the large-particle-size structure soil layer 2 mainly plays a role in rapid drainage, and 0-10cm of permeable bricks can be laid on the upper layer of the large-particle-size structure soil layer 2; the planting hole 3 is generally a circle with the diameter of 2-4m or a square with the side length of 2-4m, the depth is about 1-2m, and the planting hole is more common in the range of 1.5 m; planting trees 4 with planting soil internally; the upper layer of the planting hole 3 is reserved with 0-10cm, and an organic covering can also be paved.
Examples
A steep slope with the height difference of about 10m and the length of 95 meters is arranged at a landscape entrance, and due to numerous tourists, the road surface is seriously compacted, the soil is relatively heavy, the drainage is not smooth, the growth of plants is obviously poor, and the landscape effect of a scenic spot is seriously influenced; moreover, the local rainfall is abundant, which causes serious water and soil loss of the road surface; for this reason, it is necessary to modify the road surface drainage and landscape.
1. Firstly, according to the site conditions and the local vegetation and climate conditions, the technology of combining double-layer soil and siphon drainage is preliminarily determined.
2. Technical practicability analysis: the gradient is calculated first to see whether the technology of the invention is suitable for being adopted.
The patent technology is applicable.
3. Scheme design
(1) And (5) planting scheme. According to the height difference of 10m and the length of 95m of a steep slope, in order to build a better landscape effect, 1 cinnamomum camphora (the diameter is about 18cm) with the high specification is planted every 9.5m on both sides of the road surface, and 10 cinnamomum camphora are planted in total. According to the growth characteristics of the cinnamomum camphora, the setting range of the plants is 4m in diameter and 1.5m in depth; the range of the large-particle-size structural soil on the periphery of the tree pit is 2m, and the depth is 1.5 m; the depth of the lower layer structural soil is 1 m.
(2) A center point is determined. 10 points are equally divided at a distance of 95m to be used as central positions, and each central position is a plant planting central position.
(3) And (5) planting a hole. The diameter is 4m, and the depth is 1.5 m; the periphery of the large-particle-size structural soil is 2m, and the depth of the large-particle-size structural soil is 1.5 m; the small-particle-size structural soil has the diameter of 8m, the depth of 2.5m and the laying thickness of 1 m.
(4) Calculating the length of the long siphon tube: because the distance between every two trees is 9.5m, the diameter of a tree pit is 4m, and the peripheral large structure soil is 2 m; the long siphon length is therefore 9.5-2 x (2+2) ═ 1.5 m.
4. Construction of
(1) Excavating a terrain: and regularly dividing a circle with the diameter of 6m by taking the central position as a center, and excavating the earth according to the circle, wherein the excavating depth is 2.5 m.
(2) Preparation of raw materials was performed. The planting soil of the planting hole can be taken from the surface layer in combination with the terrain excavation, organic fertilizer and the like are properly added for improvement according to the determination result, and finally the quality of the planting soil is ensured to meet the related technical requirements of standard greening planting soil (CJ/T340-2016). Due to the fact that the steep slope is inconvenient to operate, before the terrain is excavated and ready for planting, the soil with the coarse grain size and the fine grain size is produced on the nearby flat ground at the periphery, and the soil is installed on the same day of production according to the using amount. Wherein the fine particle size stone is controlled to be between 1-3.0cm, wherein 75% of the particle size is <2. cm; the large-particle size stone blocks are controlled to be between 4.0 and 7.5cm, wherein 75 percent of the particle sizes are more than 5.0 cm; according to the stone and soil ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 (volume ratio) and mixing. Because the background soil used is basically clay loam, no adhesive is added.
(3) Mounting fine-grain structural soil, paving structural soil with the height of about 25cm at the bottom with the depth of 2.5m, leveling for 5 times by using a manual leveling machine, and paving the next layer; laying for four times, and finally ensuring the thickness of the fine-grained structural soil to be about 1 m.
(4) When fine-grain structural soil is installed, after 50 cm-thick paving is completed, a siphon drain pipe with the height of 0.5m is vertically installed on the innermost side; and (3) drilling the lowest part of the next planting hole along the height of 0.5m by using an earth drill, then drilling a long siphon with the designed length into the hole drilled by the earth drill, connecting one end of the long siphon with one end of a high-position short siphon (0.5m) by using a threaded bayonet, and enabling the other end of the long siphon to be positioned at the bottom of the low-position planting hole.
(5) And then laying large-particle-size structural soil on the periphery of the planting hole. The range is 2m at the periphery of the planting hole (4m), the thickness of the planting hole is about 35cm each time, the planting hole is leveled for 5 times by using a manual leveling machine, and then a layer is paved; paving for 5 times, and finally, the thickness is about 1.9 m; the connection method of the structural soil and the planting hole is mainly based on a method for using greening structural soil as a rainwater accumulator (Chinese patent No. ZL 201610861802.0).
(6) After the structural soil is laid, putting about half of planting soil in each central position, putting the cinnamomum camphora to be planted into the planting holes, and then flattening and compacting the trees by using the planting soil according to relevant planting requirements; necessary support is made, and the whole camphor tree planting is completed; and reserving a 10cm soil layer for covering.
(7) The terrain is smooth. Paving 5cm of fine stones on the installed structural soil, and paving 5cm of permeable bricks on the fine stones; paving 5-8cm thick big tree bark (with particle size of about 2-6cm) in the planting hole, which is slightly lower than the permeable brick pavement by 2-5 cm; and leveling the whole pavement to finish construction.
4. And (5) later-period effect.
By adopting the technical scheme for planting the cinnamomum camphora, a tree can emit a plurality of thick and strong new branches in the same year, and the trees can melancholy the scallion, so that the growth vigor is very good; in addition, urban surface runoff does not exist on the steep slope during rainstorm, and rainwater can naturally infiltrate; in addition, in dry seasons, no extra irrigation is needed, and the surface soil humidity is good. Basically achieves the expected transformation effect.
While the invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art can make various changes, modifications and equivalent arrangements, which are equivalent to the embodiments of the present invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and which may be made by utilizing the techniques disclosed above; meanwhile, any changes, modifications and variations of the above-described embodiments, which are equivalent to those of the technical spirit of the present invention, are within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving a steep slope tree growth and water and soil loss system is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, according to the field and site conditions, local vegetation and climatic conditions, calculating the gradient and determining whether a double-layer soil and siphon drainage combined technology is adopted;
step 2: carrying out scheme design, determining a planting scheme and determining the position of a plant planting center; planting holes are designed, and the length of a siphon drain pipe is calculated;
and 3, step 3: starting construction; carrying out terrain excavation, and preparing planting soil, large-grain-size structural soil, fine-grain-size structural soil and an adhesive;
and 4, step 4: installing a fine-grain structure soil layer, and installing a fixed length of siphon drain pipe in the fine-grain structure soil layer and perpendicular to the horizontal plane; another section of siphon drain pipe is laid between the upper end of the section of siphon drain pipe and the bottom of the adjacent low-level planting hole; a connecting bayonet is arranged between the two sections of siphon drainage pipes;
and 5: then laying large-particle-size structural soil on the periphery of the planting hole;
step 6: after the large-particle-size structural soil is paved, putting about half of planting soil in each central position, and putting trees to be planted into the planting holes; then laying the residual planting soil to complete the planting of the whole tree;
and 7: leveling the terrain and the pavement to finish the construction;
the system for improving the growth of trees on the steep slope and the water and soil loss comprises a fine-grain-size structure soil layer, a large-grain-size structure soil layer, a siphon drain pipe, a planting hole and a tree planting hole; planting trees in the planting holes, wherein the bottom of each planting hole is provided with a fine-grain-size structural soil layer, and large-grain-size structural soil layers are arranged above the fine-grain-size structural soil layer and on the periphery of the planting hole; a siphon drain pipe is arranged between the soil layers with the fine grain diameter structures at the bottoms of the adjacent planting holes; the large-particle-size structure soil layer is arranged at the periphery of the planting hole; the grain size of the large stone blocks arranged in the soil layer with the large grain size structure is 4.0-7.5cm, wherein the grain size of 75% is more than 5.0 cm; the stone and soil are mixed according to the volume ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 in the ratio of 1.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the siphon drain pipe comprises a water inlet and a water outlet, and the height difference between the water inlet and the water outlet is more than or equal to 1 meter.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the gradient of the steep slope is greater than 9.42%.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the fine-grain-size structural soil layer is arranged at the bottommost end of the planting hole and is set to be a small-grain-size structural soil layer with the thickness of 1 m; comprises stones with a grain size of 1-3.0cm, 75% of the stones having a grain size of <2.0 cm; the stone and soil are mixed according to the volume ratio of 4: 1-5: 1 in the ratio of 1.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the soil layer with the fine grain diameter structure is provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone blocks.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the large-particle-size structure soil layer is internally provided with an adhesive, and the addition amount of the adhesive is 0.02-0.05% of the mass of the stone blocks.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the pipe diameter of the siphon drain pipe is set to be 15 mm; the siphon water drainage pipe comprises a section with fixed length and another section with adjustable length according to the site, and a connecting bayonet is arranged between the two sections.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the length of the siphon water discharge pipe is set to be 0.5m in one section with fixed length.
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Effective date of registration: 20231204 Address after: 200063 Building 9, No. 1000, Caoyang Road, Putuo District, Shanghai Patentee after: Shanghai Construction Engineering Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd. Patentee after: SHANGHAI CHENSHAN BOTANICAL GARDEN Patentee after: SHANGHAI GARDEN ENGINEERING CO.,LTD. Address before: 200080 room 402, building 6, No.500 xijiangwan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai Patentee before: Shanghai Greenland Environmental Technology (Group) Co.,Ltd. Patentee before: SHANGHAI CHENSHAN BOTANICAL GARDEN Patentee before: SHANGHAI GARDEN ENGINEERING CO.,LTD. |