CN1130173C - 具改善液流定向性、舒适和合身的吸收性物件 - Google Patents

具改善液流定向性、舒适和合身的吸收性物件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1130173C
CN1130173C CN92109742A CN92109742A CN1130173C CN 1130173 C CN1130173 C CN 1130173C CN 92109742 A CN92109742 A CN 92109742A CN 92109742 A CN92109742 A CN 92109742A CN 1130173 C CN1130173 C CN 1130173C
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Prior art keywords
fiber
layer
capillary channel
surface layer
capillary
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN92109742A
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CN1071072A (zh
Inventor
H·A·汤普森
G·A·杨格
T·W·奥斯本
C·W·查佩尔
J·L·哈蒙斯
J·C·霍尼
L·M·海因斯
N·卡拉帕沙
E·H·克劳特
W·R·温内治
T·L·约翰逊
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Clemson University Research Foundation (CURF)
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Clemson University Research Foundation (CURF)
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01DMECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/253Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a non-circular cross section; Spinnerette packs therefor
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract

吸收件,尤其是卫生巾,含内纤维毛细通道的纤维。使用时,毛细通道纤维把月经导向贮液层,由此减小产品的失效和弄脏内裤。毛细通道纤维可以伸入,或通过面层对阴道的排出物提供非常积极的传输。

Description

具改善液流定向性、舒适和合身的吸收性物件
技术领域
本发明涉及吸收性的物件,尤其是月经件,例如卫生巾。这种物件特别适用于吸收各种人体排出的液体,尤其是月经,同时使用者用时舒适和合身。
背景技术
在现有技术中已知各种结构的供随意使用的吸收性物件用于收集体液,商业上的吸收件包括婴儿尿布,成人遗尿制品,月经和绷带,这种类型的可随意使用制品包括某些用于接收、吸收和保留液体的功能件。通常,这种吸收件包含主要由纤维状的纤维素构成的吸收材料芯,典型地,这种物件包括渗液的表面层,吸收芯和不渗液的背衬层。
在月经垫的情况下,妇女期望一种具有舒适、合身,保留液体和最小限度弄脏的高水平性能的月经垫。尤其是,液体从衬垫到内衣上的瀑浅漏被认为是完全不能接受的。
改进卫生巾的性能一直成为一种有困难的任务,尽管在他们的结构和材料方面已经作出了大量的改进。然而,消除液漏,尤其是大腿的内侧消除液漏,以及合身和舒适尚没有满足消费者所希望的要求。
通常,把卫生巾的液漏归因于在月经排出人体处的高浓度液体,以及它立即接触到卫生巾的表面,在该沉积液处,卫生巾的吸收材料很快地成为超饱和,血液迅速地从该处移动,并从最靠近穿者大腿的一侧漏出,这就常常使血液污染人体和弄脏内衣。消除液漏的各种企图包括:做成稠密的边缘来挡着液体,(见美国专利U.S.4,820,295,Chapas et al,issued April 11,1989);在物件的外围设置阻挡层(见美国专利U.S.4,666,439,Willian s et al issaed May19,1987);和可以缠在病人体上的“带翼的”侧边(见美国专利U.S.4,701,177,Ellis et al,issued october10,1987,在此用作参考)。
不幸的是,卫生巾的过密的区域在使用中会造成不舒服,某些使用者不被“带翼”制品所吸引,另一些使用者不满意带阻挡层的产品。然而,由于大部分有很好吸收性的物件是相当干性的,因此不被采用,因此目前决定不完全采用从沉积液处到物件上相应区域直接导液的手段来避免超饱和和明显地降低或消除液漏。
除了内衣受污外,现代的卫生巾或类似物件的使用者期望这种物件的表面将比以往采用的普通布或非编织材料制成的表面更为清洁,卫生和易干燥。于是,新型的卫生巾,尿布和失禁制品典型的是设置表面层,该表面层设计成迅速地使流体通过所述的表面层流动,并进入位于下面的吸收芯被贮存。需重视的是,这种流动越是快速和彻底,那么物体的表面越是干燥和清洁。
简洁地说,本发明不仅提供使上述的流体作所希望的和定向的流动,该流动提高了物件的整个的吸收能力和形成较少的侧面液漏,而且也提供了通过表面层吸取流体的手段,因此在使用中增加了所希望的干燥,卫生诸好处。
此外,采用本发明所体现的工艺制取的物件比例如采用高密度吸收芯区域来实现液体流动的物件更舒适和更合身。
另外还需要提到,上述的技术获取液体的定向流动和控制特性,并把致密的但是不舒适的垫芯处理成软的、柔性的、低密度的和舒适的垫。
所以,本发明的目的在于提供一种具有改进流体吸收和存留的可随意使用的吸收性物体。进一步的目的在于提供具有改进液体从皮肤向外传输的物件。本发明的一个特殊的目的在于提供卫生巾和紧身短袄衬里,其优点包括但不限于提高柔性,还可更合身和减少污染。
上述优点将随着下面的公开内容中予以获得。
用于存留人体排出的液体和废弃物的可随意使用的物件在已有技术美国专利U.S.3,860,003(Buell,issned Jannary14,1975)和U.S.3,670,731(Harmon,issned June20,1972)中已知,在上述美国专利中公开了可随意使用的尿布和它的制造,所公开的尿布包含大量的纤维素材料用于吸收和存留儿童的尿和排泄物。
在尿布中所使用的技术也用于月经制品,例如各种月经垫,卫生巾和紧身短袄衬里。虽然类似的目的在所有上述的产品中可以找到,但是月经制品具有某些特别的要求来适用于活动的妇女或不活动的妇女。以及这种需要也是对儿童尿布所需要的。减小物体的尺寸,改善合身和舒适以及不弄脏已经成为许多已有技术公开的研制主题。
早期公开的有关可随时使用的月经件的专利包括美国专利U.S.2,662,527(Jacks,pecember15,1953)该专利公开一种卫生垫,其特征在于它有一个至少部分地存留在垫边外的部分,并且该部分位于穿用者阴唇内。对这种卫生垫使用纤维素状的纤维作为吸收性材料。
自上述Jacks以来,月经垫已至少分成两种通用的类别,这些类别又被分成具有能吸收大量或快速月经液流和只是吸收少量或缓慢月经液流的月经垫。
美国专利U.S.4,654,040(Luceri,March31,1987)中公开的月经物件,设置一种“缝褶”以形成一种适配人体轮廓的产品,其中所用的衬垫可以是纤维素以及纤维素和聚酯/乙烯共轭纤维的混合物。
第二类的衬垫,即在传统上用于缓慢液流的,这种衬垫已在美国专利U.S.4,701,177由Ellis等人举例说明过,其中所公开的衬垫有一种高的体密度,即纤维材料是紧紧地压在一起的,通常,这些衬垫其厚度不超过约1.27cm(1/2英寸)。
较薄的衬垫已越来越广泛化。由Osborn,Angust21,1990在美国专利U.S.4,950,246中公开一种具有体表面和衣表面上薄型卫生巾,其中吸收芯非常柔软,由内含聚合凝胶剂的纤维材料制成,这些衬垫具有对付快速月经液流的能力。
聚合凝胶剂用于部分加入到吸收性物件中得到薄的外形同时不损失柔性,对此可参见美国专利4,662,876(wiegner,is-sued May5,1987);U.S.4,865,596(weisman et al,issueaSeptember12,1989);和U.S.4,923,454(Seymour et al,issuea May8,1990)。
本发明的关键之一是使用促进流体定向性的材料。可以用不同的方法来获取这种材料,这些方法包括:形成定向导流的通道构型,见美国专利U.S.4,781,710(Megison et al,issuedNov、1,1988);把网状结构综合到物件中,见美国专利U.S.4,637,819(ouellette et al,issued Jannary20,1987);和对纤维素纤维的化学改性,见美国专利U.S.4,256,111(Lassen,March17,1981)。
欧洲申请391,814(phillips et al于october10,1990公布)公开毛细通道纤维,这种纤维自发地运输液体,适用于吸收性物件,其中所述的纤维设置在靠近物件的中的部位。采用这样一种纤维,液体可以被输到物件的较大的面积上。
美国专利U.S.4,723,954(pieniak,February9,1988)所涉及的吸收件包括非编织的纤维面层和一种吸收性夹层。一些夹层的纤维延伸进面层并和面层成一体,延伸的纤维将促进液体通过面层和进入夹层的吸液,并使夹层趋于稳定。
美国专利U.S.4,798,603(Meyer et al,January17,1989)涉及的吸收性物件包括一种新水的吸收体,一种渗液的面层,一种在所述的面层和吸收体之间可渗透液体的输液层,其中在所说的输液层内有效的平均孔隙尺寸小于面层的孔隙,并且输液层的亲水性不如吸收件。把输液层制成使它能够获得一种实质上与面层和吸收体紧密接触的构形,这将对从面层到输液层和从输液层到吸收体的有效的液体输送来说是有用的。所说的输液层能允许液体沿着它的侧向长度和宽度方向的边缘迅速展开,把吸收体的较大的面积暴露于液体。
美国专利U.S.4,937,325(Sherrod et al,November27,1990)涉及到一种具有互相相邻设置的一对吸收件的吸收物件,一种不允许渗液的隔挡和液体传送件用于促进体液从面向下和向外到吸收件的远距离区域的流动。
Epo申请397,110(Latimer et al,fied08-05-90)涉及一种吸收性物件,它包括有一个选用重量的液流脉动控制部分,它用于迅速地吸收和瞬时地至少保持三个连续的液体脉动。
在1950年1月16日公布的法国专利955,625(PanlChevalier)“人造纺织纤维的改进”中,公开的带有假设改善了毛细特性的合成原纤维,作者公开首次使用这些纤维作为制取毛巾,手帕,浴巾等的吸收材料。所说的纤维有连续的或非连续的凹槽,它位于纵向方向,即平行于纤维轴向的方向设置,这种纤维可以有中心核,从该核心向外径向放射。该专利也公开了制取这种纤维,包括形成所需形状的纤维的第一喷丝头和与第一喷丝头定向连通的第二喷丝头,利用隔离板把二个喷丝头隔开以对纤维进行冷却的工艺方法,第二喷丝头是与一个冷却元件相接触的。
美国专利U.S.3,121,040,”非定向的聚烯烃丝”(issuedFebruary11,1964)公开各种塑料丝及其制造的方法,这些丝在形变后确信可以具有良好的复原性,在使用中保持取向(即,编织品),如作为油漆刷子应用时。这些所述的目的可以通过制取在相连接的具有一定长度,厚度和特定的直径的纤维网带的横截面的纤维来取得。
于1977年10月18日公布的美国专利U.S.4,054,709(M.N.Belitsin,et al)“人造丝、纱线和由它们制取的纺织品”中公开了聚己内酰胺和聚对苯于甲酸乙二酯,其显示出至少由交叉线形成的两个单体的构成的横截面形状,这种交叉线限定了开缝的毛细通道和连接两个单体的特用线的跨接。纺线以10°-70°的角度交叉,形成毛细通道。所说的纤维呈现相近于天然丝的外观和导湿性以及吸收性。参见美国专利U.S.4,179,259(Belistin),该专利包括某些卷边内容。
美国专利U.S.4,381,325“存留液体的合成纤维及其制造方法和产品”(Yutaka Masuda,et al,issued April26,1983)公开了一种存留液体的纤维,它具有一种实质上的非维形端部和一个斜形部分。所公开的纤维包括具有许多沿着纤维轴长度方向的通道。
欧洲专利申请88306987,4,公开号0,301,874,“纤维素纤维”(Andrew G.wilkes and Alan J.Bartholomew,pnblishedFebruary1,1989),在该申请中公开了具有多枝截面,即Y-,X-,H-和T形状的粘丝,它被用于吸收性产品和编织和非编织产品。
美国专利U.S.4,286,005“用于记录信的墨水存贮元件及其制造方法和设备”(Richard M.Berger,issued August25,1981)公开了一种由柔性热塑纤维材料或减少泡沫的挤压聚酯物的粘结层形成的存贮墨水元件,它均匀地轧上一系列平行的凹槽,使受轧的片致密并结合成尺寸稳定的实体,该实体的纵轴平行于轧出的凹槽方向延伸。
美国专利U.S.4,623,329 “具有形成液体抗菌剂的存液器的毛细套管的排液和注液导管”(James L.Drobish,et al,is-sued Novenber18,1986)公开了一种导液管,在其内表面有纵向延伸的毛细通道或凹凹这种凹槽最好具有供液体扩散的有利的表面接触角,可以应用表面处理来改变表面接触角度。
日本专利申请151617-1979“合成纤维”(Teijin KK,Pub-lished November29,1979)公开了各种变化外形的合成纤维,尤其是聚酯或聚酰胺,它们具有沿轴向直径为0.01μ-5μ的细孔,以及所有细孔的截面为纤维的总截面的0.016%-15%的横截面形状。纤维可以有沃加剂以增加吸水性。
美国专利U.S.4,942,792(issued June27,1989)和U.S.4,954,398(issued september4,1990)由Bagrodia et al在两文中公开了制造聚酯纤维的方法,其中所说纤维至少有一凹槽,它的表面比槽外的表面还粗糙,这样一种纤维常用于改进由纤维制成的织物或纱线的表面,柔软性和润湿性。
美国专利U.S.4,868,031(Modrak et al,issued Sep-tember19,1989)公开了软的渗水的不透明的聚烯烃非编织件。本发明采用具有一定形状的纤维来改进卷材的不透光性和遮蔽沾污性。所公开的用于本发明中的纤维包括一组从菱形,△形,“Y”型,“X”型,“○”形,椭圆形,方形,矩形等形状中选出的横截面形状的纤维。
发明内容
在本发明选用的实施例中,所涉及到的是吸收件,尤其是一种卫生巾或紧身短袄衬里,还包括婴儿尿布,成人失禁内衣,绷带等,它包括:
(a)具有吸收液体的前表面和后表面的可渗液的非纤维成膜聚烯烃表层,所说的表层在其前面和背面之间有多开缝的通液道以供液体通过所说的表层;
(b)由具有外部纤维内毛细通道的纤维构成的纤维层,它的宽度(平均)小于所说表层内开缝的宽度,所说的纤维层位于所说表层(a)的背面之下,并与所说表层成液体输送接触;
(c)一种气流或湿法成网吸水纤维结构设置在所说层(b)之下,并与该层成流体传送接触,所说的结构包括多层结构,典型的是纤维素,无毛细通道的纤维或所说多层纤维与吸收凝胶材料的混合物,所说多层纤维的在吸湿结构内它们的空间的宽度(平均)小于所说层(b)的纤维内的毛细通道的宽度;
(d)位于所说垫(c)下的不渗液的背面层。
毛细通道纤维是自动地吸水的,通常是亲水的或最好易亲水的。在高性能选用的物件中,需把毛细通道纤维设置成,它们的通道基本上顺着机加工方向。
在一种模式中,表层和毛细通道纤维层之间的接触靠所说表层和所说层材之间的张力来维持,在另一种模式中,表层和毛细通道纤维之间的接触靠粘合措施来保持。同样,层(b)和结构(c)之间的接触可以通过张力或粘合手段来保持。
当表层是一种多孔的形成膜表层的情况下,孔的宽度(平均)大于层(b)中纤维内毛细通道的宽度。在表层是纤维素时,纤维内空间(平均)大于层(b)内纤维内毛细通道的宽度。前述各种类型的优选结构是,其中毛细通道纤维实质上受到卷曲,对此在下面有更详细的描述。
有关液体从表层(a)到层(b)的输送,最好使(a)和(b)之间形成这样一种紧密接触,即毛细通道的纤维(最好卷曲的)的一部分被挤进,或进入和通过所说的表层。类似的,最好使(b)层的一部分纤维至少部分地挤入结构(c)或者(c)层的一部分纤维至少部分地挤进(b)层,因为采用如此紧密的接触将可能促进液体从(b)输送到(c)。还有另一种模式,层(b)内的一部分纤维至少部分地被挤入表层(a)。
大量优选的物件其中吸湿结构(c)包括一种精制的,硬挺的,卷曲的(最好是化学交联的)纤维素纤维结构的湿法成网的层,上述的纤维也由本发明提供。
在此所说的物件也包括纤维表层,由此,本发明还包含一种吸收性物件,它包括:
(a)具有接收液体的前表面和后表面的可渗液的纤维表层,所说表层在所说前表面和所述后表面之间有多个纤维内开缝的连通通道供液体通过所说表层;
(b)具有在所说表层后面之下外毛细通道的众多纤维构成的层,并且带毛细通道的纤维与所说的层成液体传输接触。
(c)一种气流或湿法成网吸水纤维结构,位于所说层(b)之下,并与该层成液体传送接触,所说的结构包括多个非毛细通道纤维,或所说纤维与吸收凝胶材料的混合物。
最好,由所说纤维表层(a)内的开缝构成的纤维内空间(平均)大于在所说(b)层内的纤维内毛细通道的宽度,尤其最好,所说在吸湿结构(c)内的诸纤维之间的空间的宽度(平均)小于在所说层(b)的纤维内的毛细通道的宽度。
上面提到的关于具有成膜表层的吸收件还要考虑到的其它点包括,但不限于毛细通道纤维伸入和/或通过表层,选择最好的吸收芯等,以及对具有纤维表层物件的应用。
在所采用的毛细通道纤维是典型的非纤维类型,以及是聚酯型时,显然其它类型的纤维状聚合物也可以用在它们的制备中。例如,聚烷烃,聚酰胺,聚交酯,聚二氧杂环己烷等也可以使用。由于本文的目的在于具有定向的毛细通道纤维,而不同于吸收入体的流体,所以最好使纤维具有极少的,或者基本上没有吸液(即水基体流体)的性能,这一点很容易理解,如果纤维本身吸收流体或溶胀,则毛细通道可能被阻塞。由此,纤维素的衍生物,例如丙酯酯纤维素,乙酸酯纤维素等也可以予以使用,如果需要,还要适合上面提取过的诸个考虑点。
在一个选用的实施例中,吸收件是以这种方式制取的,即至少一些毛细通道纤维伸进到复盖毛细通道纤维的部分面层中的某些开缝内(最好,至少约30%,特别好的至少约50%)。
在另外的模式中,至少一些毛细通道的纤维可以呈针孔状,或其它形式,使纤维至少伸进到复盖毛细通道纤维的部分面层中的某些开缝内(最好至少约30%,特别好的至少约50%)。
在后一种情况下,毛细通道纤维一般伸进面层的距离从约0.1mm至约3mm。这将非常主动地通过面层吸取液体,并进入吸收件的内部区域。
所有的百分数,系数,比例都是以重量计,除非有另外的说明,本专利和在文件中提到的申请在此配合用于参考。
附图说明
图1表示具有孔(2)的挤压模(1)的正视图,所设计的孔(2)适用于制作具有一个平面基面的对称“H”形的毛细通道纤维,毛细通道对称地从所说底基的相反侧向外伸出。
图2表示带平面基面(4)的对称形毛细通道纤维(3)的剖面图,壁之间的宽度(5)和壁的深度(6),这种具有“H”形毛细通道的纤维是采用把聚合物通过图1的模挤压制成。
图3表示另一种具有孔(8)的挤压模(7)的正视图,所设计的孔(8)适用于制取具有一个平面基面和从所说的基面对称地从其相反侧向外伸出的多个“H”形毛细通道的纤维,它们具有近似相同的通道宽度和高度。
图4表示采用把聚合物通过图3所示的模制取的毛细通道纤维的剖面图。
图5表示多个“u”形纤维的剖面图。
图6A表示一种局部致密状态的H形毛细通道纤维的剖面图,在某种非最佳情况下,可以使用这样一种纤维。
图6B表示一种扩展开的毛细通道纤维的剖面图,这种纤维在此可以予以使用。
图6C表示一种整体致密的毛细通道纤维的剖面图,这种纤维在此不予以使用。
需知,图1-6C仅仅为图示的目的,而没用确定比例给出,因为毛细通道纤维的壁和平面基面的厚度可以是(最好是)相对地比壁之间的宽度薄得多,而壁和基面越薄,纤维越柔软,液体流量越大。
图7表示沿着垫的纵向轴所看到的月经垫的剖面图,该视图表示渗液的面层(9),另一层或“第二层面层”10包括毛细通道纤维,存液芯(11)和不渗液的背层(12)。
图8A表示具有渗液面层(13)的月经垫的局部透视图,一个液体散布到毛细通道纤维层,即,实质上复盖着存液芯(15)和不渗液背层(16)的“第二面层”(14)。
图8B表示具有渗液面层(17)和毛细通道纤维导层(18)的月经垫的局部透视图,所说的层(18)没有复盖着周边(19),其离开吸收芯(20)的端部约2.54cm(1英寸)的距离,背层为(21)。
图9表示一种月经垫的透视图,其中利用多个压衬(22)来取得各层之间的接触。
图10表示一种带孔的面层(23)的下侧,最好使用多螺旋形的粘合衬(24)以把面层粘接到毛细通道纤维层上,用于一种典型的月经垫上的螺旋形的加工方向尺寸(25)约为17.78cm(7英寸),横截面尺寸(26)约为5.08cm(2英寸)。
图11表示多孔面层(27)的下侧和一种附着点(28)的图形,该图形的加工方向尺寸为(19),横向方向尺寸为(30)。
图12表示成形的膜面层(31)和有毛细通道纤维(32)层的断面的显微照相,由毛细通道纤维(33)伸进面层中的孔(34)表示出毛细通道纤维和面层之间的紧密接触。
图13表示例I卫生巾的部件分解图,该卫生巾包括面层(35),一层CCF SW194毛细通道纤维(36),在层(36)下面有一小块CCF SW193毛细通道纤维(37),一层绉纸巾(BOUNTY)层(38),一个湿法成网的带狭缝(40)和无缝区(41)的纤维素吸收芯(39),并含有吸收性凝胶材料,背层(42),聚乙烯端护边(43),选用的松脱纸(44),图中还示出相对放置的八条紧身褡粘条(45)。使用中,在松脱纸(44)从物件去除时紧身褡粘条粘在背层的外侧。
具体实施方式
参见图10,按照通常的实践,长轴(或x轴)指“加工方向”,因为在制造物件时机器在该轴向工作,短轴(或y轴)指“横方向”,因为它是穿过物件宽度的方向,“z”方向指从面层向下的方向,由此方向进入毛细通道纤维层和提供的任何液体存贮芯。在面层与其下层或物件的各层之间依次提供毛细虹吸的目的在于液体在“z”方向受到汲取,从物件的表面离开进入它的最后贮液层。按经验,毛细虹吸与附着张力有关,而与开缝的尺寸无关,即,在典型情况下,面层内的开缝将大于纤维内毛细通道的尺寸,而后者将大于在纤维素贮液芯内的内纤维毛细通道的尺寸。每层部件的表面亲水性在理论上可以影响毛细虹吸梯度。
简单地说,本文所用的毛细通道纤维加速液体在吸收件的“z”方向流通。此外,采用一层纤维设置在基本上平行于加工方向的毛细通道纤维层,也可使在加工方向的液体流动得到加快,这将增加物件的整个的有用吸收率。然而,根据这样一种对毛细通道纤维的设置,在横截面方向上的液体流动受到控制,于是可减少,甚至避免在物件侧向边缘四周的漏液。因此,不同于已有技术的吸收件,它的液体以一种不定向的方式借助纤维絮垫在x,y和z方向流动,所说的絮垫包括纤维内的毛细孔隙,此处纤维的纤维内毛细通道可用于提供所希望的流体方向。此外,由于本发明纤维层的毛细作用是在纤维内自身进行,而不是在纤维之间的空间内进行,因此当纤维-纤维间的空间移位时,毛细作用不丧失。另外,本发明的毛细通道纤维层提供对流进它的液体的汲取和导向作用,纤维层是柔性的,蓬松的和使穿者舒适的,这是相对于靠纤维内毛细作用的致密的,相当硬的絮垫材料制做的纤维素说的。因此,显然以基本上不同的方式和不同的材料构成的本发明的吸收性物件相比于各种已有技术公开的不采用具有内纤维毛细通道纤维的吸收结构在实质上提供了各种不同的好处。
需明白,在此采用的这种类型的毛细通道纤维的制造不构成本发明的一部分。可以参见Epo申请391,814(上文已引用)或它的待审批的美国继续的部分申请,其申请名称为“能自动输送液体的纤维”(系列号为736,627,于1991年7月23日的交;发明人为Phillips Jones,et al,Eastman Chemical Com-pany)或待批的美国专利申请,名称为“开缝的毛细通道结构,制取毛细通道结构的改进方法和其所用的挤压模”(SerialNo.07/482,446,1990年2月20日提交申请,发明人Thompson和Krautter),在此用作对有关制取毛细通道纤维的进一步详细内容的参考。
当可以使用各种各样的毛细通道纤维的时候,下述的有关选用毛细通道纤维以及把他们用于本发明的物件中折各点考虑归结为下:
I、纤维结构和表面特性
在此所用的纤维可以由润湿时不溶胀的方便的聚合物来制取,这些聚合物如,聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚酯(最好)等可以被选用,只要它们是可纺的,它们可以形成如上面提到过的呈外毛细通道。当然,这些聚合物是可熔化挤压的。通常,这里所用的毛细通道纤维由熔化时特性粘度(“IV”)约为0.6-0.9的合成聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯聚合物来制取,(IV是一个术语,可以用已知的方法予以确定,为参见U.S.4,829,761第8栏)。聚合物熔化物的IV是与聚合物欲保留毛细通道壁的形状的能力有某些关系的。例如,在这里可以很方便地采用具有特性粘度为约0.7的聚酯,但是最好采用IV为约0.9的聚合物,因为这种聚合物将允许毛细通道的壁更为薄一些,有足够的强度避免在使用压力作用下瘪缩。在此,选用的毛细通道纤维其纤维单位约为10丹尼尔(每根纤维的丹尼尔表示为“dpf”),一种具有很小丹尼尔,但是壁是稳定的毛细通道纤维可以由特性粘度约为0.9的聚酯来制取。然而,在商业实践中,使用如此高的IV的聚合物将需要专门的加工设备。作为一种完全可接受的方案,并为了取得在使用过程中不致瘪缩的毛细通道壁,可以采用具有特性粘度约为0.7的聚酯/聚合物,其丹尼尔/纤维值约为22。然而,需知所使纤维的丹尼尔值需在纤维分离的限度内,并且每通道的丹尼尔值可以在25范围之内。
在此,毛细通道的深/宽比最好是约2.0,但是如上所述的加工需严格,考虑到经济原因,一般采用的深/宽比约为1.3。典型的和容易生产的毛细通道纤维,并完全可满足使用的要求,它的壁深约为48μ,壁之间的宽率为约37μ,通常壁本身厚为约3/15μ,尽管这些尺寸的改变是可以接受的,但是由聚酯制取的,并具备上述特性的毛细通道纤维对完成他们予定达到的目的是完全有效的。这样的纤维可以使用方便的操作设备来制取,并且很容易经受住加在卫生件,尤其是卫生巾和紧身短袄衬里上的压力,不会瘪缩或扩展毛细通道的壁到使他们失去毛细作用的程度。
毛细通道可以是各种各样形状的,有些形状对个别产品的应用可能提供特殊的优点,例如,“U-型”,“H-型”,“山-型”和“V-型”毛细通道可以使用。“H-型”纤维是一种优选的形式。此外,可以重复基本形状(见图),或者均等的分支用来生产含有多通道的纤维,但需知在使用超过三个重复形状时,将注意纤维内的某些附加的硬度。图5所示的多个“山-型”纤维,由于面-面的接触和容易卷曲将具有增加毛细作用的优点。
当用于制取毛细通道纤维的聚合物其本身不是吸水性(他们也不吸收尿或含血的液体,例如月经)的时候,所用的纤维最好是非常亲水的。由于大部分合成聚合物是疏水的,所以在此使用的毛细通道纤维需要受到表面处理,以便让他们成为亲水的。聚合物纤维的表面处理包括在大量的纤维文献中公开的方法,在此可以使用有关的方法。通常,这些方法包括用一种“亲水剂”,尤其是一种表面活性剂来处理纤维的表面。(亲水作用,指用含水的液体使纤维具有润湿性,用常规的方法可以对它进行测量,例如用接触角方法来测量,一般,接触角小于90°表示一种亲水表面。也可用一种CAHN表面力分析仪(SFA222)来测量亲水性,也可用已有技术公知的各种其它仪器)。
用于上述方法中的典型的表面活性剂包括各种在洗涤文献中公知的通用的非离子和阴离子洗涤活性表面剂。亲水剂包括润湿剂,例如聚乙二醇单月桂酸酯(如,PEGOSPERSE 200ML,聚乙二醇200单月桂酸酯由Lonza,Inc,williansport,PA.USA得到),和乙氧基化油醇(如,VOLPO-3,Croda,Inc,New,York,U.S.A)。其它类型的亲水剂和亲水技术也可以予以应用,那些包括在纤维和纺织技术领域用于增加润湿性能,和改善沾污的去除性能等技术。亲水剂可以在使用前的各个阶段加到聚合物内,最好在毛细通道纤维抽丝成它们的最终尺寸之前加入,例如,亲水剂可以在先于聚合物熔化或混合之前加入。添加的亲水剂也可作用到接着形成的聚合物上,例如在熔化,湿法或干燥纺丝过程中从挤压模出来的聚合物中,最好在纤维抽取成小直径之前加入。当然,由于在此的物件倾向于与人体的敏感区相接触,因此最好用于使毛细通道纤维的表面亲水的表面活性剂是非离子的,和对人体皮肤不过敏的。在下文的例子中将描述各种对毛细通道纤维作亲水处理的表面活性剂。其它用于使纤维表面亲水的方法包括使所说的表面受到离子辐照,例如用等离子体,这种方法其优点是,在纤维的表面上不存留表面活性剂。不管采用什么手段,所有的目的在于使毛细通道纤维安全使用,自动地润湿需要输送的液体。
I、纤维的表面形状
如上面所述和图中所示的毛细通道纤维在其外表面上有毛细通道,而毛细通道纤维也可以有空心的中心芯,用它来提供附加的毛细作用,但这种空心的芯纤维最好不用。通常,其中空芯的毛细通道芯要求纤维的刚性比受压下芯不瘪缩的纤维的刚性大。另,贯穿一毛细通道纤维的中心芯不可能迅速地汲取流体,因为流体在进入纤维的芯之前需要有一条通向纤维端的通路。此外,中空芯毛细通道纤维不可能把它的负载在液体没有空习芯纤维和贮流芯材料端部之间进行合适的接触的情况下释放到吸收性贮流芯内。总之,具有外毛细通道的毛细通道纤维在汲取和输送液体方面均有实质性的优点,而在体现这些优点方面空芯纤维的方法优点不大,但是可以增加物件的人体接触时的舒适程度。
另外,在此所用的毛细通道纤维最好不是直线形的,它们或者是弯曲的,或者最好是卷曲形的。很容易理解,非线形的毛细通道纤维所构成的一定数量的纤维具有较高的膨松性和增加弹性,利用增加个别纤维的膨松性,并且它们制成的完全膨松的垫是比较厚和柔软的。在假设个别纤维本身不是太粗和太硬(见上文的丹尼尔值)的情况下,可以把它们制成低密度,高膨松的垫,这种垫是相当舒适,并对转送流体也是有效的。
然而,选用的非线性毛细通道纤维不应该是“纽结的”。因为显见,使毛细通道纤维扭结可引起纤维通道在每个找结处造成收缩,当然这将影响液流沿着所设毛细通道的流动。
此外,采用非线性毛细通道纤维还有其它的实质性优点,如图12所示,最好使毛细通道纤维的各小区域,或“绒头”确实伸进至少物件的某些面层小孔内。可以设想,在使用卷曲的毛细通道纤维制取高膨松毛细通道垫时,这些所说的伸进是容易实现的。甚至偶然,在毛细通道纤维内的许多端部和/或卷曲进入面层材料的小孔的途径比采用基本上为直线的毛细通道的可能更多。
在一种优先方式中,毛细通道纤维是“基本上卷曲的”(或其它方式的聚集)。如在已有的纤维技术中所知,可以通过把纤维的一侧加热比另一侧热一些(或相反,一侧冷得比另一侧快些),对成形模出来的纤维进行选样性的热骤冷来取得纤维的卷曲。另一种,由合成纤维,如聚酯制成的纤维可以采用拉伸,然后松驰,或者使纤维在受力情况下通过一个光边缘,然后松驰的方法制取纤维。毛细通道纤维也可通过把它浸没在甲醇中来形成卷曲。在优选的方式中,纤维基本上是螺旋形的。不管采用何种绉缩或卷曲毛细通道纤维的方法,如果需要可把它们梳理成一组纤维。
纤维的卷曲幅度在约0.1mm-约3mm范围内,通常卷曲的频率为每厘米纤维约0.5-5。幅度约3mm,频率为每厘米纤维约0.5的纤维呈现良好的柔软性,甚至在较高的丹尼尔值的具有大的毛细通道的纤维也是为此。另外卷曲或聚集具有约2cm直线长度的平均毛细通道纤维可以提供具有长度从约0.5cm-1.5cm的最佳纤维。
III、复型纤维垫
在考虑到所采用毛细通道纤维的类型和它们的单个纤维的表面外形之后,用本发明的方法制取的物件的构成将集中在用这种纤维制成的吸收性物件上。通常,该构成将铺垫一束这样的纤维到吸收物件内。在一种模式中,例如可把纤维吹送到由纤维素纤维制成的吸收芯上。在另一种选用的模式中,上述的复型毛细通道纤维被形成在一个絮垫或一种由复形毛细通道纤维的网格组成的垫上,这种复型纤维垫通常其侧径为约0.1英寸(0.254cm)至0.7英寸(1.78cm)范围,如用于卫生巾,最好选用从0.1英寸(0.254cm)至约0.4英寸(1.02cm);用于紧身短袄衬里,选用从约0.05英寸(0.127cm)至约0.15英寸(0.38cm);用于婴儿尿布或成人失禁内袄,最好选用从约0.1英寸(0.154cm)并约0.5英寸(1.27cm)。对用于可随意使用的吸收件,如垫件,通常每平方厘米表面积的纤维重约0.003克至0.016克,每立方厘米体积(在非压紧状况下)毛细通道纤维的重量为约0.003克至约0.03克。用于紧身短袄衬里,婴儿尿布和成人失禁内袄的的每单位面积和体积的纤维量可以根据上面提到过的用测径器测出的差来进行行计算。
最好把毛细通道纤维的细度(丹尼尔)和强度选择成使纤维垫有一个湿:干测径比至少约为80%,尤其在约90%为更好。这种选择保证纤维垫在使用时的柔软和贴身性能。
另,用于典型的卫生巾时,上述卷曲型纤维约1.5克制成适宜于作面层(b)用的表面积约为160cm2的矩形垫,层(b)为“第二面层”,位于下面将提到的起始接收面层的下部。
IV、复型纤维垫在吸收件中的使用
至此已描述了纤维,纤维的表面形状以及把纤维夹杂到垫状结构中,现在通过将垫加入最终的吸收件内来论及吸收件的构成。显然,用上述方法制取的毛细通道纤维垫其本身有保存一定量流体(如月经)的容量,尽管这一点不是它们在本物件中的主要功能。因此,用前述方式制成的垫,如果要求,它可包括例如紧身短袄衬里的整个的吸收芯。然而,对许多使用而言,这种包括毛细通道纤维的垫与吸收芯结合使用,所说的芯作为从毛细通道纤维垫输送到所说芯的流体的贮液部件用。实际上,大部分的芯包括纤维素纤维,或纤维素纤维与吸收性凝胶材料混合合物的气流式毡垫,(显然,由芯的构成可见,这种芯被公知用在目前惯用的可任意置用的物件,例如卫生巾,婴儿尿布等上)。
由于用在这种吸收芯中的纤维素纤维的非常精细的结构,所以芯呈现高的吸力,这种力有利于把流体从毛细通道纤维内抽吸出,并送入芯内最后贮存,这正是预期的效果。由此,用于卫生巾,典型的芯包括从约1克至约5克的复型纤维素纤维,以及从约0.5克至约1.5克的吸收性凝胶材料,这些芯用上述描述的毛细通道纤维垫复盖,在流体进入物件中时,它遇到毛细通道纤维网格,这种网格分配流体,然后把它供送到位于下面的吸收芯,因此,至少部分地“恢复”毛细通道纤维网格供再次渗入流作用。在一种优选的方式中,毛细通道纤维垫用在多孔(最好成膜)的面层下的“第二”面层。于是,毛细通道纤维通过面层汲取液体,留下具有新的,干性外观的和手感的面层,然后把流体供到垫下的吸收芯,因此纤维能连续进进工作,直到芯饱和为止。
在一种更优选的方式中,毛细通道纤维的垫与复盖的面层保持密切的接触,这种接触或者通过粘合剂,或者通过张力实现。由此面层和毛细通道垫成均匀的紧密的接触。如上指出,面层和毛细通道纤维垫之间的接触最好紧密到毛细通道纤维的绒头延伸到面层的小孔内。同样,为了高效地把流体输送到吸收芯,最好存在着这种紧密的接触(或者通过粘合,或者通过张力,或把吸收芯做成具有粗粘的表面,或用针穿孔使某些毛细通道纤维进入吸收芯),这种接触存在于毛细通道垫和下设的吸收芯之间。于是,在一种优选方式中,在面层之间存在着一种互相连接的网格,之后进入毛细通道纤维垫和进入下设的吸收芯,由此流体高效地流过面层,沿着和通过毛细通道垫,即“第二面层”,并进入吸收芯。甚至保持这种相互连接在复应力的面内,这种应力如水份,机械切向力和与穿着者的人体运动有关的压力松弛。
下面将详细讨论用于制取本发明物件的各个部件。
面层:最终的物件具有接收流体的面层。这种面层由最好疏水的,但可渗流体的材料制成。在本发明中实际采用的面层材料可以通过专利文献中公知的方法制取,例如根据美国专利,U.S.4,324,246(Mullane and Smith,April 13,1982)中公开的方法,对一种热塑性材料,例如0.0038cm厚的聚乙烯膜加热到它的软化点以上,(软化点是指热塑性材料可以被成形或塑造,但是小于材料的熔化点时的温度)。然后,把膜层状的经加热的热塑材料与热成形筛网相接触,成形筛网最好选用具有所要求孔径大小,图案和轮廓的成孔的金属丝网筛。利用真空对着成形筛网抽汲受热的膜层,于是使膜层形成具有所需图形和孔大小。在真空仍然加到膜层上时,使热喷射气流通过膜层。因此热空气喷气流按照相应于成形筛网孔径的图案和大小贯穿该膜层。
用Mullane et al的专利中所述方法制取的渗液面层为方便起见又称为“成形膜层”。这种膜层的厚度值是重要的,因为如果厚度值太大,则液体会聚集在孔内,不容易从那里通过。对制造吸收件,例如婴儿尿布,月经垫,失禁件等系统,通常,面层的厚度值小于约0.075cm,或最好选用小于约0.064cm。
其它用作面层有成形膜层材料是弹性的,具有类似于纤维的外观和手感印象的三维网格,它由不可渗透液作的塑料构成,所说的网格有许多小孔,该小孔是由许多交叉的类似纤维的单元限定,可参见美国专利U.S.4,342,314(Radel and Thompson.August3,1982)公开的内容。这种Radel和Thompson片层材可以用疏水的塑料,例如聚乙烯,聚丙烯,PVC等以及公知的用在只收性产品,例如月经垫等亲水性材料。
在此,还有另一种如美国专利U.S.3,929,315(Thompson,Decenber30,1975)中所介绍的成膜片材的类型,它由带孔的疏水聚合物膜层组成,所说的孔是呈锥形的毛细孔。这些“呈锥形毛细孔”的面层也知道可用于吸收性物件,包括成人失禁物件。他们可以由如下面介绍的各种疏水性聚合物制取,典形地,可采用厚度为0.0025cm-0.0051cm的低密度的聚乙烯。
为制取外观呈锥状形的毛细面,层可参考美国专利U.S.3,929,135。在使用中,这种锥形毛细面层的毛细纤维的项尖是与层下吸收芯材料相接触的。通常,锥形毛细纤维是呈截头锥面的形式,但需知,任何通常的锥形结构,例如平截头棱锥体和类似的有三角,方形或多角底的都称之为“锥形毛细纤维”,然而为描述方便起见,使用圆锥形的毛细纤维。
同样需知,锥形毛细纤维可以是非对称的(即一侧上的锥角可能与另一侧上的不相同)并且锥角可能在从底到顶的距离内连续地(即,呈曲线地)变化。在后一种情况下,把锥角定义为在纤维的最小顶开缝点处毛细纤维侧边的正切角。用在本发明面层中的锥角度是从约10°-60°。
毛细纤维的底基的开缝尺寸被定义为在所说锥形毛细纤维的面层平面内最大的开缝测量。把顶开缝尺寸定义为在所说锥形毛细纤维的离面层平面较远的顶处的最大开缝测量。在锥形毛细纤维呈截头锥面时,基底和顶开缝尺寸分别是底基的直径和顶角的直径。基底直径和顶角直径分别是可与基底开缝尺寸和顶开缝尺寸相互可改变的。
锥形毛细纤维顶直径是一个允许液体从面层表面流到下设的吸收芯的直径。顶直径约从0.004-0.100英寸(0.010-0.254cm),最好从约0.005-0.020英寸(0.013-0.051cm)。
锥形的毛细纤维基底的直径其选择需满足二个判据,第一是接触所用者皮肤的面层的表面具有主观的手感。已发现可以用聚乙烯,在基底直径落在约从0.006-0.250英寸(0.015-0.635cm)范围内时它呈现出令人愉快的,类似布一样的,无含蜡状的特性。最好,基底直径其范围约从0.030-0.06英寸(0.076-0.152cm)。第二个判据是,毛细基底直径要小到足够允许一种期望的液滴跨过至少一个毛细纤维。该判据由上述适用于所随意置用的尿布和卫生巾的尺寸来满足。
锥形毛细纤维的高度被定义为面层的最外表面(即,正常情况下与使用者皮肤相接触的表面)和锥形毛细纤维顶之间的距离,当然该高度取决于顶直径,基底直径和如上文描述的所选择的锥体的角度。锥形毛细纤维的高度应是一种在使用中提供一个最小瘪缩倾向的结构。通过大量的测量由构成面层材料的特性来决定高度的合适范围。当面层是约0.001-0.002英寸(0.003-0.005cm)厚度的低密度聚乙烯,以及顶直径和基底直径处于选用的范围,锥形角α位于它的临界的范围时,锥形纤维的高度可以从约0.003-.0159英寸(0.008-0.404cm)。
面层的表面上相对干燥度的状态意味着接触面层的液体有多少通过它输送到吸收部件,这又意味着与面层相接触的每个排出液滴必须与锥形毛细纤维的基底直径接触。这种情况,只有在接合区的面积(即存在于锥形毛细纤维的基底之间的面层的面积)锥持在最小时,才可能最好地取得,最小的限值是在圆锥形的毛细纤维或平截头棱锥体锥形的毛细纤维为密集堆置排列的情况(每毛细纤维的基底周边与相邻毛细纤维的基底的周边在所有的侧边上相接触)。最小接合区面积的优选的布置倾向于保证个别的小液滴至少将接触一个锥形毛细纤维。一种用在随意置用的婴儿尿布中的优选的布置是如前面提到的锥形毛细纤维是以每平方英寸面层约30至1500(5-231/cm2)依次布置。
锥形毛细片层可以用已有技术公知的诸方法中的任一种来产生。一种特别适用的方法是提供一种用凸起形状部件加热的模和所希望的锥形毛细纤维的排列(如下面提到的针状模件)。每个凸起部件用它的顶从针模件的基底伸出的方式受到固定。一部分片层材料与受加热的位于模件和一个弹性底板之间针模件接触,加压使模件、片层和弹性底板结合,锥形毛细纤维形成在片层内,制成锥形毛细面层。构成面层的另一种方式是将部分不渗液材料抽真空使其在合适的模件上成形。在用上述方式中的一种方式成形锥形毛细片层之后,还需要从毛细纤维的顶尖用物理的方法去除材料,以保证顶直径是所需要的值,这样一种材料的去除可以采用例如使顶受到受控的磨蚀,或者通过加热成形的片层使顶尖受一定的熔化来实现。也可参见美国专利U.S.4,629,643(Curro and Linman,Decenber16,1986),提供一种具有改进手感的微孔聚合膜层,这样一种膜层也可用于本发明的实践中。
一种可用于本发明的优选的渗液的成膜面层材料由美国专利4,463,045(Ahr et al,July31,1984)公开,可以参考该专利进一步增加Ahr等结构的目视观察。
通常,由美国专利U.S.4,463,045提供的面层不仅用于提供一种所希望的类似于布的手感,而且实质上也消除表面的光泽。由此,塑料制成的面层不具有一种所不希望的光亮的“塑料”外观。
这种优选的面层材料可以简明扼要地被描述成至少具有一个可见表面的宏观展开的三维塑料“网格”,这种可见表面在见光时基本上无光泽的,所说的所有可见的表面呈现一种有规的间隔,分主表面光行差的微观图形,每个所说表面光行差其振幅取向垂直于源于所说表面光地差的表面,每个所说表面的光行差其最大尺寸小于约1.6mm(6mils),该值由基本上垂直于它的振幅的平面内测量得到,由此,当观察者的眼和所说网格的面之间的垂直距离至少为30.48cm(12英寸)时,所说表面光行差对于正常的裸眼是不可辩别的,每个所说表面的光行差没有大到刻划一个1mm(4mils)直径的圆的范围,为此间隔相对于所有相邻表面光行差,任何可刻划在任何平表面上的最大直径圆与所说表面的光行差有关联,在所说可见表面的任何部分上的所说的相邻的表面光行差小于约1mm(4mils),由此,任何入射到所说可见表面的任何部分上的光由所说表面光行差被漫反射成从多方向,以致所说可见表面实质上为无光泽的。
一种’045面层材料其至少一部分所说表面光行差包括通常自表面向外方向的突起,也可以至少有一部分所说表面光行差包括通常自所说网格的表面向内方向的凹陷。
这些选用面层的制造可以利用成形筛网或结构来取得,这种筛网或结构一般为同上文所述,它凭借支撑件上的“结子”来提供所说表面的江行差。(这种片层的制取,更详细内容描述在美国专利U.S.4,463,045,它们的制取方法不包含在该发明内)。通常,最后的表面光行差相应于在塑料片层生产过程中所说层片的可见表面直接接触的织网支撑结构的各结子。
在一种选取的制造方法中,直接与所说面层的可见表面接触的织网支撑结构是由具有大约为0.25-0.5mm[1-2mils(密耳)]之间的直径,以及约160丝/英寸(2.54cm)×160丝/英寸(2.54cm)和约400丝/英寸(2.54cm)×400丝/英寸(2.54cm)之间的网格数的丝构成。
选用的面层其表面光行差平均幅度至少约为0.05mm(0.2mils),较好至少约为0.08mm(0.3mils)。最好,在垂直起源于所说表面光行差的表面内测量时,面层具有每个所说表面光行差的幅度,对所有相邻表面光行差的平均幅度值在约±20范围内,最好为±10)。
“一次”成膜面层,它的背面采用亲水的乳胶处理(见U.S.4,735,843,Noda,April5,1988)这些面层在此也可使用。
除上提到过的很复杂的带孔材料外,本发明的实践告知也可使用具有简单穿孔的疏水层片。
从前面提到的内容中应明白,在本发明的实践中用作面层的“片”或“膜”材实质上是不同于无纺纤维材料,这种材料的特征是在整个材料的厚度上互相重叠的许多纤维。而,在此所用的面层材料是由在使用中能提供一种清洁的外表,抗弄脏或“不弄脏”表面的材料(尤其是疏水的热塑聚合材料)制成的。这种面层(以及纤维素面层)可以通过一种公知的方法在其表面上喷上表面活性剂来使其成亲水的,表面活性剂可以是例如PEGOSPERSE。
同样需要了解,纤维状的,非织造的由例如聚乙烯,聚丙烯及其混合的材料制作的面层通常用于商业上的卫生巾,紧身短裤衬里,在此也可用这种纤维状面层。
在此可用的这种纤维状,如非形成膜的面层材料包括,例如各种非吸收性纤维或丝状网格层片,它们是凭借许多孔和孔道而成为渗水状流体的。这种层片材料可以用专利文件,例如美国专利U.S.4,636,419,Madsen et al,January13,1987)的方法来制取,所说片材由两种不同化学类型和具有不同熔点或软化点带状丝的网格构成,使网格相互接触和冷却,形成由所说不同横向和纵向聚合材料表征的一种网格层片,这种层片可用本发明中。
在此所介绍使用的另一种层片材料是甲醛胺(fornaminons)网状物,它包括聚合物丝的矩形网格,所说的网状物包括位移角为20-90度取向的二列丝。参见欧洲专利申请0215427(filed06,09,86,Dneyd et al)进一步帮助了解这种层片。前述的层片材料可以用疏水的材料,譬如聚乙烯,聚丙烯,PVC等来制取,并公知用于吸收性制品,譬如月经垫等物件中。典型地,这种层片材料具有基本重量为0.5-5.0ounces/yd2mils,(0.0016g/cm2-0.016g/cm2),层的厚度为5-25mils,开孔面积为30-80%,网格目数为20-40。也可以采用惯常的无纺面层。
面层和毛细通道纤维之间的接触
这里,在制造物件中的一个重要的考虑是确保面层和毛细通道纤维层之间的紧密的和持续的接触,这种在纤维层和面层的交界面处的紧密和持续的接触可增大最终物件的流体接受和分布的性。能如前所述,确保紧密接触的一种方法是通过调节面层和毛细通道纤维之间的张力,在实现该目的时,依靠张力可能对制造造成困难,甚至可能使物件形成一种杯状构形。上述密切接触也可采用超声波结合。
在一个选用的模式中,利用粘合剂来取得面层和毛细通道纤维之间的紧密接触。然而,在这种方式的操作中,需要小心才能取得最佳的结果。
显然,利用过量的粘合,可能会造成使物件不希望的粘结到使用者的人体上。
也可理解,利用过量的粘结可能会不希望地粘塞纤维中的毛细通道,因此减低它的有效性。由此,需使用“不干扰”的粘合剂量,这种用量可以根据选用的粘合剂,所复盖的图形和纤维中毛细通道的宽度等的不同而改变。控制粘合面积和螺旋方式的粘合线的直径也可起到减小物件粘结到使用者人体上的作用。
粘合剂应该是对皮肤不刺激的,同时在紧密地与敏感的人体接触使用时在毒性方面应该是可以接受的。粘合剂在不存在水份时,即在加工物件时应该保持它的结合性能,最好在有水份存在时,和物件在使用时,它也能保持结合性能。
粘结剂应该粘到用于制造面层的材料和用于制造毛细通道纤维的材料上。如果面层或纤维受过表面处理,例如用一种亲水的方法,则在选择粘合剂时还需考虑到表面处理的特性。
在此所用的典型的粘合剂包括由乳胶粘合剂和热熔粕合剂选择的材料。幸而,在已有技术中大量的粘合剂是公知的,在选用时需对上面提到过的诸因素予以充公的考虑,制造者可以选用合适用粘合剂用于各种情况。为了在物件使用中受到良好的接触,即受到体液的润湿,最好使粘合剂是不溶解在体液中的。
于是,在考虑把面层粘合到毛细通道纤维层时必需考虑的各种参数的一般特性时,下述列举的选用材料和技术适用于本发明的实践中。
粘合剂可以按随意的图形涂敷,最好是一种螺旋形,或多螺旋形的图案,如图10中所示那种。另,也可用图ii的点形图形,但是不常选用。
在一种选用的方式中,用0.2mm的喷嘴,按螺旋形涂敷有粘合剂的线条,但是所用的喷嘴应为0.6mm才是满意的。
粘合剂的选择可以根据构成的需要而改变,但是下述诸点是指导性的,经验表明,通常,乳胶粘合剂不如热熔粘合剂。可以从现有Findley粘合剂公司中找适用的,例如热熔粘合剂4031,但是也可选用乳胶8085(注意Findley H-4031-01是疏水的,它具有良好的工作性能,相反,乳胶H8082-05是亲水的,在使用条件下受润湿时可能有不希望的分离)。对毛细通道纤维的各种亲水处理可能出现,粘合剂的类型可以有某些改变,这取决于所用的处理和它的用量。如上所指出,处理的目的在于保证面层和毛细通道纤维之间在任何时候内均有良好的接触,于是增加流体的接受和分配性能。用Eastman毛细通道纤维,譬如SW194,Eastman产品LK5570(49%PEG400单月桂酸/49%PEG600单月桂酸/2%4-十六烷基-4-乙基吗啉鎓乙基硫酸酯处理好于用Findley粘合剂4031在高、中、低(0.78-0.87;0.38-0.57;0.28-0.33纤维的重量百分比)的处理值。典型地,分别用约0.07克,0.08克或0.05克的Findley4031(取决于高、中、低处理值)提供最好的粘合作用。
其它的处理包括Eastman的LK5483(70%PM PEG600单月桂酸),聚氧化月桂酸(polyoaylaurate)(13.64)单月桂酸/30%月桂硷酸钾(potassium Lauryl phosphate)),EastnabKJ5563(45%PEG400单月桂酸/45%PEG600单月桂酸/10%4-十六烷基-4-乙基吗啉  翁乙基硫酸酯以及作为MILEASET的聚合物,这是在洗涤剂技术领域公知的(例如,参见U.S.4,132,680),作为一种纤维涂层的对苯二甲酸乙二酯/聚乙二醇对苯二甲酸酯去污除聚合物,可以从ICIAmericas得到。
如上述,粘合剂的用量需改变,但通常变化的范围是从约0.05克(对5cm×12.7cm(2英寸×5英寸)螺旋形)至约0.07克(对5cm×17.8cm(2英寸×7英寸)螺旋形),所使的是热熔粘便剂。对乳胶粘合剂,其用量从约0.1克至约0.15克(对5cm×12.7cm(2英寸×5英寸)图形)将足够。对于点状图形,在约5cm×12.7cm(2英寸×5英寸)面积用量是约0.05克。
面层与下设毛细纤维通道层之间的紧密接触还可通过对粘合过程中的加压和/或靠“精梳”在层中的最上面毛细通道纤维来进一步提高,以提供个别纤维的伸进,使它们与粘合剂更好地接触。
不管采用什么样的结合方法,判断面层与其下毛细通道纤维层之间的接触的方法均涉及到进入面层的流体被汲取进入毛细通道纤维层的速度。各种判断通过面层输送流体进入毛细通道纤维的方法可以预见到。然而通常采用一种简便的滴液测试方法,在这种测试中,羊的血或任何所希望类型的人造月经可允许在室温,缓慢搅拌情况下使用。水平地铺设月经垫,用目视把垫分成水平三段,利用滴管保持在垫上约1.3cm(1/2英寸)距离,4滴血涌到垫的最上面的1/3面层并朝着垫的中部以2.54cm(1英寸)的间隔加滴。同时,在加第一滴血或人造月经时启动定时器,按秒记录,取每液滴透过面层的时间,重复液滴添加,用三滴加到垫的中间1/3上,重复血的添加,用四滴液滴加到垫的底部的1/3上。平均读数。任何构成选择的描述符可以被用于表示液滴通过面层进入下面的毛细通道纤维层的运动速度,显然,这种描述符将随着构成所采用的标准不同而改变。最好的记录是在1-10秒内流体通过面层进入毛细通道纤维的运动;良好的记录是流体在10-15秒时间内的运动;一般的记录是在15-20秒内的运动;差的记录是超过20秒的运动。
一般,按照U.S.4,463,045,采用成膜面层的卫生巾,在文中公开了选用的毛细通道纤维层以及图10所示的螺旋粘合(热熔合)图形,流体通过面层,并且进入毛细通道纤维的运动,利用上述液滴测试法来判断为最好——良好。
吸收芯
通常,成品的吸收件将包含纤维吸收材料,譬如棉蓬松物,纤维素浆液,化学热加工浆液,等材料的层片或絮垫在商业实践中是公知的。从最近的商业实践中充分了了解到,也包括吸收凝胶材料的芯(有时指“超吸收的”)越来越广泛地用在吸收件上,尤其是选用吸收凝胶材料,它们是聚丙烯酸和丙烯酸融合的浆。这种湿法成网和气流法吸收芯的制造是一种常规的事。各种吸收流体的海绵,泥炭苔绒,棉花,布等材料在此也是可用的。
在此介绍一种特殊类型的吸收芯,在这类芯中,卷曲的,扭曲的,用化学上硬挺和交联的纤维素纤维予以精制,提供可用于面片状吸收芯纤维。制备适当卷曲的、化学上硬挺的纤维素,并从其制取精制的,卷曲的,化学上硬挺和交联的用于本发明纤维素纤维,它的制备详细地描述在美国专利U.S.4,888,903;4,822,543;4,889,595;4,889,595;4,889596和4,898642中,在此供参考。这种结合吸收凝胶材料的纤维使用,以及制造这种结合物的方法在美国专利U.S.4,935,002中有介绍。典型地,这种制备包括,使用乙醛,譬如戊二醛(glutaraldehyde)作为交联剂。此外,聚羧酸可以用作交联剂(须知,其它制取别的交联纤维素纤维的方法也已知道,这种纤维在此也可使用,尽管流体吸收性能可能不如上面提到过的纤维,对其它纤维类型在美国专利U.S.4,898,642和PCT U.S.8901581中有引证可作为参考。
有时,被精制卷曲的纤维素纤维提供了用于制取用在本发明实践中的选用的吸收芯。
背层
背层是方便的,它包括不渗液的聚合物层片,例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯,要薄到足够地柔软,典型的聚乙烯层片厚为0.001-0.5mm。可冲洗的或可生物降解的背层片也可使用,例如在此作为紧身短裤衬里使用。
任选的止动方法
在此,吸收性结构可以任选地,但最好需提供一种把它们保持在某位置,或保持在靠近人体部位,并允许该结构实现其欲实现的功能。例如,卫生巾可以公知的方式设置在背层上朝外的粘合条。各种已知方式的纹钉、夹和紧固件可以按需要使用。
下面的例子将进一步例证本发明的实施,但是不局限于在本文所提到的吸收物件。
例I
厚垫
一种卫生巾利用下述部件人工制做、对产品的装配参见图13。
最终产品的规格如下:参数                             规格垫重(g)                          9.82±0.12芯重(g)仅是夹心的                2.57±0.04垫长(mm)                         226±1芯长(mm)                         197±1中的垫宽(mm)                     81±2中心芯宽(mm)                     70±0垫层厚度(in ches at 0.13psi)     0.611±0.02芯层厚度(inches at 0.13psi)      0.058±0.03封口长(mm)                       8±1部件                             规格聚乙烯环轧制的形膜面层           约9”× 5”(根据U.S.4,463,045)毛细通道纤维SW194(Eastman)       1.5g毛细通道纤维SW173(Eastman)       0.5gFindley外伸的粘合背层(型198-338) 9”× 5”起绉的BovNTy纸巾                 成形的*紧身粘片                         6片3/4”× 3/4”;
                             2片3/4”× 2.5”松脱纸                           根据需要表面活性剂(PEGOSPERSE)           0.01g端部用的白聚乙烯                 4”× 0.75”吸收凝胶材料(AGM)窄长芯          70mm×193mm非窄长中心面积;芯总重量         具有2-3/4”
                             非窄长中心面积
所用Findley粘合剂-403             10.05g
*其形状见图13(38),它设计成适合人体。
SW194纤维是H形横截面,纤维长度约为22登尼尔(dpf),通道宽约为37μ,深度约为48μ。
SW173纤维包括一种粗纺的短纤维梳条,它已被采用填塞箱法卷曲到7.8卷曲/英寸(2.54cm),并且具有选用的H模截面,这种纤维的通道实质为38μ,深度为19μ。毛细通道纤维SW194是15.24cm(6英寸)长,而SW173是5.08cm(2英寸)长。
在制造步骤中,环轧制的面层切到所需的尺寸,把模板(2”×7”敝开的)放置在面层的背侧,用Findley4031粘合剂喷雾,粘合剂以一种螺旋形方式喷涂(见图10)。在粘合喷雾区的中心用手压毛细通道纤维SW194层,使纤维变成平行于物件长轴,在毛细通道纤维SW194的层的中心把毛细通道纤维SW173用手压成小块样布(其纤维平行于物件的长轴)。这就构成面层和毛细通道纤维的予备组件。
为方便起见,下述步骤利用凹形模进行。反Findley粘合背层(具有粘合涂层和松脱纸的聚乙烯背层)被放置在模件里。把AGM窄长芯放在背层上方,把起绉的薄纱(BOVNTY)放在AGM芯的上方。上面制取的预备组件放在起绉薄纱的上方,如图13所示。使用位于起绉薄纱上方的预组合件,把物件的各部件整洁地拉到横件孤边缘上方,但不是如此之紧,以致部件可从横件拉出。施加稳定的压力把边缘与背层上的粘合剂粘合。从模件内取出物件,利用轧辊在一定位置对端部加压。松脱纸从背层的后面脱去,贴上端护边聚乙烯条,并且把紧身粘合条放在物件上。面层的外表面用0.01g的PEGOSPERSE表面活性剂喷雾。
例II
薄垫
参见图13,除了使用CCF SW173纤维代替CCF SW194纤维(36)层外,薄垫组合件等效于厚垫,并且不用小块样布(37)。
制品的组合如下,把毛细通道纤维(CCF SW173)切到7英寸长;使用0.75克纤维,切环轧制的面层到该尺寸。把样板放在面层的底侧,并涂上Findley4031粘合剂(螺旋形涂敷)。在粘合区的中心处手压CCF SW173纤维,使纤维实质上平行于面层的长轴方向排列,把Findley背层放在平的表面上,并把窄长的AGM夹层芯放在该Findley背层上,在夹层芯上方对中S2模的成形薄沙,对中该面层/毛细通道纤维预组合件在起绉的织物上,在边缘固定预组合物并弄平滑,把边缘轧成密封。从垫的背面肃离松脱纸,撕去2或3片,然后把聚合物poly放在物件的端部。把PFA放在垫上,用0.01g PEGOSPERS表面活性剂喷雾。
成品的规格如下:参数                            规格垫重(g)                         8.50±0.18芯重(g)仅是夹心的               2.54±0.09垫长(mm)                        232±4芯长(mm)                        201±1中心垫宽(mm)                    85±1中心芯宽(mm)                    65±1垫层厚度(in at 0.13psi)         0.211±0.005芯层厚度(in at 0.13psi)         0.074±0.003部件                            规格聚乙烯成膜面层                  9”× 5”(环轧制;见U.S.4,463,045)毛细通道纤维SW173(Eastman)      0.7g,7”长Findley对伸的粘合背层(型号198-338)~9”× 5”起绉的BOVNTY纸巾                成形的*PFA紧身粘片                     6条3/4”× 3/4”;
                            2条3/4”× 2.5”松脱纸                          根据需要表面活性剂(PEGOSPERSE)          0.01g端部用的白聚乙烯                4”× 3/4”AGM窄芯的非窄长中心;           65mm×193mm总芯重2.5g;内含0.7gAGM         有2-3/4”非窄中
                            心Findley4031(粘合剂)             0.05g*如同例I。
在下面的例III和IV中,在吸收件中使用毛细通道纤维,吸收件的吸收芯由精制的,卷曲的纤维素纤维构成。这种精制的吸收纤维的制造不是本发明的内容部分,对此详细的描述可参见题为“用在月经制品中的吸收芯”的美国专利(系列号No.734,405,filed 23.July1991,Buenger,Homey and Hammons),在此仅作参考。为便于了解这种纤维的制造,用于精制纤维的方法,用于加工所说精制纤维成为吸收层片的方法在下面作介绍。
纤维制造
在上面引用的参考文献所描述的方式制备的卷曲纤维包括单个卷曲的纤维素纤维,用化学方法借助于交联剂使他们变得硬挺。如美国专利U.S.4,898,642所述,这种卷曲纤维具有一个至少为每毫米4.5扭节的平均干纤维扭曲数,每毫米湿纤维扭曲数至少为3.0扭节。后者比前者少每毫米1.5扭节;平均异丙醇停留值约少30%;平均水停留值在28%-约50%之间。高级的选用纤维其平均干纤维卷曲因子至少为0.30,较多选用至少约为0.50。需明白,在此所述的精制方法实质上不影响前述的参数,因为所述的方法其实施是以这样一种方式,即有少量的或没有原始卷曲和扭曲纤维的去纤维性颤动。通常,原始纤维在长度上稍有些减少。平均来说,在此所用的原始卷曲纤维其长度范围约从1.6mm-7mm,在用本文公开的方式精制后,至少最终纤维约30%,尤其至少约50%,最好约90%的精制纤维具有一种平均长度,它是原始卷曲纤维长度的20%-40%。另,平均来说,由上述参考方法制备的未精制纤维其长度范围约从1.6mm-7mm,而精制后,纤维的长度一般大部分在0.25mm-1.5mm的平均范围内。
纤维的精制
在用前述公开的任何方法制备时,卷曲的纤维素纤维受到精制,提供本发明实用的纤维。
在一种典型方法中,合水的原料包括约3%重量的所说纤维和97%重量的水,把这种原料通过Sprut-Waldron(目前可用Sprout-Baner)单圆盘精研机(可从.Koppers Company,Inc.,Muncy,Pennsylvania,Model 105A-LAB),使用17804-A型的去结圆盘。在此,精制过程的目的在于不用对纤维进行去纤维性颤动来切断扭曲的纤维。
把3%的含水原料溶液稀释到0.5%,并让它流过间隙为5μ-30μ(最好为2.5μ)的Sprout-Waldron精制机(注,通过去除平衡弹簧改进Spront-Waldron,使在整个纤维原料溶液流过时间隙保持恒定)。典型的流速为9-10加仑(40.9-45.5升)/分,精制电流量约为45,电机马力为25(利用电流量安培数技术用语是一种在精制过程中给予纤维的机械能的测量)。采用单路纤维通过间隙。
在另一种方式中,所用的卷曲纤维素纤维和Crill相结合,这是一种具有加拿大标准游离度为约50-100μl(TAPPI标准)之间的高精制南方软羊毛紧捻纤维。通常,Crill由约超过5%-10%重量的卷曲纤维素纤维构成。添加Crill可对最终的层片赋予所希望的强度性能,也可以在层片内起到稀释剂的作用,这有经济作用。
下面的精制步骤,精制的,扭曲纤维的0.5%水浆被稀释到约0.1%-0.2%的浆用于下述的层片形成操作中。
层片形成
通常,上述制备的精制的卷曲纤维素纤维层片成为适用月经垫等吸收芯是采用具有标准固定层面成形工艺的一种改进型的长网造纸方法,这种方法包括垂直把纸传送通过一个空气干燥器,例如,参见美国专利U.S.4,889,597。在该方法中,采用中心辊以一种已知的方式制备表面织物,过滤纸等。然而,不同于过滤纸的制造,这里层片基本上不需要加压,只要应用通空气干燥系统。
更详细地,上述水浆包括约0.1%-0.2%重量的精制的扭曲的纤维素纤维,把这种水浆从纸加工机的高位流料箱引到一种标准的成形金属丝上。一个目的是避免纤维的絮凝,这种絮凝将导致一种在最终层片中不均匀的纤维沉降。高位流料箱的顶部和成形金属丝(“限位”)之间的距离最好为90μ以避免絮凝,也可以通过调整稀释水来避免絮凝。如所指,避免絮凝将使层片基本上具有一种均匀的纤维分布。
层片的脱水是相当迅速地降到23%水准。采用一个真空箱从成形丝去除任何过量的水,在去水之后,把层片传送去干燥处理,干燥过程是利用空气温度为约300°F的标准通空气干燥器来实现。经这种处理,致使层片具有约3%-4%重量的水份。根环境的湿度,层片可能再平衡到8%-10%的水份。应指出,在干燥时层片最好不是致密,因为这将影响吸收容量。在用上述的方式形成的层片是完全吸收性的,并适用于许多吸收结构中时,需知这种层片可能比用于卫生巾和紧身短裤衬里的层片稍微硬挺些。利用标准的工艺,可把层片压光和/或通过“S”构形的压辊把层片挠曲到使它变成柔软和手感柔韧。按照构成的需要,上述操作可以反复进行。
应了解,用上述方法制取手层片是高吸收的,完全适用于月经垫制品。然而,这种层片为某些目的使用其强度可能还欠缺,尤其是它易受潮和受力,例如在使用者穿着时,为了克服这个问题,一种在商业上可得到的无纺稀衬,有相当多的孔,非常低基量的聚丙烯,譬如AMOCO D2稀衬可以铺垫在改良长网抄纱机的成形丝上,之后,精制的,卷,曲的纤维成形在薄衬面上的层片内。当层片成形在这种薄衬上时,少量纤维通过薄衬,并把层片利用已有技术中的“压合”现象贴到薄衬片上。用这种方法制备层片/薄衬比另一种使层片成形,并在层片上部放置薄衬的方法来得好。之后把最终的薄衬/层片进行真空处理。在后一种加工方法中,不出现“压合”,薄衬容易从层片分离。
纤维A
按美国专利U.S.4,898,642的例I步骤制取的纤维用前述的方法精制。把精制纤维的浆加工成具有基重为35磅的薄纱织物层片(每3000英寸2的重量)。层片可以用在,例如具有聚丙烯吸收凝胶材料中心层的织物夹芯内。通常,这种夹芯由约0.68克的吸收凝胶材料构成,这种夹芯可用作超薄的本发明提出的卫生巾的吸收芯。
纤维B
利用干交联方法,用拧檬酸作为交联剂来制取交联纤维。用于生产柠檬酸交联纤维的步骤如下:
1、对每个样品提供1735g一次干燥的面部柔羊毛紧捻浆粕,纤维的水分含量约7%(相当于97%的稠度)。
2、添加纤维到在59,323g水中含有约2,942g柠檬酸和410ml50%的氢氧化钠溶液的含水介质制成浆料。纤维在浆料内浸泡约60分钟。这一步也可称为“浸渍”,浸渍液的PH约为3.0。
3、然后,用离心方法对纤维脱水,使稠度范围约40%-50%,这一步离心的浆料稠度结合第2步的浆料滤液内羧酸浓度来确定存在于离心后纤维上交联剂的用量。在本例子中,在一种干纤维纤维素脱水葡萄糖基上,约5%(重量)的柠檬酸,存在于初始离心后出现在纤维内。在浆料滤液内交联剂的浓度可以通过假设一定的脱水稠度和在纤维上所要求的化学物量来计算。
4、下一步,把经过脱水纤维利用一种Spront-Waldron12”圆盘磨浆机(型号:105-A)来脱纤维,磨浆机的板以一定间隙设置,以基本上产出单独的纤维,而且纤维的损坏量最小。当单独的诸纤维从磨浆机出来时,它们被二个垂直管内的热空气快速干燥以便使纤维扭曲和卷曲。出自这些管的纤维包含约10%的水分,并且他们很容易被卷曲。如果纤维的水分含量在快速干燥管出口处超过10%,那末纤维由环境温度的空气干燥,直至水份含量达约10%为止。
5、把近似干燥的纤维放到盘上,并在通空气的干燥箱内卷曲一定的时间,和在一定的温度条件下,实际上该温度取决于柠檬酸的添加量,纤维的干度等来定的。在本例子中,样品在约188℃温度下,经约8分钟时间来使其卷曲。在干燥箱期间内完成交联。
6、交联,把各别的纤维放置在筛网上,并用约20°的水漂洗,在1%的稠度下浸泡在约60℃的水中一小时,过筛,并第二次用约20℃水漂洗,离心到约60%的纤维稠度,并用环境温度空气干燥到约8%的平衡水分含量。
最终的各别柠檬酸-交联纤维素纤维以上述的方法予以精制,并在Amoco D2稀衬上形成层片,层片/稀衬基重量为150磅。在经过S-辊软化后,层片/稀衬适用于本发明的卫生巾。
纤维C
利用1,2,3,4,丁烷四甲酸(BTCA)作交联剂的干交联方法制取的各交联纤维,与按照上述例II描述的方法生产的交联纤维具有下述的不同:在例II的第2步中的浆料包含150g干浆粕,1186g水,64gBTCA和4g氢氧化钠。在第5步,纤维在约165℃下卷曲约60分钟。
最终的纤维予以精制,并以所用纤维B所示的方式形成层片/薄衬,供使用。
纤维D
由用1,2,3丙烷三甲酸作交联剂的干交联方法制取各交联纤维,与按照上述例II描述的生产方法制取的交联纤维具有下述的不同:在例II的第2步中的浆料含有150g浆粕,1187g水,64g1,2,3丙烷三甲酸,和3g氢氧化钠。在第5步,纤维约在165℃下卷曲约60分钟。
最终的纤维予以精制,并以所用纤维B所示的方式形成层片/薄衬,供使用。
纤维E
由用羟基丁二酸作为交联剂的干交联方法制取各交联纤维,与按照上述例II描述的生产方法制取的交联纤维具有下述的不同:在例II的第2步中的浆料含有140g浆粕,985g水,40g羟基丁二酸的钠盐和10ml 98%的硫酸。
最终的纤维予以精制,并以所用纤维A表示的方式形成层片,供使用。
纤维F
由用柠檬酸作为交联剂和硫酸钠作为催化剂的干交联方法制取的各交联纤维,与按照上述例例II描述的生产方法制取的交联纤维具有下述的不同:在例II的第2步中的浆料含有200g浆粕,7050g水,368g硫酸钠,366g柠檬酸。该浆液的PH约为2.0,在第5步中,纤维在约165℃温度下卷曲约60分钟。
最终的纤维如上所述那样予以精制,并形成基底重量约为83磅的层片/薄衬,在通过S-辊软化处理后,层片适用于紧身短裤裤里用。
纤维G
由利用柠檬酸作为交联剂和次磷酸氢钠作为催化剂的干交联方法制取的交联纤维,与按照上述例II描述的方法所生产的交联纤维具有下述的不同:在例II的第2步所描述的浆料含有326g浆粕,138g次磷酸氢钠,552g柠檬酸,78g据氧化钠溶在10,906g水中。在第5步中,纤维在约188℃温度卷曲约6分钟。
最终的纤维予以精制并形成具有密度约为0.125(在0.1Psi压力时)的层片/薄衬和每层片能容纳约8.0g的血量。这种层片以各种不同的基底重量用于卫生巾和紧身短裤衬里。在另一种方式中,用于支撑和加强由精制纤维构成的吸收芯的薄衬,该薄衬可以包含毛细通道纤维。典型地,这种薄衬包括约80%重量的毛细通道纤维和约20%重量的熔点低于毛细通道纤维的纤维。例如KDDEL纤维是适用的。用标准的方式制取薄衬,通过加热部分地熔化低熔点的纤维,经冷却,和薄衬结合在一起。
如上提及,精制的吸收纤维层铺设在薄衬上。最终的结构布置成薄衬是以通液方式与成品吸收件的面层相接触。
例III
适用于月经期之间用的轻质紧身短裤衬里包括一克兰姆层SW173毛细通道纤维复在基本上上呈矩形的垫上,垫的表面积约为117cm2,垫内含由纤维F作为吸收芯的层片/薄衬。下铺的毛细通道纤维基本上平行于芯的加工方向。层片/薄衬加上毛细通道纤维层被插入美国专利U.S.4,463,045的成膜面层和一层柔性的聚乙烯背层之间。按上述公开的方法把毛细通道纤维粘结到面层上。紧身裤衬里的作用在于吸收阴道的排出物,不需要用到吸收凝胶材料。
例IV
制取具有从吸收芯向外伸出二个片状物的卫生巾形式的月经经制品(按美国专利U.S.4,687,478,Van Tilburg,August18,1987设计的)。吸收芯包括具有基重约150磅/纤维G的层片/薄衬。一层1.5g的卷曲SW173纤维层迭在吸收芯上,所说的纤维平行于加工方向。组合件按例II的步骤组合。无光泽的美国专利U.S.4,463,045所描述的层片用做面层。
例V
用针穿孔毛细通道纤维层,使一定数目的所说纤维部分地向下伸进吸收芯内来改进例IV的卫生巾。该种卫生巾提供在Z方向的附加的流体运动,即,流出毛细通道纤维层并流进吸收芯。另,精梳或粗化吸收芯的上层,致使纤维从芯向上伸进毛细通道纤维层内。
例VI
一种薄的紧身裤衬里包括成膜的面层,聚乙烯背层,2.0g卷曲的毛细通道纤维SW173。纤维在其通道内有足够的流体容纳能力,以吸收一定量的阴道排放物,而不需用其它吸收材料。
例VII
一种例VI的卫生巾,它是通过分别用美国专利U.S.4,636,419或Epo215417的纤维面层代替它的形膜面层来改进的。
在比较详细地描述了本发明后,尚有一些需要考虑之点,很明显,当毛细通道纤维选择作为薄衬,并在其上湿铺上吸收纤维芯时,毛细通道纤维上的某些表面活性剂可能被漂洗掉,对此可以很方便地用附加表面活性剂,如PEGOSPERSE来代替。
还需明白,上面公开的精制的,卷曲的纤维构成的吸收结构在使用中的完整性可以通过各种方法予以进一步的提高。例如,可以利用超声或热粘结,尤其是10-15%重量的热塑性纤维(例KODEL410聚酯)配合与精制纤维混用。在另一种方法中,可以采用各种点结合的方法把背层固定到芯上,特别是那些紧身粘合剂所用的区域。
最后,需知在此选用的物件可以采用松脱的成部分松脱的吸收芯,与卷曲的毛细通道纤维和其它张力部件一起,提供具有一定延伸性的物件(约15%-40%的延伸性)。这种延伸性使物件被固定到穿着者内裤上时更为合身,舒适和减少弄脏。
在还有一种方式中,毛细通道纤维层的中心部位聚集成一种小的“毛圈”或“绒头”。这种毛圈或绒头可以从毛细通道纤维层向上伸出,以完全接触面层。此外,毛圈或绒头位于整个物件的中心位置,致使他能迅速地汇集和输送流体到毛细通道纤维的其余部分,由此进入到物件的贮液层。在有利方面,这种“毛圈”或“绒头”不仅集中在流体进入物件处的毛细通道纤维,而且使内含基本上位于向上的Z方向毛圈或绒头的毛细通道纤维也受到定向,于是,提高了流体在物件的向下Z方向上的流动。下述的例子说明具有一种基本在中心的,Z方向毛细通道纤维毛圈的吸收性物件。
例VIII
一层在此公开的15.24cm(6英寸)长的毛细通道纤维层,在它们中心部位汇集,提供一种稍微向上突起的椭圆形“毛圈”,其近似的尺寸为:5.08-7.62cm(2-3英寸)(CX-方向);3.81cm(1.5英寸)(在最宽点的Y-方向)和5mm-10mm(Z方向)。可以采用常规的方法使毛圈的纤维束保持在它的毛圈状构形。典型地,把毛圈通过位于纸层或亲水聚合物的层片内的一定空隙。利用在此公开的步骤,把毛圈纤维束置在上覆面层近似中心处有毛圈和紧靠面层有毛圈如前面所说明的吸收件内。用作卫生巾时,放置物件(例如,在内侧),靠毛圈加大流体汲取。在另一种方式中,簇绒状的毛圈纤维的端部受切割,提供绒状的、Z方向开端的毛细通道纤维束。在还有一种方式中,毛细通道纤维层包括簇绒基底,纤维层完全或部分地放置在物件的湿铺或干铺的吸收芯内,而不是芯的上部。在后一种实施例中,可使用在商业上可得到的包含二个具有吸收凝胶材料(AGM)中间层的外织物层的夹心层。在簇绒基底处的毛细通道可以滑进内部含AGM的层内。
也可以很简便地把毛细通道纤维制成容易生产的稳定层片,并利用各种粘合方法把它加工成吸收件。例如,约20%-30%重量的聚酯热塑纤维(如KODEL410)可以和毛细通道纤维混合,最终的纤维层片受到直接加热或通过空气加热。
精制的卷曲的纤维素纤维可以简便地加工成容易生产的稳定的层片,并利用各种粘合方法把它加工成吸收件。例如,约7%-15%重量的聚酯热塑纤维(如KODEL410)可以和精制的卷曲纤维素纤维混合,最终的纤维素层片受到通空气的加热或超声粘合。
把一定的热塑纤维加到毛细通道纤维层内,或加到吸收芯层内,或加到它们两者内,将提供除上述的层片稳定性外的其它优点。尤其,在芯中,或在毛细通道纤维层,或在它们两者之中加入热塑纤维时,这将允许制造者在例如卫生巾或紧身裤衬里的周边至少在分叉处处提供一种边封口,所说的边封口可以使沿着物件的周边向上流动的流体被阻挡或全部停止。
还有,上述类型的物件可以采用将一层内含热塑纤维的精制的卷曲纤维素纤维铺到一层标准的塑料背层上来制取。在离层片外边约0.635cm(0.25英寸)的位置处,一种宽度约为3.17cm(0.125英寸)的连续超声粘合形成在芯的周边,这不仅形成挡流体的封边,而且把芯粘合到背层上。
在另一种方式中,热塑面层,含有热塑纤维的芯和背层可以全部被粘合一起,可以通过超声粘合方式在周边或邻近周边处粘合一起。在还有另一种方式中,含有混合热塑纤维的毛细通道纤维层用类似方式也可粘合到芯(如果需要也可粘到面层)。在另一种方式中,存在于芯和/或在毛细纤维层中的热塑纤维允许在物件上的各点处进行点粘合,由此当物件弄湿时还可保持整体性。
由那些与流体传送物理学相类似的道理可明白,此物件利用面层,毛细通道纤维和芯之间的间距差别来建立液流在Z方向的压力梯度,其它的方法也可用于这种Z方向的流体流动梯度。例如,如果在面层内的孔或间隔小于毛细通道纤维的宽度(内纤维通道宽,宽为90μ,可以用于输送相当稠的流体,如月经),由此所希望的压力梯度,例如可以通过选用比毛细通道纤维更疏水的面层来建立。

Claims (8)

1.一种吸收性物件,包括:
a)一种具有接收流体前部面和背部面的渗流体的面层,所说面层在所说前部面和背部面之间有许多开缝通道供流体通过所说的面层;
b)一种由具有呈外的纤维内毛细通道的聚合纤维构成的纤维层,通道宽度平均小于所说面层内的开缝宽度,所说的纤维层位于所说面层a)背部面之下,并与其成输送流体接触;
c)一种位于所说纤维层b)下,并与其成输送流体接触的纤维气流铺置或湿法成网的吸湿性结构,所说的结构包括多层纤维素的非毛细通道纤维或所说多层纤维素纤维与吸收凝胶材料的混合物,就平均来说,在吸湿结构中所说多层纤维之间的间隔宽度小于在所说纤维层b)的纤维内的毛细通道的宽度;
d)在所说吸湿性结构c)下设置的不渗流体的背层。
2.如权利要求1的吸收性物件,其特征是:
所说面层为可渗流体的纤维面层;
由所说面层a)内的开缝构成的纤维内间距,平均大于在所说纤维层b)内的纤维内毛细通道宽度。
3.按权利要求1的物件,其特征是,毛细通道纤维是自动吸湿的。
4.按权利要求1的物件,其特征是,面层a)和纤维层b)之间的接触由所说面层和所说纤维层之间的张力或由粘合方法来维持的。
5.按权利要求4的物件,其特征是,毛细通道纤维实质是卷曲的。
6.按权利要求5的物件,其特征是,卷曲毛细通道纤维的一部分伸入到所说面层内。
7.按权利要求1或2的物件,其特征是,一种具有呈外的纤维内毛细通道的纤维层具有外伸到所说纤维层b)上的突起的簇绒,所说具簇绒的层与吸湿结构成输送流体的接触。
8.按权利要求1的物件,其特征是,面层a)为非纤维成膜聚烯烃面层。
CN92109742A 1991-07-23 1992-07-23 具改善液流定向性、舒适和合身的吸收性物件 Expired - Fee Related CN1130173C (zh)

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PT101760B (pt) 1997-02-28
KR100244553B1 (ko) 2000-02-01
JPH06509252A (ja) 1994-10-20
ES2099271T3 (es) 1997-05-16
EP0599871B1 (en) 1997-04-02
CN1071072A (zh) 1993-04-21
EG19664A (en) 1996-02-29
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FI940298A (fi) 1994-01-21
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NZ243664A (en) 1995-10-26
WO1993001779A1 (en) 1993-02-04
CA2113343A1 (en) 1993-01-24
MA22600A1 (fr) 1993-04-01
HK1006525A1 (en) 1999-03-05
CA2113343C (en) 1997-12-09
TR26283A (tr) 1995-02-15
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SK789492A3 (en) 1994-11-09
DE69218780T2 (de) 1997-07-10
HUT70352A (en) 1995-09-28
DE69218780D1 (de) 1997-05-07
PT8562T (pt) 1993-03-31
EP0599871A1 (en) 1994-06-08
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