CN113091577A - Lever mark-remaining type device and method for measuring incident angle of explosion air shock wave - Google Patents
Lever mark-remaining type device and method for measuring incident angle of explosion air shock wave Download PDFInfo
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- CN113091577A CN113091577A CN202110410720.5A CN202110410720A CN113091577A CN 113091577 A CN113091577 A CN 113091577A CN 202110410720 A CN202110410720 A CN 202110410720A CN 113091577 A CN113091577 A CN 113091577A
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B5/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques
- G01B5/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes
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Abstract
The invention discloses a lever type impact wave incident direction passive measuring device and a measuring method. The device main body is cubic and comprises a base, five cover plates, five groups of lever type mark retaining devices, five mark retaining layers and two mounting supports, wherein each group of lever type mark retaining devices comprises a windward ball, a rocker, a universal ball, a mark retaining layer fixing surface and a mark retaining layer. The windward ball, the rocker and the universal ball are assembled in sequence from the top to the bottom, the windward ball moves under the action of shock waves to drive the rocker to rotate, the universal ball conforms to the lever principle, traces are carved at the tip end of the rocker to realize the trace of the incident angle of the shock waves, and the angle swung by the windward ball is read through the angle ruler to realize the passive quantitative measurement of the incident direction of the shock waves. The device has the advantages of simple structure, no need of power supply, convenient arrangement, repeated use and simple measurement method, can accurately measure shock waves incident at different angles, and solves the technical problem that the incident direction of the shock waves is difficult to quantitatively measure in severe environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of explosive testing, and particularly relates to a device and a method for measuring an incident angle of an explosive air shock wave.
Background
The location of the core of the detonation is an important parameter in the measurement of the destructive force of the shock wave generated by the detonation. At present, certain researches have been made on the measurement of the center of percussion of an aerial explosion, and some methods for measuring the center of percussion have been developed. The method is practical, the position of the center of the explosion is determined by the measured pressure peak value and an empirical formula, the method is feasible only for standard explosive balls, large errors can be generated for non-standard explosive explosion, the measurement accuracy of the pressure sensor is limited, and large positioning errors can be caused; the method can only measure the position of the center of explosion in the visual field of a camera, has limited measurable angle range and expensive instrument, and has the risk of damage in the test.
Furthermore, most of the current measurement methods are directed to static explosions. In order to truly reflect the position of the core of a detonation (including an accidental detonation) and the destructive power, dynamic detonation tests are increasingly carried out in recent years. Compared with a static explosion test, the dynamic explosion test has the advantages that due to the influences of factors such as unfixed explosion center position, unknown detonation moment and the like, the explosion center and the explosion power of the dynamic explosion test need to be accurately determined, and the general method is that a large number of various electric measuring sensors mainly comprising shock wave pressure sensors are arranged, and then the position and the explosion power of the explosion center are inverted through the acquired data; of course, the shooting can be assisted by optical means such as high-speed shooting and the like so as to help the positioning of the explosive core; these measurement methods all belong to active measurement systems (power supply is needed), and the use cost and difficulty are both large. In addition, the other method is to arrange corresponding effect targets, such as pine boards, steel plates, foot stands and the like, and belongs to an equivalent measurement method through deformation and damage conditions of the effect targets, and the accuracy is usually very limited and can only be evaluated qualitatively.
In summary, the existing measurement method at least has the following technical problems:
1. the existing electric measurement active sensor has the problems of electromagnetic interference, high cost, high layout difficulty and the like, and can not be used particularly in a relatively severe natural environment.
2. The equivalent measurement method is not accurate enough.
How to solve the above-mentioned defect or not enough that prior art exists, promote direction finding precision and convenient degree of static, dynamic explosion incident shock wave to can carry out accurate heart of explosion location, be the technical problem that technical staff in the field paid close attention to.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of providing a lever trace type air shock wave incident angle measuring device and a lever trace type air shock wave incident angle measuring method, improving the precision of the device by utilizing a lever principle, and solving the problems of complex equipment system, electromagnetic interference and the like of the existing electric measuring method. The measuring device has the characteristics of simple structure, low cost, strong anti-electromagnetic interference capability, high layout speed, convenient result processing, high measurement precision and the like, can be used for measuring the explosive blast incident angle in a standard test field, a field test field and other worse natural fields, and provides a new measuring tool for measuring the blast wave parameters and positioning the blasting center.
The invention records the movement direction and the rotation angle of the windward ball after shock wave loading by utilizing the lever principle, thereby realizing the rapid and accurate measurement of the incident angle of the air explosion shock wave.
The main body of the invention is a cube, and consists of a base, five cover plates, five groups of lever-type trace-remaining devices, five trace-remaining layers and two mounting supports, wherein the base is a solid cube, one end of the cube with the mounting supports is defined as the bottom end of the invention, andthe opposite end is the top end of the invention, and the angle from the bottom end to the top end is defined as the positive angle of the z-axis; the x-axis and y-axis angles can be determined according to the definition method of the right-hand coordinate system. And defining that one end of the rocker in each group of lever type mark retaining devices, which is close to the windward ball, is the top end of the rocker, and one end of the rocker, which is far away from the windward ball, is the bottom end of the rocker. The bottom surface welding erection support of base for link up with external fixing device, five other faces respectively arrange a set of lever and stay the trace device, and the position that every face is close to four angles is dug there is the base screw hole. The center of five surfaces of the base is dug with a trace layer fixing surface which is hemispherical. The middle of the cover plate is welded with a universal spherical bolt, a universal spherical nut is screwed on the universal spherical bolt through threads, four corners of the cover plate are provided with cover plate bolt through holes, and the positions of the cover plate bolt through holes are consistent with those of the base screw holes. An angle ruler is carved on one surface of the cover plate close to the windward ball. And the five cover plates respectively penetrate through the cover plate bolt through holes through bolts and are screwed into the base screw holes and are respectively fixed on five surfaces of the base, so that the lever type mark retaining device is packaged. Each group of lever type mark retaining devices consists of a windward ball, a rocker, a universal ball, a mark retaining layer fixing surface and a mark retaining layer. The windward ball, the rocker and the universal ball are assembled in sequence from top to bottom, the windward ball and the universal ball center are positioned on the axis of the rocker, and the universal ball is positioned in the middle of the rocker. The fixed surface of the mark retaining layer is hemispherical, the sphere center of the mark retaining layer is positioned on the axis of the rocker, the universal ball is used as a boundary, the top end of the universal ball is connected with the upper half part of the rocker, the bottom end of the universal ball is connected with the lower half part of the rocker, and the universal ball is tightly and firmly connected with the upper half part of the rocker and the lower half part of the rocker. The upper half part of the rocker is a cylindrical slender rod with the length of L21Diameter of D2The lower half part of the rocker is a cylindrical slender rod with a sharpened bottom like a sharpened pencil, the bottom of the rod is the tip of the rocker, and the length of the lower half part of the rocker is L22Diameter equal to D2And the sharp bottom end can be used for carving marks on the mark-remaining layer. The windward ball is firmly connected (both threads and welding can be realized) at the top end of the upper half part of the rocker. The universal ball-shaped bolt and the universal ball-shaped nut in the middle of the universal ball and the cover plate are concentrically assembled, and different pretightening forces can be applied to the universal ball through the universal ball-shaped nut. The trace layer is completely attached to the inner surface of the fixed surface of the trace layer. The mounting support is welded on the bottom surface of the base and is in a strip shape, round through holes are dug in the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface, and when the shock wave measuring device is used for measuring shock waves, the base is fixed on an external support (such as a slender steel rod fixedly connected with the ground) through the through holes of the mounting support by movable bolts so as to prevent the measuring device from moving in the measuring process. The swing of the windward ball can drive the rocker to rotate, the universal ball conforms to the lever principle, the trace is carved at the tip of the rocker to realize the trace of the incident angle of the shock wave, and the angle which the windward ball swings can be read through the angle ruler carved on the cover plate in advance.
The windward ball is used for converting local shock wave energy in air into self kinetic energy, preferably a spherical ball with a diameter D1Satisfies 0.01m<D1<0.3 m; the bottom of the windward ball is provided with a screw hole, the screw hole is required to be matched with the thread at the top end of the upper half part of the rocker, and the depth t of the screw hole1Is 0.3D1<t1<0.7D1(ii) a If the windward ball and the rocker are connected in a welding mode (without adopting a threaded mode), the connection strength is ensured to be the same as that of the threaded connection. The windward ball is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the materials are required to meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma1>200MPa, density rho1>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the windward ball does not generate plastic deformation under the action of the blast shock wave.
The rocker is used for connecting and fixing the windward ball and is divided into two sections which are cylindrical. Diameter D of rocker2Satisfies 0.003m<D2<0.03m, total length L of rocker2Satisfies 0.05m<L2<0.5 m; length L of upper half part of rocker21Satisfies 0.3L2<L21<0.35L2The top end of the upper half part of the rocker is provided with an external thread, and the axial length t of the thread part2Satisfies 0.7t1<t2<2.0t1The size of the thread is matched with a screw hole at the bottom of the windward ball, and the fixation of the windward ball and the rocker is realized by screwing down the screw; length L of cylindrical part at lower half part of rocker22Satisfies 0.45L2<L22<0.55L2The bottom of the lower half part of the rocker isA tip of the rocking bar, the tip of the rocking bar is conical and has a length L23Is equal to L23＝L2-L21-L22-D3. The rocker is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the materials are required to meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma2>200MPa, density rho2>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the rocker does not generate plastic deformation under the action of shock waves and does not generate plastic deformation when a trace layer is carved. The top end of the upper half part of the rocker is welded or in threaded connection with the windward ball, the bottom end of the upper half part of the rocker, the top end of the lower half part of the rocker and the universal ball are welded or in threaded connection, and the tip end of the rocker is in contact with the trace layer, so that traces can be drawn.
The universal ball plays a lever role on the rocker, and the windward ball swings to drive the tip of the bottom of the rocker to carve traces, which are spherical. Diameter D of universal ball3Satisfies 0.01m<D3<0.1 m. The universal ball is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma3>200MPa, density rho3>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the universal ball does not generate plastic deformation when being subjected to the action of shock waves. Universal spherical bolt, the concentric installation of universal spherical nut in the middle of universal ball and the apron, pretightning force (unscrew universal spherical nut, universal ball just can rock or rotate, screws up universal spherical nut, and universal ball is just passive) that can apply different through universal spherical nut's degree of screwing up to universal ball, and controlling means is to the response of different intensity incident shock waves to avoid wind etc. to measuring device's influence.
The cover plate is used for fixing and sealing the rocking bar and the base and displaying the swinging angle of the rocking bar, the shape of the cover plate is matched with that of the base, the cover plate is a square thin plate, and the side length L of the cover plate4Satisfies 0.05m<L4<0.5m, thickness t4Satisfies 0.01L4<t4<0.2L4(ii) a The center of the cover plate is provided with a universal spherical bolt (processing external thread) and an inner spherical diameter D provided with a universal spherical nut (processing internal thread), the universal spherical nut and the universal spherical bolt4Satisfies 0.9D3<D4<1.1L4. The universal ball is concentrically assembled with the universal spherical nut and the universal spherical boltThe bolt is screwed by the screw thread. The cover plate is made of a high-strength light material, such as organic glass, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma4>90MPa, density rho4<2g/cm3The basic principle is that the cover plate does not plastically deform upon impact of an explosive load. And an angle ruler is carved around the universal spherical bolt on the surface of the cover plate, which is far away from the universal spherical nut and is close to the windward ball, and is used for judging the angle swung by the rocker. Four corners of the cover plate are processed with bolt through holes, and the diameter D of each bolt through hole44Satisfies 6mm<D44<8mm, bolt through-hole and screw hole position are unanimous, can fix the apron on digging the face that has the hemisphere to stay mark layer stationary plane of base through movable bolt, make the apron be close to universal spherical bolt's one side and the face that has the hemisphere to stay mark layer stationary plane of digging of base closely laminate, border parallel and level, fixed rocker to seal the base and stay mark layer, prevent the base and stay mark layer by blast load direct impact.
The base is used for the fixed mark layer of staying, for solid square, and the square has five faces to dig and has the hemisphere to stay the mark layer stationary plane, and the bottom surface has welded erection support, and the screw passes circular through-hole, the cooperation nut of erection support and uses, can fix the base on external support. Base side length L5Equal to the side length L of the cover plate4Diameter D of the fixed surface of the hemispherical trace-remaining layer5Satisfies 0.4L5<D5<0.5L5. Four corner parts of each surface of the base provided with the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface are provided with screw holes, the positions of the screw holes are consistent with those of the bolt through holes, and the diameter D of each screw hole is52Satisfies D52＝D44Depth t of screw hole52Satisfies 0.001L5<t52<0.01L5And the base is conveniently and tightly attached to the cover plate through the movable bolt, so that the lever type trace-remaining device is packaged. The base is made of high-strength alloy, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma5>200MPa, density rho5>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the base does not plastically deform on impact with an explosive load, and that no trace or only a slight scratch is left when the rocker tip is stroked.
The mark layer is used for recording marks swung by the tip of the rocker and is a hemispherical shellAnd (3) completely coinciding the outer surface of the trace layer with the inner surface of the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface, and adhering by adopting common glue. Inner diameter D of trace layer6Satisfies 0.8D5<D6<0.95D5Outer diameter equal to D5. The mark retaining layer is made of materials with uniform material quality and lower hardness and density, such as gelatin, argil, plasticine, soft aluminum and the like, and the materials are required to meet the following requirements: hardness gamma6<800HV, density ρ6<5g/cm3The basic principle is that when the rocker is driven by the windward ball under the action of the shock wave, the tip of the bottom of the rocker can carve an obvious trace on the trace layer.
The mounting support is in a long strip shape, is dug with a round through hole and has a length L7Satisfies 0.01L5<L7<0.1L5Width W of mounting base7Satisfies 0.005L5<W7<0.05L5Thickness t of mounting base7Satisfies 0.001L5<t7<0.005L5Diameter D of circular through hole of mounting support7Satisfies 0.002L5<D7<0.03L5. The mounting support is made of high-strength alloy, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma7>200MPa, density rho7>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the mounting bracket does not plastically deform upon impact of an explosive load. The mounting supports are welded at two corners of the bottom surface of the base, and the base can be fixed on an external bracket (such as an elongated steel rod fixedly connected with the ground) by a movable bolt penetrating through the through holes of the mounting supports when the shock wave measuring device is used for measuring the shock waves, so that the measuring device is prevented from moving during the measuring process.
The process of measuring the incident angle of the air shock wave by adopting the invention comprises the following steps:
first, preparation before measurement:
1.1 before the measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave is started, ensuring that a universal ball is in close contact with a universal spherical bolt of a cover plate and the cover plate is in close contact with a base; ensuring that the tip of the rocker passes through the trace-remaining layer and is just contacted with the fixed surface of the trace-remaining layer; ensuring that the outer surface of the trace layer and the fixed surface of the trace layer of the base are completely and tightly attached, and the trace layer and the base do not move mutually in the measurement process; ensuring that the sphere center of the fixed surface of the trace layer of the base is positioned on the axis of the rocker;
1.2 ensure that windward ball and universal ball are all consolidated on the rocker, and the relative position of windward ball, rocker and universal ball does not change in the measurement process.
1.3 before measurement, the rocker is perpendicular to the plane of the cover plate, the whole body of the invention is firmly fixed on an external bracket, the external bracket is a slender rod, the material is alloy steel with higher strength, the diameter and the length of the bracket are determined according to specific experimental conditions, and the lower end of the bracket is fixed on the ground or a heavier support.
1.4 whether in close contact with between universal ball of inspection and the universal spherical bolt of apron, whether in close contact with between apron and the base, whether in close contact with leaves layer and base and stay the layer stationary plane of trace, these all can direct observation judges, whether the rocker is most advanced to be located and to stay the layer can direct observation judgement in.
And a second step of measuring:
2.1 when the experiment begins, explosion takes place in the explosion point department, and the shock wave that produces propagates in the space, and when the shock wave reachd windward ball surface, the shock wave loading windward ball, the energy transfer of shock wave is for windward ball, and converts into windward ball's kinetic energy, and windward ball drives the most advanced rotation through the rocker, and the trace layer is kept out of the sculpture to the rocker most advanced.
2.2 before the explosion impact, the rocking bars are perpendicular to the cover plate, after the explosion impact, five rocking bars rotate a certain angle respectively, the top rocking bar (marked as rocking bar a) and two adjacent rocking bars (marked as rocking bar b and rocking bar c) in four rocking bars on the side are usually selected, and the incident angle of the shock wave can be determined by adopting the rotating tracks of the three rocking bars. For example, after the shock wave is incident, the three rocking bars respectively rotate a certain angle; firstly, the rocker a is projected to the x-y surface, and the projection of the rocker a on the cover plate and the positive included angle alpha of the x axis are obtained through interpretation of an angle ruler carved on the cover plate1Namely the incident angle of the shock wave in the horizontal direction; then the rocker b is projected to a z-x surface, the projection peak falls on a certain circle of an angle ruler carved on the cover plate, and the projection of the rocker b on the cover plate and the z-axis positive clamp are obtained through interpretation of the angle rulerAngle alpha2(the projection length of the rocker b on the cover plate can be converted into the angle between the projection of the rocker b on the cover plate and the positive direction of the z axis through the Pythagorean theorem, so that the circle-shaped angle ruler is obtained, and the projection length of the rocker b is S1, cos alpha2＝S1/L2) The incident angle of the shock wave in the vertical plane is obtained; finally, the rocker c is projected to the y-z surface, the projection peak falls on a certain circle of an angle ruler carved on the cover plate, and the projection S2 of the rocker c on the cover plate and the positive included angle alpha of the z axis are obtained through interpretation of the angle ruler3(the projected length of the rocker c on the cover plate can be converted into the angle between the projected length of the rocker c on the cover plate and the positive direction of the z axis through the Pythagorean theorem, so that the circle-shaped angle ruler is obtained, and the projected length of the rocker c is S2, cos alpha3＝S2/L2) I.e. the angle of incidence of the shock wave in the vertical plane. Note that the two angles of incidence in the vertical plane should coincide, i.e. alpha3Should be equal to alpha2. The combination of the three angles gives the angle of incidence of the shock wave, here expressed in the form of a doublet (angle of incidence in the horizontal direction, angle of incidence in the vertical plane), which in the example given should be (α)1,α2) Or (alpha)1,α3) Therefore, the rapid passive quantitative measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave relative to the measuring point is realized. In some cases, the five rockers of the invention may not respond to the shock wave due to the self-blocking, but at least three rockers will respond to the shock wave, so that the measurement accuracy is not affected.
And thirdly, after the experiment is finished, the movable bolt is disassembled and the new mark retaining layer 6 is replaced, so that the device is reused.
The invention can achieve the following technical effects:
1. the invention uses the angle ruler to judge the rotation angle of the rocker, and completes the quantitative measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave relative to the measuring point.
2. The windward ball can rotate 360 degrees, and the measurable shock wave incident angle range is wide, so that the windward ball can be suitable for measuring different incident angles of the shock waves of an explosion near field, a middle field and a far field.
3. The invention has the characteristics of simple structure, no need of power supply, convenient arrangement and use, simple and visual result, low use cost, reusability and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the general structure of the present invention (the angle ruler 43 is only schematic and does not represent a real object).
Fig. 2 is a perspective view in the direction of I-I' before the explosion impact of the present invention (to ensure the schematic view is simple and clear, only the universal ball bolts 41 and the universal ball nuts 42 on the cover plate 4 corresponding to the z-x surface are drawn, the universal ball nuts 42 are in the unscrewed state, the universal ball bolts 41 and the universal ball nuts 42 on the other four cover plates 4 are not drawn; two sets of rocker devices on the back surface are not drawn; all the angle rulers 43 are not drawn).
Fig. 3 is a perspective view in the direction of I-I' after the explosion impact of the present invention (for the sake of simplicity and clarity, the universal ball bolts 41 and universal ball nuts 42 on all the cover plates 4 are not shown; the two sets of rocker devices on the back are not shown; and the angle scales 43 on the three cover plates 4 on the front are only shown by two circles to illustrate and not represent the actual object).
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the windward ball 1 and the rocker 2 of the invention along the direction I-I' in fig. 1.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of the cover plate 4 of the present invention, fig. 5(a) is a three-dimensional schematic view of the cover plate 4 of the present invention, fig. 5(b) is a three-dimensional schematic view of the universal ball nut 42, fig. 5(c) is a cross-sectional view of the cover plate 4 taken along the direction I-I' in fig. 1, fig. 5(d) is a view showing the angle gauge 43 on the cover plate 4 on the left side of fig. 3, and fig. 5(e) is a view showing the angle gauge 43 on the cover plate 4 on the right side of fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is a three-dimensional schematic view of the base 5 of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1. the wind-facing ball comprises a windward ball, 2 a rocker, 21 a rocker upper half part, 22 a rocker lower half part, 23 a rocker tip, 3 a universal ball, 4 a cover plate, 41 a universal spherical bolt, 42 a universal spherical nut, 43 an angle ruler, 44 a cover plate bolt through hole, 5 a base, 51 a mark retaining layer fixing surface, 52 a base screw hole, 6 a mark retaining layer and 7 an installation support.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description, in order to facilitate the understanding and implementation of the invention by those skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing the general structure of the present invention, and fig. 2 is a perspective view taken in the direction of I-I before the present invention is impacted by an explosion. As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the main body of the invention is cubic and comprises a base 5, five cover plates 4, five groups of lever type mark retaining devices, five mark retaining layers 6 and two mounting supports 7. The base 5 is a solid cube, one end of the cube with the mounting support 7 is defined as the bottom end of the invention, the opposite end is the top end of the invention, and the direction from the bottom end to the top end is defined as the positive direction of the z axis; the x-axis and y-axis directions can be determined according to the definition method of the right-hand coordinate system. And defining that one end of the rocker 2 in each group of lever type mark remaining devices, which is close to the windward ball 1, is the top end of the rocker 2, and one end of the rocker 2, which is far away from the windward ball 1, is the bottom end of the rocker 2. The bottom surface of the base 5 is welded with the mounting support 7 and is used for being connected with an external fixing device, a group of lever type mark remaining devices are respectively arranged on the other five surfaces, and base screw holes 52 are dug at positions, close to four corners, of each surface. The base 5 has five surfaces, the center of which is dug with a trace layer fixing surface 51, and the trace layer fixing surface 51 is hemispherical. The middle of the cover plate 4 is welded with a universal ball bolt 41, a universal ball nut 42 is screwed on the universal ball bolt 41 through threads, four corners of the cover plate 4 are provided with cover plate bolt through holes 44, and the positions of the cover plate bolt through holes are consistent with those of the base screw holes 52. An angle ruler 43 is carved on one surface of the cover plate 4 close to the windward ball 1. Five cover plates 4 respectively penetrate through the cover plate bolt through holes 44 through bolts and are screwed into the base screw holes 52 and are respectively fixed on five surfaces of the base 5, so that the lever type mark-remaining device is packaged. Each group of lever type mark retaining devices consists of a windward ball 1, a rocker 2, a universal ball 3, a mark retaining layer fixing surface 51 and a mark retaining layer 6. The windward ball 1, the rocker 2 and the universal ball 3 are assembled in sequence from top to bottom, the centers of the windward ball 1 and the universal ball 3 are positioned on the axis of the rocker 2, and the universal ball 3 is positioned in the middle of the rocker 2. The mark layer fixing surface 51 is hemispherical, the center of the ball is positioned on the axis of the rocker 2, the universal ball 3 is used as a boundary, the top end of the universal ball 3 is connected with the upper half part 21 of the rocker 2, the bottom end of the universal ball 3 is connected with the lower half part 22 of the rocker 2, the universal ball 3, the upper half part 21 of the rocker and the lower half part of the rockerThe portions 22 are tightly and securely connected. The upper half part 21 of the rocker is a cylindrical slender rod with the length L21Diameter of D2(ii) a The lower half part 22 of the rocking rod is a cylindrical slender rod with a sharpened bottom like a sharpened pencil, the bottom is a rocking rod tip 23, and the length of the lower half part 22 of the rocking rod is L22Diameter equal to D2The sharp bottom end 23 may be marked on the scratch layer 6. The windward ball 1 is firmly connected (both threaded and welded) to the top end of the rocker upper half 21. The universal ball 3 and the universal ball bolt 41 and the universal ball nut 42 in the middle of the cover plate 4 are concentrically assembled, and different pre-tightening forces can be applied to the universal ball 3 through the universal ball nut 42. The mark retaining layer 6 is a semi-spherical shell and completely attached to the inner surface of the mark retaining layer fixing surface 51. The mounting support 7 is welded on the bottom surface of the base 5, is in a strip shape, and round through holes are dug on the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface, when the shock wave measuring device is used for measuring the shock wave, the base 5 passes through the through holes of the mounting support 7 through movable bolts and is fixed on an external support (such as a slender steel rod fixedly connected with the ground) so as to prevent the measuring device from moving in the measuring process. The swing of the windward ball 1 can drive the rocker 2 to rotate, and because the universal ball 3 conforms to the lever principle, the trace is carved on the tip 23 of the rocker to realize the trace of the incident angle of the shock wave, and the angle which the windward ball 1 swings can be read through the angle ruler 43 on the cover plate 4. The centers of the windward ball 1, the cover plate 4, the trace layer 6 and the trace layer fixing surface 51 are all positioned on the axis of the rocker 2.
Fig. 2 is an axial perspective view of the present invention prior to impact with an explosion. As shown in figures 2 and 4, the windward ball 1 is spherical and has a diameter D1Satisfies 0.01m<D1<0.3 m; the bottom of the windward ball 1 is provided with a screw hole which is required to be matched with the thread at the top end of the upper half part 21 of the rocker, and the depth t of the screw hole1Is 0.3D1<t1<0.7D1(ii) a If the windward ball 1 and the rocker upper half 21 are connected by welding (without using a thread), the connection strength is ensured to be similar to that of the thread connection. The windward ball 1 is located at the top end of the lever type impact wave incident angle passive measuring device and used for bearing external impact wave impact load. The windward ball 1 is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the materials are required to meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma1>200MPa, densityDegree rho1>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the windward ball 1 does not generate plastic deformation under the action of the explosive shock wave.
As shown in fig. 2 and 4, the rocker 2 is divided into two sections and is cylindrical. Diameter D of rocker 22Satisfies 0.003m<D2<0.03m, total length L of rocker 22Satisfies 0.05m<L2<0.5 m; length L of rocker upper half 2121Satisfies 0.3L2<L21<0.35L2The top end of the upper half part 21 of the rocker is provided with an external thread, and the axial length t of the thread part2Satisfies 0.7t1<t2<2.0t1The size of the thread is matched with a screw hole at the bottom of the windward ball, and the fixation of the windward ball 1 and the rocker 2 is realized through the screwing of the screw; length L of cylindrical part of lower half 22 of rocker22Satisfies 0.45L2<L22<0.55L2The bottom of the lower half part 22 of the rocker is a rocker tip 23, the rocker tip 23 is conical, and the length L is23Is equal to L23＝L2-L21-L22-D3. The rocker 2 is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma2>200MPa, density rho2>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the rocker 2 does not generate plastic deformation under the action of shock waves and does not generate plastic deformation when the trace layer 6 is carved. The top end of the upper half part 21 of the rocker is welded or in threaded connection with the windward ball 1, the bottom end of the upper half part 21 of the rocker, the top end of the lower half part 22 of the rocker and the universal ball 3 are welded or in threaded connection, and the tip end 23 of the rocker is in contact with the trace layer 6, so that traces can be drawn.
As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5(a), the gimbaled ball 3 is spherical and has a diameter D3Satisfies 0.01m<D3<0.1 m. The universal ball 3 is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma3>200MPa, density rho3>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the universal ball 3 does not generate plastic deformation when being subjected to shock wave. The universal spherical bolt 41 and the universal spherical nut 42 between the universal ball 3 and the cover plate 4 are concentrically arranged, and different circumferential pretightening forces can be applied to the universal ball 3 through the screwing degree of the universal spherical nut 42 (the universal spherical nut 42 is unscrewed, and the universal spherical nut 42 is universal)The ball 3 can shake or rotate, the universal ball nut 42 is screwed, and the universal ball 3 cannot move) to control the response of the device to the incident shock waves with different intensities, so as to avoid the influence of wind and the like on the measuring device.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5(a), the cover plate 4 is a square thin plate, and the side length L of the cover plate 44Satisfies 0.05m<L4<0.5m, thickness t4Satisfies 0.01L4<t4<0.2L4(ii) a The cover plate 4 is provided with a universal ball bolt 41 (external thread) at the center thereof and a universal ball nut 42 (internal thread, see fig. 5(b)) at the center thereof, and as shown in fig. 5(c), the universal ball nut 42 and the inner diameter D of the universal ball bolt 41 are formed4Satisfies 0.9D3<D4<1.1L4. The universal ball 3 is concentrically assembled with the universal ball nut 42 and the universal ball bolt 41, and the universal ball nut 42 and the universal ball bolt 41 are screwed. The cover plate 4 is made of a high-strength light material, such as organic glass, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma4>90MPa, density rho4<2g/cm3The basic principle is that the cover plate 4 does not plastically deform upon impact of an explosive load. An angle ruler 43 is carved on the surface, far away from the universal ball nut 42, of the cover plate 4 and close to the windward ball 1 around the universal ball bolt 41 and used for judging the swinging angle of the rocker 2, the angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 4 corresponding to the x-y surface is shown in fig. 5(a), the angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 4 corresponding to the z-x surface is shown in fig. 5(d), and the angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 4 corresponding to the y-z surface is shown in fig. 5 (e). Four corners of the cover plate 4 are provided with bolt through holes 44, and the diameter D of the bolt through holes 4444Satisfies 6mm<D44<8mm, bolt through hole 44 and screw hole 52 position are unanimous, fix apron 4 on base 5 dig the face that has the hemisphere to stay mark layer stationary plane 51 through movable bolt, make apron 4 be close to universal ball bolt 41 one side and base 5 dig the face that has hemisphere to stay mark layer stationary plane 51 closely laminate, the border parallel and level for fixed rocker 2, and close base 5 and stay mark layer 6, prevent base 5 and stay mark layer 6 by explosive load direct impact.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 6, the base 5 is a solid cube with five sides fixed by hemispherical trace-retaining layersThe mounting support 7 is welded on the bottom surface of the surface 51, and the base 5 can be fixed on an external support by using a screw to pass through a circular through hole of the mounting support 7 and matching a nut. Base 5 side length L5Equal to the side length L of the cover plate 44Diameter D of hemispherical trace layer fixing surface 515Satisfies 0.4L5<D5<0.5L5. Screw holes 52 are formed at four corners of each surface of the base 5 provided with the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface 51, the positions of the screw holes 52 are the same as those of the bolt through holes 44, and the diameter D of each screw hole is larger than that of each bolt through hole52Satisfies D52＝D44Depth t of52Satisfies 0.001L5<t52<0.01L5The base 5 is conveniently and closely attached to the cover plate 4 through the movable bolt, so that the lever type mark remaining device is packaged. The base 5 is made of high-strength alloy, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma5>200MPa, density rho5>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the base 5 does not plastically deform on impact with an explosive load, and that no trace or only a slight scratch is left when the rocker tip 23 is stroked.
As shown in FIG. 2, the trace layer 6 is in the shape of a hemispherical shell, the outer surface of the trace layer 6 and the inner surface of the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface 51 are completely overlapped, and are bonded by common glue, and the inner diameter D of the trace layer 6 is6Satisfies 0.8D5<D6<0.95D5Outer diameter equal to D5. The mark retaining layer 6 is made of materials with uniform material quality and lower hardness and density, such as gelatin, argil, plasticine, soft aluminum and the like, and the materials are required to meet the following requirements: hardness gamma6<800HV, density ρ6<5g/cm3The basic principle is that when the rocker 2 is driven by the windward ball 1 under the action of the shock wave, the sharp end 23 at the bottom of the rocker can carve an obvious trace on the trace layer 6.
As shown in FIG. 6, the mounting seat 7 is a long bar with a circular through hole and a length L7Satisfies 0.01L5<L7<0.1L5Width W of mounting base 77Satisfies 0.005L5<W7<0.05L5Thickness t of mounting base 77Satisfies 0.001L5<t7<0.005L5Diameter D of circular through hole of mounting support 77Satisfies 0.002L5<D7<0.03L5. The mounting support 7 is made of high-strength alloy, and the required materials meet the following requirements: yield strength sigma7>200MPa, density rho7>2g/cm3The basic principle is that the mounting bracket 7 does not plastically deform upon impact of an explosive load. The mounting supports 7 are welded at two corners of the bottom surface of the base 5, and the base 5 can be fixed on an external support by passing screws through circular through holes of the mounting supports 7 and matching nuts.
The process of measuring the incident angle of the air shock wave by adopting the invention comprises the following steps:
first, preparation before measurement:
1.1 before the measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave is started, the universal ball 3 is ensured to be in close contact with the universal ball bolt 41 of the cover plate, and the cover plate 4 is ensured to be in close contact with the base 5; ensuring that the rocker tip 23 passes through the mark retaining layer 6 and is just contacted with the mark retaining layer fixing surface 51; ensuring that the outer surface of the trace layer 6 and the fixing surface 51 of the base trace layer are complete and closely attached, and the trace layer 6 and the base 5 do not move mutually in the measurement process; ensuring that the center of the sphere of the fixed surface 51 of the base mark retaining layer is positioned on the axis of the rocker 2;
1.2 ensure that windward ball 1, universal ball 3 all solidify on rocker 2, and the relative position of windward ball 1, rocker 2, universal ball 3 three does not change among the measurement process.
1.3 before measurement, the rocker 2 is perpendicular to the plane of the cover plate 4, the whole body of the invention is firmly fixed on an external bracket, the external bracket is a slender rod, the material is alloy steel with higher strength, the diameter and the length of the bracket are determined according to specific experimental conditions, and the lower end of the bracket is fixed on the ground or a heavier support.
1.4 check universal ball 3 and cover plate universal ball bolt 41 between whether in close contact with, cover plate 4 and base 5 between whether in close contact with, leave layer 6 and base and leave layer stationary plane 51 in close contact with, these all can direct observation judgement, whether the rocker point 23 lies in and leaves layer 6 and can direct observation judgement.
And a second step of measuring:
2.1 when the experiment begins, explosion point department takes place to explode, and the shock wave of production propagates in the space, and when the shock wave arrived windward ball 1 surface, shock wave loading windward ball 1, the energy transfer of shock wave was for windward ball 1 to change into windward ball 1's kinetic energy, windward ball 1 drives pointed end 23 through rocker 2 and rotates, and rocker pointed end 23 begins to carve and remains trace layer 6.
2.2 before the explosion impact, the rocking bars 2 are perpendicular to the cover plate 4, after the explosion impact, the five rocking bars 2 rotate a certain angle respectively, as shown in fig. 3, the top rocking bar 2 (here, denoted as rocking bar a) and two adjacent rocking bars 2 (here, denoted as rocking bar b and rocking bar c) of the four rocking bars 2 on the side are usually selected, and the incident angle of the shock wave can be determined by adopting the rotating tracks of the three rocking bars 2. For example, after the shock wave is incident, the three rocking bars 2 respectively rotate a certain angle; firstly, the rocker a is projected to the x-y surface, and the projection of the rocker a on the cover plate 4 and the positive included angle alpha of the x axis are obtained through interpretation of an angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 41Namely the incident angle of the shock wave in the horizontal direction; then, the rocker b is projected to a z-x surface, the projection vertex falls on a certain circle of an angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 4, and the projection of the rocker b on the cover plate 4 and the positive included angle alpha of the z axis are obtained through interpretation of the angle ruler 432(the projection length of the rocker b on the cover plate can be converted into the angle between the projection of the rocker b on the cover plate and the positive direction of the z axis through the Pythagorean theorem, so that the circle-shaped angle ruler is obtained, and the projection length of the rocker b is S1, cos alpha2＝S1/L2) The incident angle of the shock wave in the vertical plane is obtained; finally, the rocker c is projected to the y-z surface, the projection vertex falls on a certain circle of the angle ruler 43 carved on the cover plate 4, and the forward included angle alpha between the projection S2 of the rocker c on the cover plate 4 and the z axis is obtained through interpretation of the angle ruler 433(the projected length of the rocker c on the cover plate can be converted into the angle between the projected length of the rocker c on the cover plate and the positive direction of the z axis through the Pythagorean theorem, so that the circle-shaped angle ruler is obtained, and the projected length of the rocker c is S2, cos alpha3＝S2/L2) I.e. the angle of incidence of the shock wave in the vertical plane. Note that the two angles of incidence in the vertical plane should coincide, i.e. alpha3Should be equal to alpha2. The combination of the three angles yields the angle of incidence of the shock wave, here expressed as a doublet (angle of incidence in the horizontal direction, vertical direction)Angle of incidence in a straight plane), in the example given, should be (α)1,α2) Or (alpha)1,α3) Therefore, the rapid passive quantitative measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave relative to the measuring point is realized. In some cases, the five rockers 2 of the present invention may not all respond to the shock wave due to their own blocking, but at least three rockers 2 may respond to the shock wave, so that the measurement accuracy is not affected. As shown in FIG. 3, after the explosion impact, five rockers rotate and displace, and the incidence angle alpha of the shock wave in the horizontal direction and the vertical plane can be obtained through the interpretation of the graduated scale 43 pre-engraved on the cover plate 41And alpha2Or alpha3The integral incident angle (alpha) of the shock wave relative to the measuring point can be obtained by integrating the two angles1,α2) Or (alpha)1,α3)。
And thirdly, after the experiment is finished, the movable bolt is disassembled and the new mark retaining layer 6 is replaced, so that the device is reused.
And the bolts for fixing the cover plate 4 are unscrewed to replace the trace layer 6, so that the sensor can be reused.
The above embodiment is only one embodiment of the present invention. The specific structure and the size of the device can be adjusted correspondingly according to actual needs. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present patent.
Claims (15)
1. A lever trace-remaining type device for measuring the incidence angle of an explosion air shock wave is characterized in that the main body of the lever trace-remaining type device for measuring the incidence angle of the explosion air shock wave is in a cube shape and consists of a base (5), five cover plates (4), five groups of lever trace-remaining devices, five trace-remaining layers (6) and two mounting supports (7); defining one end of the cube, which is provided with a mounting support (7), as the bottom end of the lever trace type explosive air shock wave incidence angle measuring device, and the end opposite to the bottom end as the top end of the lever trace type explosive air shock wave incidence angle measuring device, wherein the direction from the bottom end to the top end is defined as the positive direction of a z axis; determining the directions of an x axis and a y axis according to a definition method of a right-hand coordinate system; defining one end of a rocker (2) in each group of lever type mark remaining devices, which is close to the windward ball (1), as the top end of the rocker (2), and one end, which is far away from the windward ball (1), as the bottom end of the rocker (2); a support (7) is welded and installed on the bottom surface of the base (5) and is used for being connected with an external fixing device, a group of lever type mark retaining devices are respectively arranged on the other five surfaces, and base screw holes (52) are dug at positions, close to four corners, of each surface; the center of five surfaces of the base (5) is dug with a trace layer fixing surface (51), and the trace layer fixing surface (51) is hemispherical; a universal spherical bolt (41) is welded in the middle of the cover plate (4), a universal spherical nut (42) is screwed on the universal spherical bolt (41) through threads, and cover plate bolt through holes (44) are formed in four corners of the cover plate (4) and are consistent with base screw holes (52); five cover plates (4) of a bevel protractor (43) are engraved on one surface, close to the windward ball (1), of each cover plate (4), and the five cover plates penetrate through cover plate bolt through holes (44) and are screwed into base screw holes (52) through bolts and are fixed on five surfaces of a base (5) respectively, so that the lever type mark retaining device is packaged;
each group of lever type mark retaining devices consists of a windward ball (1), a rocker (2), a universal ball (3), a mark retaining layer fixing surface (51) and a mark retaining layer (6); the windward ball (1), the rocker (2) and the universal ball (3) are assembled in sequence from top to bottom, the centers of the windward ball (1) and the universal ball (3) are positioned on the axis of the rocker (2), and the universal ball (3) is positioned in the middle of the rocker (2); the center of the mark layer fixing surface (51) is positioned on the axis of the rocker (2), the universal ball (3) is used as a boundary, the top end of the universal ball (3) is connected with the upper half part (21) of the rocker (2), the bottom end of the universal ball (3) is connected with the lower half part (22) of the rocker (2), and the universal ball (3) is tightly and firmly connected with the upper half part (21) of the rocker and the lower half part (22) of the rocker; the upper half part (21) of the rocker is a cylindrical slender rod with the length of L21Diameter of D2(ii) a The lower half part (22) of the rocking rod is a cylindrical slender rod with a sharpened bottom, like a sharpened pencil, the bottom is a rocking rod tip (23), and the length of the lower half part (22) of the rocking rod is L22Diameter equal to D2The sharp bottom end (23) is used for carving marks on the mark retaining layer (6); the windward ball (1) is firmly connected to the top end of the upper half part (21) of the rocker; universal ball shape between universal ball (3) and cover plate (4)The bolt (41) and the universal spherical nut (42) are assembled concentrically, and different pretightening forces are applied to the universal ball (3) through the universal spherical nut (42); the mark retaining layer (6) is a semi-spherical shell and is completely attached to the inner surface of the mark retaining layer fixing surface (51); the mounting support (7) is welded on the bottom surface of the base (5) and is in a strip shape, circular through holes are dug in the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface, and the base (5) penetrates through the through holes of the mounting support (7) through movable bolts and is fixed on the external support; the swing of the windward ball (1) drives the rocker (2) to rotate, the universal ball (3) conforms to the lever principle, marks of the incident angle of the shock wave are marked by the tip (23) of the rocker, and the angle of the windward ball (1) is read by an angle ruler (43) on the cover plate (4); the centers of the windward ball (1), the cover plate (4), the trace layer (6) and the trace layer fixing surface (51) are all positioned on the axis of the rocker (2);
the windward ball (1) is used for converting local shock wave energy in air into self kinetic energy, is spherical and has a diameter D1(ii) a The bottom of the windward ball (1) is provided with a screw hole which is required to be matched with the thread at the top end of the upper half part (21) of the rocker, and the depth of the screw hole is t1(ii) a The windward ball (1) is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the high-strength alloy materials meet the requirement that the windward ball (1) does not generate plastic deformation under the action of explosive shock waves;
the rocker (2) is used for connecting and fixing the windward ball (1), and is divided into two sections which are cylindrical; the diameter of the rocker (2) is D2The total length of the rocker (2) is L2(ii) a The length of the upper half part (21) of the rocker is L21The top end of the upper half part (21) of the rocker is provided with an external thread, and the axial length of the thread part is t2The size of the thread is matched with a screw hole at the bottom of the windward ball (1), and the windward ball (1) is fixedly connected with the rocker (2) by screwing down the screw; the length of the cylindrical part of the lower half part (22) of the rocker is L22The bottom of the lower half part (22) of the rocker is a rocker tip (23), the rocker tip (23) is conical, and the length L is23Is equal to L23＝L2-L21-L22-D3(ii) a The rocker (2) is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the materials are required to meet the requirements that the rocker (2) does not generate plastic deformation under the action of shock waves and does not generate plastic deformation when the trace layer (6) is carved; the top end of the upper half part (21) of the rocker is riveted or connected with the windward ball (1) by screw thread,the bottom end of the upper half part (21) of the rocker, the top end of the lower half part (22) of the rocker and the universal ball (3) are welded or in threaded connection, and the tip end (23) of the rocker is in contact with the mark retaining layer (6);
the universal ball (3) plays a lever role for the rocker and is spherical; the diameter of the universal ball (3) is D3(ii) a The universal ball (3) is made of high-strength alloy materials, and the materials are required not to generate plastic deformation under the action of shock waves; the universal ball (3) and the universal spherical bolt (41) and the universal spherical nut (42) between the cover plate (4) are concentrically arranged, and different pretightening forces are applied to the universal ball (4) through the screwing degree of the universal spherical nut (42);
the cover plate (4) is used for fixing and sealing the rocker (2) and the base (5) and displaying the angle of the rocker (2) which is arranged, the shape of the cover plate is matched with that of the base (5), the cover plate is a square thin plate, and the side length of the cover plate (4) is L4(ii) a Thickness t4(ii) a The center of the cover plate (4) is provided with a universal spherical bolt (41) with an external thread, and is provided with a universal spherical nut (42) with an internal thread, and the inner diameters of the universal spherical nut (42) and the universal spherical bolt (41) are D4(ii) a The universal ball (3) is concentrically assembled with the universal spherical nut (42) and the universal spherical bolt (41), and the universal spherical nut (42) and the universal spherical bolt (41) are screwed tightly through threads; the cover plate (4) is made of high-strength light materials, and the materials are required not to generate plastic deformation when the explosion load impacts; an angle ruler (43) is carved on the surface, away from the universal spherical nut (42), of the cover plate (4) and close to the windward ball (1) around the universal spherical bolt (41) and used for judging the angle swung by the rocker (2); four corners of the cover plate (4) are provided with bolt through holes (44) with the aperture of D44The bolt through holes (44) are consistent with the screw holes (52), the cover plate (4) is fixed on the surface of the base (5) dug with the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51) through the movable bolts, one surface of the cover plate (4) close to the universal spherical bolt (41) is tightly attached to the surface of the base (5) dug with the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51), the edges of the cover plate and the surface are flush, the cover plate is used for fixing the rocker (2), the base (5) and the trace layer (6) are sealed, and the base (5) and the trace layer (6) are prevented from being directly impacted by explosive loads;
the base (5) is used for fixing the trace-remaining layer (6) and is a solid cube, five faces of the cube are dug to form a hemispherical trace-remaining layer fixing face (51), and the bottom face is welded and installedThe support (7) is used by penetrating a round through hole of the mounting support (7) through a screw and matching with a nut; side length L of base (5)5Equal to the side length L of the cover plate (4)4The diameter of the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51) is D5(ii) a Four corner parts of each surface of the base (5) provided with the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51) are provided with screw holes (52), and the diameter of each screw hole (52) is D52Depth of t52The base (5) is tightly attached to the cover plate (4) through the movable bolt; the base (5) is made of high-strength alloy, and the material is required to meet the requirements that plastic deformation is not generated during the impact of explosive load, no trace or only slight scratch is left when the tip (23) of the rocker is scratched;
the mark retaining layer (6) is used for recording marks swung by the tip of the rocker and is in a hemispherical shell shape with an inner diameter D6Outer diameter equal to D5(ii) a The outer surface of the trace layer (6) and the inner surface of the hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51) are completely overlapped and are bonded by glue; the trace layer (6) is made of a material with uniform material and low hardness and density, and the material is required to meet the requirement that when the rocker (2) is driven by the windward ball (1) under the action of the shock wave, the tip (23) at the bottom of the rocker carves an obvious trace on the trace layer (6);
the mounting support (7) is a long strip with a round through hole and is L in length7Width of W7Thickness t7Diameter of the circular through hole is D7(ii) a The mounting support (7) is made of high-strength alloy, and the mounting support (7) is required not to generate plastic deformation when the material is impacted by explosive load; the mounting support (7) is welded at two corners of the bottom surface of the base (5), and a screw is adopted to penetrate through a circular through hole of the mounting support (7) and is matched with a nut for use, so that the base (5) is fixed on an external support.
2. The device for measuring the angle of incidence of blast air shock waves of the type with a trace on the lever as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the windward ball (1) is screwed or welded on the top of the upper half (21) of the rocker with a diameter D1Satisfies 0.01m<D1<0.3m, screw hole depth t of windward ball (1)1Is 0.3D1<t1<0.7D1。
3. The lever trace type blast air shock wave incident angle measuring device according to claim 2, wherein the coupling strength and the screw coupling strength are the same when said windward ball (1) is welded to the top end of the upper half (21) of the rocker.
4. The lever trace-type explosive air shock wave incident angle measuring device according to claim 1, wherein said universal ball (3) has a diameter D3Satisfies 0.01m<D3<0.1m。
5. The lever trace-type explosive air shock wave incident angle measuring device according to claim 1, wherein said rocking bar (2) has a diameter D2Satisfies 0.003m<D2<0.03m, total length L of rocker (2)2Satisfies 0.05m<L2<0.5 m; the length L of the upper half part (21) of the rocker21Satisfies 0.3L2<L21<0.35L2(ii) a Axial length t of the thread on the upper half (21) of the rocker2Satisfies 0.7t1<t2<2.0t1(ii) a The length L of the cylindrical part of the lower half part (22) of the rocker22Satisfies 0.45L2<L22<0.55L2(ii) a The tip (23) of the rocker is conical and has a length L23Is equal to L23＝L2-L21-L22-D3。
6. The lever trace-type device for measuring the angle of incidence of an explosive air blast as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cover plate (4) has a side length L4Satisfies 0.05m<L4<0.5m, thickness t4Satisfies 0.01L4<t4<0.2L4(ii) a Inner spherical diameter D of universal spherical nut (42) and universal spherical nut bolt (41)4Satisfies 0.9D3<D4<1.1L4(ii) a Four corners of the cover plate (4) are provided with bolt through holes D44The diameter of the pipe satisfies 6mm<D44<8mm。
7. Lever-traceable blast air blast as defined in claim 1The device for measuring the angle of incidence is characterized in that the side length L of the base (5)5Equal to the side length L of the cover plate (4)4(ii) a Diameter D of hemispherical trace layer fixing surface (51)5Satisfies 0.4L5<D5<0.5L5(ii) a The diameter D of the base screw hole (52) processed at four corners of each surface of the base (5) except for the surface provided with the mounting support (7)52Satisfies D52＝D44Depth t of52Satisfies 0.001L5<t52<0.01L5。
8. The device for measuring the angle of incidence of a lever-trace type blast air shock wave as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inner diameter D of the trace layer (6) is such that6Satisfies 0.8D5<D6<0.95D5。
9. The lever trace type explosive air blast incident angle measuring device according to claim 1, wherein said mounting bracket (7) has a length L7Satisfies 0.01L5<L7<0.1L5Width W7Satisfies 0.005L5<W7<0.05L5Thickness t7Satisfies 0.001L5<t7<0.005L5Diameter D of circular through hole7Satisfies 0.002L5<D7<0.03L5。
10. The lever trace type device for measuring the incident angle of an explosive air shock wave according to claim 1, wherein the high-strength alloy material for preparing the windward ball (1) satisfies the following requirements: yield strength sigma1>200MPa, density rho1>2g/cm3(ii) a The high-strength alloy material for preparing the rocker (2) meets the following requirements: yield strength sigma2>200MPa, density rho2>2g/cm3(ii) a The high-strength alloy material for preparing the universal ball (3) meets the following requirements: yield strength sigma3>200MPa, density rho3>2g/cm3(ii) a The high-strength light material for preparing the cover plate (4) meets the following requirements: yield strength sigma4>90MPa, density rho4<2g/cm3(ii) a Preparing the base(5) The high-strength alloy material satisfies the following conditions: yield strength sigma5>200MPa, density rho5>2g/cm3(ii) a The material for preparing the trace layer (6) meets the following requirements: hardness gamma6<800HV, density ρ6<5g/cm3(ii) a The high-strength alloy material for preparing the mounting support (7) meets the following requirements: yield strength sigma7>200MPa, density rho7>2g/cm3。
11. The device for measuring the incident angle of a lever trace type explosive air blast according to claim 10, wherein the cover plate (4) is made of organic glass, and the trace layer (6) is made of any one of gelatin, clay, plasticine and soft aluminum.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outer support is an elongated rod made of alloy steel.
13. The lever trace type explosive air blast incident angle measuring device according to claim 1, wherein said angle ruler (43) is in the shape of a circular ring, and the projected length of the rocker (2) on the cover plate (4) is converted into the angle between the projected length of the rocker (2) on the cover plate (4) and the z-axis normal direction by the pythagorean theorem.
14. A method for measuring an incident angle using the lever trace type explosive air blast incident angle measuring device according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
first, preparation before measurement:
1.1 before the measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave is started, ensuring that a universal ball (3) is in close contact with a universal spherical bolt (41) of a cover plate and a cover plate (4) is in close contact with a base (5); ensuring that the tip (23) of the rocker passes through the trace layer (6) and is just contacted with the trace layer fixing surface (51); the outer surface of the trace layer (6) and the fixing surface (51) of the base trace layer are ensured to be complete and tightly attached, and the trace layer (6) and the base (5) do not move mutually in the measurement process; ensuring that the sphere center of the fixing surface (51) of the base trace layer is positioned on the axis of the rocker (2);
1.2, ensuring that the windward ball (1) and the universal ball (3) are both fixedly connected on the rocker (2), and ensuring that the relative positions of the windward ball (1), the rocker (2) and the universal ball (3) are not changed in the measuring process;
1.3 before measurement, the rocker (2) is perpendicular to the plane of the cover plate (4), the lever trace type explosion air shock wave incident angle measuring device is integrally and firmly fixed on an external support, and the lower end of the support is fixed on the ground;
1.4, checking whether the universal ball (3) is in close contact with the universal spherical bolt (41) of the cover plate, whether the cover plate (4) is in close contact with the base (5), whether the trace layer (6) is in close contact with the fixed surface (51) of the trace layer of the base, wherein the direct observation is adopted to judge whether the tip (23) of the rocker is positioned in the trace layer (6) or not;
and a second step of measuring:
2.1, when an experiment is started, explosion occurs at an explosion point, generated shock waves are spread in space, when the shock waves reach the surface of the windward ball (1), the windward ball (1) is loaded by the shock waves, the energy of the shock waves is transmitted to the windward ball (1) and is converted into the kinetic energy of the windward ball (1), the windward ball (1) drives the tip end 23 to rotate through the rocker (2), and the tip end (23) of the rocker starts to carve the trace layer (6);
2.2 before explosion impact, the rocking rods (2) are vertical to the cover plate (4), after explosion impact, five rocking rods (2) respectively rotate a certain angle, the top rocking rod (2), namely a rocking rod a, and two adjacent rocking rods (2), namely a rocking rod b and a rocking rod c, in four rocking rods (2) on the side are selected, and the incident angle of a shock wave is determined by adopting the rotating tracks of the three rocking rods (2); after the shock wave is incident, the rocker a, the rocker b and the rocker c rotate by a certain angle respectively; firstly, the rocker a is projected to an x-y surface, and the projection of the rocker a on the cover plate (4) and the positive included angle alpha of an x axis are obtained through interpretation of an angle ruler (43) carved on the cover plate (4)1Namely the incident angle of the shock wave in the horizontal direction; then, the rocker b is projected to a z-x surface, the projection length of the rocker b is S1, the projection vertex falls on a certain circle of an angle ruler (43) carved on the cover plate (4), and the included angle alpha between the projection of the rocker b on the cover plate (4) and the positive direction of the z axis is obtained through interpretation of the angle ruler (43)2The incident angle of the shock wave in the vertical plane is obtained; finally, the rocker c is projected to the y-z surface, the projection length of the rocker c is S2, the projection vertex falls on a certain circle of an angle ruler (43) carved on the cover plate (4), and the forward included angle alpha between the projection S2 of the rocker c on the cover plate (4) and the z axis is obtained through interpretation of the angle ruler (43)3The incident angle of the shock wave in the vertical plane is obtained; synthesis of alpha1、α2、α3The shock wave incidence angle is obtained and expressed in a form of a doublet (incidence angle in the horizontal direction and incidence angle in the vertical plane), namely (alpha)1,α2) Or (alpha)1,α3) Thereby realizing the rapid passive quantitative measurement of the incident angle of the shock wave relative to the measuring point;
and thirdly, after the experiment is finished, the movable bolt is dismounted and replaced by a new trace layer (6), and the lever trace type explosive air shock wave incident angle measuring device is reused.
15. The method of claim 14 for making an angle of incidence measurement using a lever-trace type blast air shock wave angle of incidence measurement device, wherein α is2By cos alpha2＝S1/L2Obtaining of said alpha3By cos alpha3＝S2/L2And (4) obtaining.
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| EP1225004A2 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2002-07-24 | DE-STA-CO Metallerzeugnisse GmbH | Swivel drive arrangement |
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