CN113016093A - 电池 - Google Patents
电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN113016093A CN113016093A CN201980075030.XA CN201980075030A CN113016093A CN 113016093 A CN113016093 A CN 113016093A CN 201980075030 A CN201980075030 A CN 201980075030A CN 113016093 A CN113016093 A CN 113016093A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- electrolyte
- battery
- cathode
- sulfur
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 LGPS Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical group [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Inorganic materials [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AVQQQNCBBIEMEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)N(C)C AVQQQNCBBIEMEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010941 LiFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyronitrile Chemical compound CC(C)C#N LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001216 Li2S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910009297 Li2S-P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910009228 Li2S—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PZJOJINCQAQMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)c1nc(C#N)c([nH]1)C#N PZJOJINCQAQMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- YQCIWBXEVYWRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;sulfane Chemical compound C.S YQCIWBXEVYWRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[S] Chemical group [Na].[S] BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 5
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003405 Li10GeP2S12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PMNLZQYZDPTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N P(=O)(=O)SP(=O)=O.[Li] Chemical compound P(=O)(=O)SP(=O)=O.[Li] PMNLZQYZDPTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[S] Chemical compound [C].[S] GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VXAAFQCAJIHDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;sulfur monoxide Chemical compound [Li].S=O VXAAFQCAJIHDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 3
- BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)F BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-(1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-1-enoxy)but-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(C)(=O)=O YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002200 LIPON - lithium phosphorus oxynitride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052773 Promethium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N captafol Chemical compound C1C=CC[C@H]2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)C(Cl)Cl)C(=O)[C@H]21 JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical group [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical group [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical group [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KIJWMNYEVKNAGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCOC KIJWMNYEVKNAGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical group [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical group FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical group [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical group [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical group [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium aluminate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Al]=O YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GLVGLXXAZUYQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium lanthanum(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[La+3] GLVGLXXAZUYQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical group [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical group [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N promethium atom Chemical group [Pm] VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical group [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical group [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical group [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical group [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KHXKESCWFMPTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F KHXKESCWFMPTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCBRSIIGBBDDCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane Chemical group FC(F)C(F)(F)COC(F)(F)C(F)F HCBRSIIGBBDDCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDTCZPKYVMKLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound COCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 IDTCZPKYVMKLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UVCPHBWNKAXVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCCC1 UVCPHBWNKAXVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSHASCFKOSDFHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylpyrrolidine Chemical compound CCCCN1CCCC1 JSHASCFKOSDFHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGLIVJFAKNJZRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC[N+]1(C)CCCCC1 OGLIVJFAKNJZRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASUDFOJKTJLAIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethanamine Chemical compound COCCN ASUDFOJKTJLAIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910005833 GeO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011131 Li2B4O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010408 Li2NH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011201 Li7P3S11 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013698 LiNH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012305 LiPON Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012465 LiTi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012448 Lithium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000528 Na alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021201 NaFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019398 NaPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrrolidinium ion Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]C1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010252 TiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQFSQHKNYIXJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].FC(F)(F)c1nc(C#N)c([nH]1)C#N Chemical compound [Na].FC(F)(F)c1nc(C#N)c([nH]1)C#N UQFSQHKNYIXJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJHCJDRQFCCTHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal Chemical compound CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O VJHCJDRQFCCTHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006243 acrylic copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Al] DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O.CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANFWGAAJBJPAHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide;1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1.FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O ANFWGAAJBJPAHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKNRELLLVOYIIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F DKNRELLLVOYIIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSGKJXQWZSFJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;butyl(trimethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XSGKJXQWZSFJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGLLWWMHAWYWLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;ethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCOC.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F NGLLWWMHAWYWLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLEKRZBYCSJUNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;hexyl(trimethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F SLEKRZBYCSJUNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFLGAVZONHCOQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;trimethyl(propyl)azanium Chemical compound CCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F NFLGAVZONHCOQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron lithium Chemical compound [Li].[B] PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MOOAHMCRPCTRLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron sodium Chemical compound [B].[Na] MOOAHMCRPCTRLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YGGIZRRNXQJOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M butyl(trimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](C)(C)C YGGIZRRNXQJOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011530 conductive current collector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ctk1a3526 Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMYCKRQZPVZFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoiminomethylideneazanide tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound [N-]=C=NC#N.CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC FMYCKRQZPVZFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UXYBXUYUKHUNOM-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](C)(C)C UXYBXUYUKHUNOM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SRYUVPBJVKBYRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl-dimethyl-(2-phenylethyl)azanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 SRYUVPBJVKBYRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007527 lewis bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium amide Chemical compound [Li+].[NH2-] AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide Inorganic materials [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium magnesium Chemical compound [Li].[Mg] GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000921 lithium phosphorous sulfides (LPS) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NEMFQSKAPLGFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesiosodium Chemical compound [Na].[Mg] NEMFQSKAPLGFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008039 phosphoramides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000885 poly(2-vinylpyridine) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000191 poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001709 polysilazane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- KVFIZLDWRFTUEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [K+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F KVFIZLDWRFTUEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)N([Na])S(F)(=O)=O VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJPWIJZUVYYHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Na+] FJPWIJZUVYYHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Na+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XGPOMXSYOKFBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XGPOMXSYOKFBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001251 solid state electrolyte alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(methyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;difluoro oxalate;borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQDZSGHAIZKNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium difluoro oxalate borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF ZQDZSGHAIZKNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
一种电化学电池,包括包含锂或钠金属或者锂或钠金属合金的阳极;包含电活性硫材料的离子电导阴极;和包含至少一种锂盐或至少一种钠盐的液体电解质,其中电解质的多硫化物溶解度小于500mM。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电池,具体地涉及一种锂-硫电池。
背景技术
二次电池如锂-硫电池可以通过向电池施加外电流而充电。这种类型的可充电电池具有广泛的潜在应用。开发锂-硫二次电池时的重要考虑因素包括重量和体积能量、循环寿命和电池组装便利性。二次电池的另一个实例是钠-硫电池。
典型的锂-硫电池包含由锂金属或锂金属合金形成的阳极(负极)和由单质硫或其他电活性硫材料形成的阴极(正极)。硫或其他电活性含硫材料与如碳的导电材料混合以改善其导电性。
传统上,高能锂-硫电池利用液体电解质。正极通常包含与硫混合或掺入硫的碳。在放电期间,电活性硫材料(例如,单质硫)被还原为多硫化锂物质Sn 2-(n≥2,例如,n=2-8)。这些物质通常可溶于电解质中。在放电的第二阶段中,该多硫化物被还原为不溶性硫化锂Li2S。当电池充电时,该两阶段机理逆向发生,其中硫化锂被氧化成多硫化锂物质,而随后被氧化成硫。然而,由多硫化物的高溶解度引起的多硫化物在电解质中的穿梭会影响循环性能并可能降低库仑效率。具体地,在传统的锂-硫电池的循环期间,由于这些多硫化物物质在电解质中的高溶解度,多硫化物物质的浓度会在传统电解质制剂中升高。该过程使传统锂-硫电池的运行变复杂,并导致可用容量(可利用的可用能量)减少,循环寿命缩短和库仑效率降低。
传统锂-硫电池的一种替代方案是全固态锂-硫(ASSLiS)电池。代替在“传统”锂-硫电池中存在的液体电解质,这些包含固体电解质,例如固态聚合物或陶瓷电解质。就安全性和体积/重量能量密度而言,固体电解质的使用可以是有利的。全固态电池的使用避免了液体电解质中溶剂化的多硫化物物质的形成,因此避免了与这些物质存在相关的问题。因此,理论上,全固态锂-硫电池可以实现高重量和体积能量。然而,ASSLiS电池会遇到重大问题,如电解质和电极之间的界面接触不良。
鉴于上述情况,仍然需要可以解决上述问题的高能锂-硫电池。
附图说明
本发明的各个方面通过举例说明并参考附图进行描述,其中:
图1显示了包含传统的硫阴极、包含浓度高于其饱和浓度75%的锂盐的液体电解质和锂金属箔阳极的电池的电化学性能数据。
图2显示了根据本发明的电池的电化学性能数据。
图3显示了图1和图2中电化学性能数据的循环2放电曲线的比较。
具体实施方式
在描述本发明的具体实施例之前,应当理解的是,本公开不限于本文公开的具体电池、方法或材料。还应理解的是,本文所使用的术语仅用于描述具体实施方式,而非旨在变成限制性的,因为保护范围将由权利要求及其等同物界定。
在描述和要求保护本发明的电池和方法时,将使用以下术语:单数形式“一个”、“一种”和“该”除非上下文另外明确指出,否则包括复数形式。因此,例如,“一个阴极”包括涉及一个或多个这种元件。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种电化学电池,包括:
阳极,包含锂或钠金属或者锂或钠金属合金;
离子导电性阴极,包含电活性硫材料;和
液体电解质,包含至少一种锂盐或至少一种钠盐,其中电解质的多硫化物溶解度小于500mM。
根据本发明的电池结合了与传统锂-硫电池和全固态锂-硫电池相关的益处。首先,低孔隙率的固态阴极(即,在电解质组分和阴极之间具有低界面接触面积的阴极结构)与进行还原和氧化反应而不会形成可溶性中间多硫化物物质的氧化还原活性硫组分一起使用,可以导致获得高能锂-硫电池。其次,对多硫化锂物质具有低溶解度的液体电解质的使用可以确保电解质与每个电极之间的良好界面接触。源自这种类型的混合液体/固态电池的益处包括高重量-体积能量、高循环寿命、改善的安全特性、改善的库仑效率和BMS(电池管理系统)控制的有益电压分布曲线。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种电化学电池,其包含:
阳极,包含锂或钠金属或者锂或钠金属合金;
离子导电性阴极,包含电活性硫材料;
液体电解质,包含至少一种锂盐或至少一种钠盐,其中至少一种锂盐或钠盐在该电解质中的浓度为电解质的饱和浓度的至少75%。
电化学电池
根据本发明的电化学电池可以是锂-硫电池。根据本发明的电化学电池的进一步的实例是钠-硫电池。锂-硫电池可以包含锂阳极和包含电活性硫材料如单质硫的阴极。电解质可以包含至少一种溶剂或离子液体和盐,例如锂盐。在另一个实例中,电化学电池是钠-硫电池。在电化学电池是钠-硫电池的情况下,该电池可以包含钠阳极和包含电活性硫材料如单质硫的阴极。电解质可以包含至少一种溶剂或离子液体和盐,例如钠盐。
阳极
在锂-硫电池中,锂阳极包含含锂的电活性基质。电活性基质可以包含锂金属或锂金属合金。优选地,电活性基质包含由锂金属或锂金属合金形成的箔。锂合金的实例包括锂-铝合金、锂-镁合金和锂-硼合金。优选使用锂金属箔。在电池是钠-硫电池的情况下,阳极包含钠金属或钠金属合金。优选地,阳极包含由钠金属或钠金属合金形成的箔。钠合金的实例包括钠-铝合金、钠-镁合金和钠-硼合金。优选使用钠金属箔。
阴极
电化学电池的阴极包括电活性硫材料。该阴极是离子电导性的,即其能够在固态下传导离子(即碱金属阳离子,Li+或Na+)。因此,根据本发明的电池的电化学能够在活性物质如多硫化物在电介质中很少或没有溶解的情况下进行。在一个实施方式中,在充电/放电期间形成的10%或更少,优选5%或更少,例如,2%或更少的多硫化物可以溶解于电解质中。在一个实施方式中,没有多硫化物溶解于电解质中。根据本发明的电池的充电和放电中涉及的化学过程类似于全固态锂-硫电池中观察到的化学过程,其中多硫化物不溶解于电解质中。
电活性硫材料可以包含单质硫、基于硫的有机化合物、具有硫的无机化合物和含硫聚合物。优选使用单质硫或Li2S。在一个实施方式中,阴极包含硫-碳复合材料。阴极可以包含也可以是离子电导性的电活性硫材料。该材料可以包含硫以及其他元素如Li、Na、Mg、P、N、Si、Ge、Ti、Zr、Sn、B、A、F、Cl、Br、I、O或其任何组合。也是离子电导性的含硫材料的实例包括LGPS、Li3PS4或Li7P3S11。在一个实施方式中,阴极可以包含也是离子电导性的硫-碳复合材料。
阴极可以还包含固体电导材料。固体电导材料可以是任何合适的导电材料。优选地,该固体电导材料可以由碳形成。实例包括碳黑、碳纤维、石墨烯、还原的氧化石墨烯和碳纳米管。其他合适的材料包括金属(例如,薄片,锉屑和粉末)和导电聚合物。导电聚合物的实例包括聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚对苯乙炔和聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)。优选使用碳黑。在一个实施方式中,在阴极包含硫-碳复合材料的情况下,阴极可以不含进一步的固体导电材料。
阴极可以还包含离子电导材料,特别是固态Li+或Na+离子导体。离子电导材料在25℃下可以具有大于10-7S/cm,例如,大于10-6S/cm的体离子电导率。在阴极包含电活性离子电导材料如Li3PS4或LixPySz的情况下,可能不存在其他离子电导材料。在一些实施例中,锂离子电导材料包括陶瓷材料。陶瓷材料可以具有晶体、多晶体、部分晶体或无定形结构。合适的陶瓷材料包括但不限于金属和/或准金属的氧化物、碳酸盐、氮化物、碳化物、硫化物、氧硫化物和/或氧氮化物。在某些情况下,陶瓷材料包含锂。具有足够离子电导率的合适固态电解质的非限制性实例可以通过各种锂化合物的组合而产生,如包含锂的陶瓷材料包括氧化锂(例如,Li2O,LiO,LiO2,LiRO2,其中R是钪、钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱和/或镥)、碳酸锂(Li2CO3)、氮化锂(例如,Li3N)、氧硫化锂、氧氮化锂、石榴石型锂氧化物(例如,Li7La3Zr2O12)、Li10GeP2S12、锂磷氧氮、硅硫化锂、锗硫化锂、锂镧氧化物、锂钛氧化物、硼硫化锂、铝硫化锂、磷硫化锂、硅酸锂、硼酸锂、铝酸锂、磷酸锂、锂卤化物以及上述的组合。在某些情况下,陶瓷材料包括氧化锂、氮化锂或氧硫化锂。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷包括碳酸盐和/或碳化物。
在一些实施方式中,锂离子导电材料可以选自可以提供电子对的物质(例如,路易斯碱)。合适的供电子材料的实例包括但不限于锂氧化物(例如,Li2O,LiO,LiO2,LiRO2,其中R是钪、钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱和/或镥),碳酸锂(Li2CO3),氮化锂(例如,Li3N),氧硫化锂,氧氮化锂,石榴石型锂氧化物(例如,Li7La3Zr2O12),Li10GeP2S12,锂磷氧氮,硅硫化锂,锗硫化锂,锂镧氧化物,锂钛氧化物,硼硫化锂,铝硫化锂,磷硫化锂,硅酸锂,硼酸锂,铝酸锂,磷酸锂,锂卤化物,以及上述的组合。
可以用作锂离子电导材料的陶瓷材料的实例包括:含锂氧化物,例如Li3.3La0.56TiO3;钠超离子导体(Nasicon)结构(例如:LiTi(PO4)3);锂离子导体(LiSICON)(Li14Zn(GeO4)4);Li10GeP2S12;石榴石:Li7La3Zr2O12;其他氧化物,例如Al2O3,TiO2,ZrO2,SiO2,ZnO;硫化物,例如Li2S-P2S5;反钙钛矿,例如Li3OCl;氢化物,例如LiBH4,LiBH4-LiX(X=Cl,Br,I),LiNH,LiNH2,Li3AlH6,Li2NH;硼酸盐或磷酸盐,例如Li2B4O7,Li3PO4,LiPON;碳酸盐或氢氧化物,例如Li2CO3,LiOH;氟化物,例如LiF;氮化物,例如Li3N;硫化物;硼硫化锂,磷硫化锂,铝硫化锂,氧硫化物,氧化镨。可以使用至少一种所述陶瓷材料,或其组合。在钠硫电池中,可以利用钠离子等量的任何这些导电材料。
在一些实例中,锂离子电导材料可以由固有离子电导性的聚合物材料,例如Nafion形成。可替代地,也可以使用与锂(或钠)盐共混的聚合物,其可以实现大于10-7S/cm的体电导率。合适聚合物的实例包括基于EO的聚合物(例如,PEO);基于丙烯酸酯的聚合物(例如PMMA);聚胺(聚亚乙基亚胺);硅氧烷(聚(二甲基硅氧烷));聚杂芳族化合物(例如聚苯并咪唑);聚酰胺(例如尼龙),聚酰亚胺(例如Kapton);聚乙烯化合物(例如聚丙烯酰胺,聚(2-乙烯基吡啶),聚(N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮),聚(甲基氰基丙烯酸甲酯),聚(乙酸乙烯酯),聚(乙烯醇),聚(氯乙烯),聚(氟乙烯);无机聚合物(例如聚硅烷,聚硅氮烷,聚磷腈,聚膦酸酯);聚氨酯;聚烯烃(例如聚丙烯,聚四氟乙烯);聚酯(例如聚碳酸酯,聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯)。在一个实施方式中,可以使用共嵌段聚合物,例如Nafion。在一个实施方式中,阴极包含陶瓷颗粒与一种或多种离子电导聚合物的组合。
在阴极中,电子和离子可以在固态下传导。这允许在充电或放电期间在固态的阴极上发生电化学反应,而无需形成多硫化物物质形式的可溶性中间体。
阴极可以另外包括用于将阴极组分粘合在一起的粘合剂。阴极还可以将阴极组分粘合在导电集流器上。在此情况下,粘合剂可以为阴极提供改善的机械强度,或可以改善阴极的可加工性。粘合剂可以是聚合物粘合剂,例如聚醚如聚(环氧乙烷),聚乙二醇,聚丙二醇,聚四亚甲基二醇(PTMG),聚四亚甲基醚二醇(PTMEG)。
粘合剂可以选自卤化聚合物,且更优选还选自氟化聚合物。合适的粘合剂的实例包括聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF),优选为α形式,聚三氟乙烯(PVF3),聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),偏二氟乙烯与六氟丙烯(HFP)或三氟乙烯(VF3)或四氟乙烯(TFE)或三氟氯乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物,氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)共聚物,乙烯与氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)或四氟乙烯(TFE)或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物,全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE),全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE),以及乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的共聚物或其共混物。
合适的粘合剂的其他实例包括聚丙烯腈、聚氨酯、PVDF-丙烯酸共聚物;聚丙烯酸、聚酰亚胺和聚乙烯醇。进一步合适的粘合剂包括橡胶(例如丁苯橡胶)、纤维素(例如羧甲基纤维素)或明胶。
在一些实施例中,粘合剂选自PEO、PVDF、Nafion、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚苯亚乙烯(polyphenylene vinylene)、聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种。例如,粘合剂可以包含聚氧化乙烯或PVDF。
基于阴极的总重量,阴极可以包含0.05wt%-20wt%,优选0.5wt%-10wt%,例如,1wt%-5wt%,例如,2wt%-3wt%的粘合剂。
电解质
根据本发明的电解质可以是液体电解质。由于电解质润湿阴极和阳极,液体电解质在电解质和电极之间提供了良好的物理接触。这与全固态电池相反,在全固态电池中,由于缺乏润湿,固体电解质不能在电解质与阳极/阴极之间提供令人满意的界面接触。当在循环期间由于充电或放电期间发生的反应而在阳极和阴极中发生体积变化时,这是在ASSLiS电池的循环期间的特别的问题。由于这些体积变化,在阳极-电解质和阴极-电解质界面上维持紧密接触是极具挑战性的。
任何合适的溶剂系统或液体或凝胶或液体和/或凝胶的混合物可以用于电解质。电解质在电池的工作温度范围内是液体,该工作温度可以为-30-120℃,优选-10-90℃,例如,0-60℃。电池的工作压力可以为5mbar-100bar,优选10mbar-50bar,例如100mbar-20bar。在一个实例中,电池可以在室温和大气压力下操作。根据本发明的高浓度电解质意味着该电解质具有比标准电解质更低的蒸气压。因此,根据本发明的电池在低压下可以比标准锂-硫电池性能更好。液体电解质可以是凝胶电解质。
适用于电解质的合适有机溶剂是醚(例如线性醚,乙醚(DEE),二甘醇二甲醚(2-甲氧基乙基醚),四甘醇二甲醚,四氢呋喃,2-甲基四氢呋喃,二甲氧基乙烷(DME),二氧戊环(DIOX));碳酸酯(例如碳酸二甲酯,碳酸二乙酯,碳酸甲乙酯,碳酸甲丙酯,碳酸乙烯酯(EC),碳酸丙烯酯(PC);砜(例如二甲基砜(DMS),乙基甲基砜(EMS),四甲基砜(TMS));酯(例如甲酸甲酯,甲酸乙酯,丙酸甲酯,甲基丙基丙酸酯,乙基丙基丙酸酯,乙酸乙酯和丁酸甲酯);酮(例如,甲乙酮);腈(例如乙腈,丙腈,异丁腈);酰胺(例如二甲基甲酰胺,二甲基乙酰胺,六甲基磷酰胺,N,N,N,N-四乙基磺酰胺);内酰胺/内酯(例如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,丁内酯);脲(例如四甲基脲);亚砜(例如二甲基亚砜);磷酸酯(例如磷酸三甲酯,磷酸三乙酯,磷酸三丁酯);磷酰胺(例如六甲基磷酰胺)。进一步合适的溶剂包括甲苯、苯、庚烷、二甲苯、二氯甲烷和吡啶。
任何醚、碳酸酯、砜、酯、酮、腈、酰胺、内酰胺、脲、磷酸酯、磷酰胺均可以氟化。氟化的醚的实例是1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚。
电解质中可以包括一种或多种上述溶剂的任何组合。
在替代实施方式中,电解质可以包含一种或多种离子液体作为溶剂。所述离子液体可以包含含有有机阳离子的盐,如咪唑鎓、铵、吡咯烷鎓和/或有机阴离子如双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺TFSI-、双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺FSI-、三氟甲磺酸根、四氟硼酸根BF4 -、双氰胺DCA-、氯离子Cl-。离子液体在室温(20℃)下是液体。合适的离子液体的实例包括(N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N(2-甲氧基乙基)铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)、N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-丙基铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-丙基铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二甲基-N-乙基-N-(3-甲氧基丙基)铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二甲基-N-乙基-N-(3-甲氧基丙基)铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二甲基-N-乙基-N-苄基铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二甲基-N-乙基-N-苯基乙基铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-乙基-N,N-二甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-乙基-N,N-二甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三丁基-N-甲基铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三丁基-N-甲基铵二氰胺、N-三丁基-N-甲基碘化铵、N-三甲基-N-丁基铵双(三氟甲烷磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三甲基-N-丁基溴化铵、N-三甲基-N-己基铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三甲基-N-丙基铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三甲基-N-丙基铵双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、(N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、1-丁基-1-甲基吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、1-甲基-1-(2-甲氧基乙基)吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-丙基铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-乙基-N,N-二甲基-N-(2-甲氧基乙基)铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-丙基-N-甲基哌啶鎓双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-三甲基-N-丁基铵双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-甲基-N-丁基-哌啶鎓双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺、N-甲基-N-丙基吡咯烷鎓双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺及其组合。
可替代地或另外地,液体电解质可以是凝胶电解质。该凝胶电解质可以包含聚氧化乙烯与胶凝液体电解质,例如醚如二甲醚。在一个实施例中,电解质可以包含聚氧化乙烯组合在二甲醚中的LiTFSI。
上述溶剂的任何组合可以用于电解质中。例如,电解质可以包含离子液体与氟化醚的组合,或离子液体在凝胶内的组合,或氟化醚在凝胶内的组合。可以设想以上详述的两种或更多种液体和/或凝胶的任何其他组合。
在优选的实施方式中,溶剂是醚,例如二甲氧基乙烷(DME),二氧戊环(DIOX),二甘醇二甲醚,三甘醇二甲醚,四甘醇二甲醚或其混合物。在另一个优选的实施方式中,溶剂是氟化醚。
在电池是锂-硫电池的情况下,电解质包含溶解于溶剂中的锂盐。合适的锂盐包括六氟砷酸锂LiAsF6、六氟磷酸锂LiPF6、高氯酸锂LiClO4、硫酸锂Li2SO4、硝酸锂LiNO3、三氟甲烷磺酸锂LiOTf、双(三氟甲烷)磺酰亚胺锂LiTFSI、双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺锂LiFSI、双(草酸酯)硼酸锂LiBOB、二氟(草酸酯)硼酸锂LiDFOB、双(五氟乙烷磺酰基)酰亚胺锂LiBETI、2-三氟甲基-4,5-二氰基咪唑锂LiTDI及其组合。
电解质可以包含一种或多种锂盐。可以使用盐的组合,例如三氟甲磺酸锂可以与硝酸锂组合使用。
可替代地,在电池是钠-硫电池的情况下,电解质包括至少一种溶解于有机溶剂中的钠盐。合适的钠盐包括六氟砷酸钠、六氟磷酸钠、高氯酸钠、硫酸钠、硝酸钠、三氟甲烷磺酸钠、双(三氟甲烷)磺酰亚胺钠、双(氟磺酰基)酰亚胺钠、双(草酸酯)硼酸钠、二氟(草酸酯)硼酸钠、双(五氟乙烷磺酰基)酰亚胺钠、2-三氟甲基-4,5-二氰基咪唑钠及其组合。电解质可以包含一种或多种所述钠盐。在一个实施方式中,该电解质可以包含锂盐和钠盐的组合。
电解质对于多硫化物具有低溶解度,或在某些情况下,电解质可以不溶解多硫化物。电解质在室温(20℃)下可以具有小于500mM的多硫化物溶解度。例如,电解质在室温下可以具有小于400mM,优选小于200mM,更优选小于100mM,例如,小于50mM,例如,小于1mM的多硫化物溶解度。相应地,电解质总体上可以具有对含硫物质(如多硫化物和硫)较低的溶解度。例如,在室温(20℃)下,电解质可以具有小于500mM的硫溶解度。例如,在室温下,电解质可以具有小于400mM,优选小于200mM,更优选小于100mM,例如,小于50mM,例如,小于1mM的多硫化物溶解度。
锂盐或钠盐可以以高浓度,即接近电解质饱和浓度的水平存在于电解质中。例如,电解质中锂或钠盐的浓度可以处于0.05M-10M的范围内,优选1M-5M的范围内,例如3M。溶剂中的至少一种锂或钠盐的浓度可以是溶剂系统的饱和浓度的至少75%,优选是溶剂的饱和浓度的至少80%,例如是溶剂的饱和浓度的至少85%,例如是溶剂饱和浓度的至少90%。在一个实施例中,溶剂的浓度是饱和浓度的约100%,即电解质可以完全饱和。
术语“饱和浓度”是特定物质在特定溶剂中的溶解度的程度。当达到饱和浓度时,添加更多的溶质(例如,更多的锂盐)不会提高溶液的浓度。相反,过量的溶质会从溶液中沉淀出来。饱和浓度在室温下,例如在25℃下测定。
使用具有对多硫化物差溶解度或无溶解度的电解质,例如使用含有接近饱和浓度的锂盐的电解质,可以抑制多硫化物在电解质中的穿梭,因此在如锂-硫电池的电池是有益的。由于导致的库仑效率的损失,多硫化物的穿梭效应是有害的。不希望受到理论的束缚,高浓度电解质以及浓度接近饱和浓度的锂(或钠)盐的存在仅允许少量的多硫化物溶解于电解质中,这意味着几乎没有或不可能发生多硫化物穿梭。因此,电解质中碱金属盐的浓度意味着电解质对多硫化物具有低溶解度。由于活性硫物质的利用率低,在“传统”锂-硫电池中使用浓度接近饱和浓度的锂盐的电解质往往导致电化学性能变差。这是由于中间物质不能被电解质溶剂化,因为电解质接近于溶剂化。在传统的阴极中,如果没有中间物质的溶剂化,锂离子无法充分转移到存在的活性硫物质中,因此这将导致在常规操作条件下的利用率和性能大大降低。然而,低孔隙率、固态阴极与多硫化物溶解度差的电解质的组合缓解了这个问题,因为在循环期间缺乏多硫化物的溶解。在本发明中,多硫化物溶解性差的电解质,例如含有接近电解质饱和浓度的浓度的盐的电解质,可以有效地与固态阴极组合使用。尽管在传统的高能锂-硫电池中阴极需要浓度与电解质的饱和浓度相距甚远的非粘性电解质,但本发明电池所涉及的化学意味着电解质不需要是非粘性的,并且电解质的浓度不必与溶解的锂盐(或钠盐,在钠-硫电池的情况下)的饱和浓度相差很大。
尽管电解质体系中多硫化物的溶解度低,但根据本发明的电解质和阴极的组合使用允许在电池中使用低体积量的电解质。在传统的锂-硫电池中,需要对多硫化锂物质具有高溶解度的电解质,并且这种电池的容量取决于溶解度,而因此取决于电池内可用的电解质体积量。高浓度电解质对多硫化物中间体具有低的溶解度。因此,如果将高浓度的电解质与传统的阴极组合使用,则需要更多的电解质才能实现高容量,因为需要更多的电解质才能溶解活性材料。更大体积的电解质是不利的,因为其将增加电池的尺寸和重量,并导致比能量更低。
在本发明中,在阴极中发生的化学过程意味着多硫化物的形成被抑制或避免,而因此电池在充电和放电期间可达到的容量并不取决于电解质的溶解度和体积。这允许使用相对少量的高浓度电解质以获得高容量。在一个实施方式中,根据本发明的电池中存在约0.1-3微升电解质/克活性硫,优选0.5-2微升电解质/克活性硫,例如,1微升电解质/克活性硫。
使用高度浓缩的电解质也可以提高锂金属阳极的性能。例如,高度浓缩的电解质可以有效钝化阳极,从而形成稳定的固体电解质界面(SEI)。这可以使电池安全循环,并可以提供较长的循环寿命。
除了以上详述的锂(或钠)盐以外,电解质还可以包含其他盐。例如,电解质可以包含其他金属盐,如钠、锂、钾、铷、铯、钙、镁盐。其他盐的实例包括NaTFSI、KTFSI、RbTFSI、CsTFSI、Ca(TFSI)2、Mg(TFSI)2、NaPF6、NaFSI。其他盐可以以电解质中盐总量的1wt%-50wt%,优选5wt%-30wt%,例如,10wt%-20wt%的量存在。
方法
根据本发明的电池可以通过任何合适的方法生产。例如,电活性硫材料的混合物可以以在溶剂(例如,水或有机溶剂)中的浆料的形式混合并施加到集电器上。电活性硫材料在形成浆料之前可以与,例如离子电导材料和/或导电材料以及进一步的可选组分如粘合剂混合。随后可以除去溶剂并压延得到的结构以形成复合材料结构,其可以切割成所需的形状以形成阴极。然后可以将隔板放置于阴极上,并将阳极放置于隔板上形成叠层,然后添加电解质以形成电池。
实施例
实施例1
提供了具有“传统”阴极的锂-硫电池的电化学性能。阴极(正电极)包含70wt%作为活性材料的硫、20wt%作为导电添加剂的科琴黑和10wt%作为粘合剂的PEO。电池的液体电解质包含浓度超过其饱和浓度的75%的锂盐。液体电解质由溶解于二甲氧基乙烷(DME)中至4.5M的摩尔浓度的LiFSI组成。100微米厚的锂金属箔用作负电极(阳极)。液体电解质组分保持于置于各电极之间的惰性隔板内。
基于阴极的总硫量,以质量测量,并假设硫的理论容量为1672mA·hg-1,该电池在相当于C/50的比率的施加电流之下在1.5V-2.8V之间循环。
图1中提供了该电池的电化学性能数据。
使用处于>75%其饱和浓度的电解质允许限制多硫化物物质的形成。这减少或防止了穿梭现象。然而,活性材料的利用率较差。
实施例2
图2中提供了根据本发明的电池的电化学性能数据。根据本发明生产的阴极(正电极)包含50wt%的固体离子电导陶瓷(通过将75wt%的Li2S与25wt%的P2S5组合而生产)、30wt%作为活性材料的单质硫和10wt%作为导电添加剂的科琴黑。液体电解质含有浓度大于其饱和浓度的75%的锂盐且锂金属箔作为阳极(负电极)。液体电解质组分保持于置于各电极之间的惰性隔板内。固体电解质组分中所含的硫考虑在容量计算内。
在该电池内,活性硫材料的利用率显著提高,并且可溶性多硫化物物质的形成受到抑制,未观察到穿梭现象。在图3中提供了来自图1和图2的循环2放电曲线的比较。该比较表明,本发明描述的阴极(正电极)与处于>75%其饱和浓度的电解质组合使用,与传统类型的硫阴极相比,允许显著提高性能。本发明允许活性材料高度利用,同时避免形成溶剂化的多硫化物物质,因此没有观察到穿梭现象。
在本说明书的整个描述和权利要求书中,词语“包括”和“包含”及其变体表示“包括,但不限于”,并且它们并非旨在(其没有)排除其他部分、添加剂、组分、整数或步骤。在本说明书的整个描述和权利要求书中,单数形式涵盖复数形式,除非上下文另有要求。具体而言,在使用不定冠词的情况下,除非上下文另外要求,否则本说明书应该理解为设想了复数以及单数。
结合本发明的具体方面、实施方式或实施例描述的特征、整数、特性、化合物、化学部分或基团应该理解为适用于本文所述的任何其他方面、实施方式或实施例,除非与其不相容。在本说明书中公开的所有特征(包括任何所附权利要求、摘要和附图)和/或如此公开的任何方法或过程的所有步骤都可以以任何组合进行组合,除非其中至少一些这样的特征和/或步骤的组合相互排斥。本发明不限于任何前述实施方式的细节。本发明要扩展到本说明书中公开的特征的任何新颖特征或新颖组合(包括任何所附权利要求、摘要和附图),或扩展到如此公开的任何方法或工艺过程的步骤的新颖步骤或新颖组合。
读者的注意力被导向与本申请同时或在本说明书之前提交的与本说明书有关并且随该说明书一起向公审公开的所有纸件和文档,并且所有此类纸件和文档的内容均通过引用而结合于本文中。
Claims (17)
1.一种电化学电池,包括:
阳极,包含锂金属或钠金属,或者锂金属合金或钠金属合金;
离子电导性阴极,包含电活性硫材料;和
液体电解质,包含至少一种锂盐或至少一种钠盐,其中所述电解质的多硫化物溶解度小于500mM。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池,其中,所述电解质中的所述至少一种锂盐或所述至少一种钠盐的浓度为所述电解质的饱和浓度的至少75%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电池,其中,所述阴极还包含选自导电陶瓷颗粒和离子电导聚合物中的至少一种的离子电导材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电池,其中,所述导电陶瓷颗粒选自LLZO、LATP、LGPS或Li2S-P2S5中的至少一种。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述阴极还包含固体电导材料,所述固体电导材料包含电导碳材料或离子电导聚合物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电池,其中,所述电导碳材料选自碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨烯、还原的氧化石墨烯和碳黑中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求5所述的电池,其中,所述离子电导聚合物选自聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚苯亚乙烯和聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电池,其中,所述阴极包含碳-硫复合材料。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,基于所述阴极的总重量,所述阴极包含按重量计1至60%的离子电导材料。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述电活性硫材料包括单质硫或Li2S。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述至少一种锂盐选自六氟砷酸锂LiAsF6、六氟磷酸锂LiPF6、高氯酸锂LiClO4、硫酸锂Li2SO4、硝酸锂LiNO3、三氟甲磺酸锂LiOTf、双(三氟甲烷)磺酰亚胺锂LiTFSI、双(氟磺酰基)亚胺锂LiFSI、双(草酸)硼酸锂LiBOB、二氟(草酸)硼酸锂LiDFOB、双(五氟乙磺酰基)酰亚胺锂LiBETI、2-三氟甲基-4,5-二氰基咪唑锂LiTDI及其组合。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述电解质包含溶剂,所述溶剂选自线性醚、乙醚(DEE)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲氧基乙烷(DME)、二氧戊环(DIOX)、二甘醇二甲醚、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、甲酸甲酯(MF)、甲酸乙酯(EF)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、乙酸乙酯(EA)和丁酸甲酯(MB)、甲乙酮、乙腈(ACN)、丙腈(PN)、异丁腈(iBN)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、四甲基脲(TMU)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、六甲基磷酰胺、甲苯、苯、庚烷、二甲苯和二氯甲烷;离子液体、氟化醚、凝胶和它们的混合物中的至少一种。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述饱和浓度为至少80%,优选至少90%。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述阴极还包含粘合剂,所述粘合剂优选选自PEO、PVDF、Nafion、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚苯亚乙烯、聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)和聚苯硫醚中的至少一种。
15.根据权利要求14所述的电池,其中,所述粘合剂占电极的总重量的按重量计1至30%。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述电解质的多硫化物溶解度小于400mM,优选小于200mM,例如小于100mM。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池,其中,所述电池是锂-硫电池。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1815030.0A GB2577114B (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2018-09-14 | Battery |
GB1815030.0 | 2018-09-14 | ||
PCT/GB2019/052585 WO2020053604A1 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2019-09-13 | Battery |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN113016093A true CN113016093A (zh) | 2021-06-22 |
Family
ID=64013230
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201980075030.XA Pending CN113016093A (zh) | 2018-09-14 | 2019-09-13 | 电池 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20220102758A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3850694A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2022500825A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20210057155A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN113016093A (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2577114B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2020053604A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP7122632B2 (ja) * | 2017-09-25 | 2022-08-22 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用正極および二次電池 |
US11735722B2 (en) | 2019-04-10 | 2023-08-22 | Global Graphene Group, Inc. | Method of producing conducting polymer network-enabled particulates of anode active material particles for lithium-ion batteries |
US11916223B2 (en) | 2019-05-09 | 2024-02-27 | Global Graphene Group, Inc. | Alkali metal-sulfur secondary battery containing conducting polymer network-protected cathode material particulates |
US20200365902A1 (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2020-11-19 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Conducting polymer network-based cathode-protecting layer for lithium metal secondary battery |
GB202016256D0 (en) | 2020-10-13 | 2020-11-25 | Oxis Energy Ltd | Coating material |
WO2022092700A1 (ko) * | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 보레이트계 리튬염을 함유하는 전해질을 포함하는 리튬-황 이차전지 |
CN112768768B (zh) * | 2021-01-04 | 2022-05-31 | 北京理工大学 | 一种含有碘化铵添加剂的电池电解质及其制备方法 |
KR20230018795A (ko) * | 2021-07-30 | 2023-02-07 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬-황 전지용 전해질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬-황 전지 |
KR102627611B1 (ko) * | 2021-11-30 | 2024-01-24 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 외부 자극에 반응하여 기계적 변형이 가능한 복합 구조체 및 이의 제조방법 |
GB2615511A (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2023-08-16 | Oxlid Ltd | Electrochemical cell |
US20230253563A1 (en) * | 2022-02-04 | 2023-08-10 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Electroactive materials for secondary batteries |
WO2023182109A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-09-28 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 二次電池用バインダー組成物、非水二次電池用組成物、全固体二次電池用シート及び全固体二次電池、並びに、全固体二次電池用シート及び全固体二次電池の製造方法 |
GB202216464D0 (en) * | 2022-11-04 | 2022-12-21 | Oxlid Ltd | Electrochemical Cell |
KR20240068203A (ko) * | 2022-11-10 | 2024-05-17 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 전고체 이차전지 |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09511615A (ja) * | 1994-11-23 | 1997-11-18 | ポリプラス・バッテリー・カンパニー・インコーポレーテッド | 再充電可能な正電極 |
CN1412882A (zh) * | 2001-10-15 | 2003-04-23 | 三星Sdi株式会社 | 用于锂-硫电池的电解质和含有该电解质的锂-硫电池 |
JP2008527662A (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2008-07-24 | オクシス・エナジー・リミテッド | 硫黄又は硫黄化合物を使用する電池のための電解質組成物に関連する改良 |
CN102683659A (zh) * | 2012-05-31 | 2012-09-19 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种锂-硫电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
US20140342249A1 (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2014-11-20 | Hui He | Lithium secondary batteries containing lithium salt-ionic liquid solvent electrolyte |
US20150214555A1 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2015-07-30 | Polyplus Battery Company | Lithium sulfur batteries and electrolytes and sulfur cathodes thereof |
JP2015216124A (ja) * | 2010-10-29 | 2015-12-03 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | アルカリ金属−硫黄系二次電池 |
JP2016038985A (ja) * | 2014-08-06 | 2016-03-22 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | リチウム電池 |
US20170054180A1 (en) * | 2014-05-02 | 2017-02-23 | Sony Corporation | Electrolytic solution, battery, battery pack, electronic device, electric vehicle, electricity storage device and electric power system |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2005243321A (ja) * | 2004-02-25 | 2005-09-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
DE102012205934A1 (de) * | 2012-04-12 | 2013-10-17 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium-Schwefel-Zelle |
US9722277B2 (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-08-01 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Electrolyte for batteries with regenerative solid electrolyte interface |
US20160172706A1 (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-06-16 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrolyte and electrode structure |
CN106450102B (zh) * | 2016-09-06 | 2019-09-06 | 四川大学 | 用于锂硫电池的石墨改性隔膜及其制备方法与构成的锂硫电池 |
CA3053907A1 (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2018-09-07 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Localized superconcentrated electrolytes for stable cycling of electrochemical devices |
CN107069093B (zh) * | 2017-03-10 | 2020-04-24 | 中国计量大学 | 一种用于锂硫电池的高浓度酯类电解液 |
CN106816633B (zh) * | 2017-03-10 | 2019-12-10 | 中国计量大学 | 一种伪高浓度酯类锂硫电池电解液及锂硫电池 |
US10916803B1 (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2021-02-09 | Cornerstone Research Group, Inc. | Lithium-sulfur battery with high sulfur loading |
-
2018
- 2018-09-14 GB GB1815030.0A patent/GB2577114B/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-09-13 JP JP2021514047A patent/JP2022500825A/ja active Pending
- 2019-09-13 WO PCT/GB2019/052585 patent/WO2020053604A1/en unknown
- 2019-09-13 KR KR1020217011014A patent/KR20210057155A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2019-09-13 EP EP19772809.0A patent/EP3850694A1/en active Pending
- 2019-09-13 CN CN201980075030.XA patent/CN113016093A/zh active Pending
- 2019-09-13 US US17/275,582 patent/US20220102758A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09511615A (ja) * | 1994-11-23 | 1997-11-18 | ポリプラス・バッテリー・カンパニー・インコーポレーテッド | 再充電可能な正電極 |
CN1412882A (zh) * | 2001-10-15 | 2003-04-23 | 三星Sdi株式会社 | 用于锂-硫电池的电解质和含有该电解质的锂-硫电池 |
JP2008527662A (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2008-07-24 | オクシス・エナジー・リミテッド | 硫黄又は硫黄化合物を使用する電池のための電解質組成物に関連する改良 |
JP2015216124A (ja) * | 2010-10-29 | 2015-12-03 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | アルカリ金属−硫黄系二次電池 |
US20150214555A1 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2015-07-30 | Polyplus Battery Company | Lithium sulfur batteries and electrolytes and sulfur cathodes thereof |
CN102683659A (zh) * | 2012-05-31 | 2012-09-19 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种锂-硫电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
US20140342249A1 (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2014-11-20 | Hui He | Lithium secondary batteries containing lithium salt-ionic liquid solvent electrolyte |
US20170054180A1 (en) * | 2014-05-02 | 2017-02-23 | Sony Corporation | Electrolytic solution, battery, battery pack, electronic device, electric vehicle, electricity storage device and electric power system |
JP2016038985A (ja) * | 2014-08-06 | 2016-03-22 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | リチウム電池 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
魏浩 等: "《锂硫电池》", 31 August 2018, 上海:上海交通大学出版社, pages: 114 - 117 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20210057155A (ko) | 2021-05-20 |
US20220102758A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
GB201815030D0 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
JP2022500825A (ja) | 2022-01-04 |
GB2577114A (en) | 2020-03-18 |
GB2577114B (en) | 2022-04-27 |
WO2020053604A1 (en) | 2020-03-19 |
EP3850694A1 (en) | 2021-07-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20220102758A1 (en) | Battery | |
CN109411811B (zh) | 具有混合电解质体系的锂金属电池 | |
US10461317B2 (en) | Solid electrode including electrolyte-impregnated active material particles | |
KR101353363B1 (ko) | 황 또는 황 화합물을 사용한 전지용 전해질 조성물에 관한개선 | |
KR101192355B1 (ko) | 나트륨 전지 및 그 제조 방법 | |
US9231269B2 (en) | Non-aqueous electrolyte air battery | |
CN111384399B (zh) | 用于锂金属电极的保护性涂层 | |
US20190214675A1 (en) | Method of Forming a Secondary Battery | |
CN112448047B (zh) | 预锂化电极的方法 | |
US20050019656A1 (en) | Method for fabricating composite electrodes | |
CN112928241B (zh) | 锂化电活性材料的方法 | |
US20220293925A1 (en) | Lithium sulfur cell | |
KR20180036410A (ko) | 전고체 전지 | |
US20210066755A1 (en) | Aqueous hydrogel electrolyte systems with wide electrochemical stability window | |
KR20160100968A (ko) | 리튬-황 셀 | |
CN112952184A (zh) | 使用电解质锂化金属阳极的方法 | |
KR20230021069A (ko) | 전기화학 전지 | |
KR20190114055A (ko) | 과충전 보호기능이 있는 1.5―3―v 리튬 배터리 | |
CN108140878B (zh) | 用作离子循环电池的电解质中的添加剂的化合物 | |
WO2023105202A1 (en) | Electrochemical cell | |
US11646450B2 (en) | Propylene carbonate-based electrolyte with extended long cycle life | |
KR20160009427A (ko) | 리튬 이차전지용 전해액 및 이를 구비하는 리튬 이차전지 | |
CN113906585A (zh) | 包含含有钾和金属的层状氧化物的电极材料、包含该材料的电极及其在电化学中的用途 | |
KR20200036545A (ko) | 나트륨 및 아연 이차전지용 전극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
TA01 | Transfer of patent application right | ||
TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20220614 Address after: London Applicant after: JOHNSON MATTHEY PLC Address before: Oxfordshire Applicant before: OXIS ENERGY Ltd. |