GB2615511A - Electrochemical cell - Google Patents
Electrochemical cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2615511A GB2615511A GB2117662.3A GB202117662A GB2615511A GB 2615511 A GB2615511 A GB 2615511A GB 202117662 A GB202117662 A GB 202117662A GB 2615511 A GB2615511 A GB 2615511A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- cell according
- lithium
- cathode
- sulphide
- sodium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- USWJSZNKYVUTIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)rhenium Chemical compound S=[Re]=S USWJSZNKYVUTIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 90
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical group S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000499 gel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000573 alkali metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- AVQQQNCBBIEMEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)N(C)C AVQQQNCBBIEMEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000528 Na alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- IBPNRGHKXLNFKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)hafnium Chemical compound S=[Hf]=S IBPNRGHKXLNFKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyronitrile Chemical compound CC(C)C#N LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FAWYJKSBSAKOFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum(iv) sulfide Chemical compound S=[Ta]=S FAWYJKSBSAKOFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- BKQMNPVDJIHLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N OS(=O)(=O)[Se]S(O)(=O)=O Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)[Se]S(O)(=O)=O BKQMNPVDJIHLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- ZFDNHUHPLXMMBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenevanadium Chemical compound [V]=S ZFDNHUHPLXMMBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OCDVSJMWGCXRKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(4+);disulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Ti+4] OCDVSJMWGCXRKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016323 MxSy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HALDOABDCFSGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P]=S.[Ge].[Li] Chemical compound [P]=S.[Ge].[Li] HALDOABDCFSGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- FJPWIJZUVYYHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Na+] FJPWIJZUVYYHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- QSTITLHDMBEKHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Na+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QSTITLHDMBEKHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Na+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XGPOMXSYOKFBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XGPOMXSYOKFBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical class [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 4
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical compound [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001848 post-transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001251 solid state electrolyte alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)F BLTXWCKMNMYXEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-(1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-1-enoxy)but-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(C)(=O)=O YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AGVJBLHVMNHENQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Ca+2] AGVJBLHVMNHENQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000846 In alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013698 LiNH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PMNLZQYZDPTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N P(=O)(=O)SP(=O)=O.[Li] Chemical compound P(=O)(=O)SP(=O)=O.[Li] PMNLZQYZDPTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 2
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Ba+2] CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+);methanidylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr+2].[Cr]#[C-].[Cr]#[C-] GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBULDCSVZCUQIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Cr+3].[Cr+3] DBULDCSVZCUQIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KSRKBDUROZKZBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl-methyl-propylazanium Chemical compound CCC[N+](C)(CC)CC KSRKBDUROZKZBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KIJWMNYEVKNAGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCOC KIJWMNYEVKNAGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004299 exfoliation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical group FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- YIZVROFXIVWAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ge]=S YIZVROFXIVWAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- SIXIBASSFIFHDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[In+3].[In+3] SIXIBASSFIFHDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium amide Chemical compound [Li+].[NH2-] AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000921 lithium phosphorous sulfides (LPS) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PEXNRZDEKZDXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium selenidolithium Chemical compound [Li][Se][Li] PEXNRZDEKZDXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#C NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000008039 phosphoramides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XXCMBPUMZXRBTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium sulfide Chemical compound [Sr]=S XXCMBPUMZXRBTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQMCSSLUTFUDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenegermane Chemical compound [GeH2]=S UQMCSSLUTFUDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=S PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NYPFJVOIAWPAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]=S NYPFJVOIAWPAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NRUVOKMCGYWODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenepalladium Chemical compound [Pd]=S NRUVOKMCGYWODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOKPITBUODAHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneplatinum Chemical compound [Pt]=S JOKPITBUODAHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003468 tantalcarbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KHXKESCWFMPTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F KHXKESCWFMPTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDTCZPKYVMKLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound COCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 IDTCZPKYVMKLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UVCPHBWNKAXVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCCC1 UVCPHBWNKAXVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGLIVJFAKNJZRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC[N+]1(C)CCCCC1 OGLIVJFAKNJZRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZGKAASZIMOAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 124177-85-1 Chemical compound NP(=O)=O UZGKAASZIMOAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910017083 AlN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aluminum nitride Chemical compound [Al]#N PIGFYZPCRLYGLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910003321 CoFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002475 Cu2ZnSnS4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018069 Cu3N Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002200 LIPON - lithium phosphorus oxynitride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003405 Li10GeP2S12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010408 Li2NH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011788 Li4GeS4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010944 LiGaS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012305 LiPON Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012468 LiTi(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012448 Lithium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910014900 LixPySz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002723 Poly(methyl cyanoacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052773 Promethium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrrolidinium ion Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]C1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[S] Chemical compound [C].[S] GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Si] Chemical class [C].[Si] HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMRVKLSQJNWEFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ir+]=S Chemical compound [Ir+]=S YMRVKLSQJNWEFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical class [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPVJJPJJWUDZID-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh+]=S Chemical compound [Rh+]=S YPVJJPJJWUDZID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006243 acrylic copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZRYCZAWRXHAAPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha,alpha-dimethyl valeric acid Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)C(O)=O ZRYCZAWRXHAAPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940007424 antimony trisulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010296 bead milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- IGABCHQKFATAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl-ethyl-dimethylazanium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F IGABCHQKFATAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQDSYGKTHDFFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium sulfide Chemical compound S=[Be] FQDSYGKTHDFFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O.CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 RWCIVBBAADOXMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANFWGAAJBJPAHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide;1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CC[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1.FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O ANFWGAAJBJPAHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHKPLVVWXQGNTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide;diethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-methylazanium Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O.CC[N+](C)(CC)CCOC OHKPLVVWXQGNTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUFDGYWNCWKJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)iridium Chemical compound [Ir](=S)=S DUFDGYWNCWKJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRSMQRZDMZDXAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)niobium Chemical compound S=[Nb]=S VRSMQRZDMZDXAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBQXUMAOBLRIOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide ethyl-(3-methoxypropyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCCOC.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MBQXUMAOBLRIOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XVNMSYLRWLNKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide ethyl-dimethyl-(2-phenylethyl)azanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCc1ccccc1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XVNMSYLRWLNKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSGKJXQWZSFJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;butyl(trimethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XSGKJXQWZSFJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGLLWWMHAWYWLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;ethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCOC.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F NGLLWWMHAWYWLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLEKRZBYCSJUNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;hexyl(trimethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F SLEKRZBYCSJUNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XALVHDZWUBSWES-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F XALVHDZWUBSWES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFLGAVZONHCOQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;trimethyl(propyl)azanium Chemical compound CCC[N+](C)(C)C.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F NFLGAVZONHCOQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron lithium Chemical compound [Li].[B] PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MOOAHMCRPCTRLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron sodium Chemical compound [B].[Na] MOOAHMCRPCTRLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YGGIZRRNXQJOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M butyl(trimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](C)(C)C YGGIZRRNXQJOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium sulfide Chemical compound [Cd]=S CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical group [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMXSKTNPRXHINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] MMXSKTNPRXHINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chalcopyrite Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Fe+2].[Cu+2] DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052951 chalcopyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011530 conductive current collector Substances 0.000 description 1
- FMYCKRQZPVZFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoiminomethylideneazanide tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound [N-]=C=NC#N.CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC FMYCKRQZPVZFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNCXPJFPCAYUGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F HNCXPJFPCAYUGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical group [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical group [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLDLXSRFKMSRGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl-(3-methoxypropyl)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(C)CCCOC FLDLXSRFKMSRGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical group [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical group [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UHUWQCGPGPPDDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N greigite Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] UHUWQCGPGPPDDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical group [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLIUKKHIBMHFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium sodium Chemical compound [Na].[In] RLIUKKHIBMHFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052973 jamesonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010902 jet-milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical group [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Pb]=S XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium aluminate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Al]=O YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GLVGLXXAZUYQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium lanthanum(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [Li+].[O--].[O--].[La+3] GLVGLXXAZUYQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium magnesium Chemical compound [Li].[Mg] GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NEMFQSKAPLGFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesiosodium Chemical compound [Na].[Mg] NEMFQSKAPLGFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002052 molecular layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVWWSIKTCILRBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trisulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo](=S)=S TVWWSIKTCILRBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYIAWAACGTUPCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(diethylsulfamoyl)-n-ethylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)S(=O)(=O)N(CC)CC IYIAWAACGTUPCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical group [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- VQSLYBNAHOGNCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-yl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(CC)OC(=O)CC VQSLYBNAHOGNCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000885 poly(2-vinylpyridine) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000191 poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000323 polyazulene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001088 polycarbazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001709 polysilazane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical group [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N promethium atom Chemical group [Pm] VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102220262397 rs772216758 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- AHKSSQDILPRNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium(1+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Rb+].[Rb+] AHKSSQDILPRNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical group [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical group [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003388 sodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- AZRUTJCZRXDQRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenebismuthanylium Chemical compound [Bi+]=S AZRUTJCZRXDQRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRRFSFYSLSPWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenecobalt Chemical compound [Co]=S VRRFSFYSLSPWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YHYKAMJEIQTQCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneosmium Chemical compound [Os]=S YHYKAMJEIQTQCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGWMQVQLSMAHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenesilver Chemical compound [Ag]=S PGWMQVQLSMAHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical group [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLUSCZLCHQSJRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium(1+) Chemical compound [Tl+] ZLUSCZLCHQSJRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALRFTTOJSPMYSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin disulfide Chemical compound S=[Sn]=S ALRFTTOJSPMYSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(methyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVEKVESLPDZKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Yb+3].[Yb+3] NVEKVESLPDZKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical group [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XWPGCGMKBKONAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(4+);disulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Zr+4] XWPGCGMKBKONAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Electrochemical cell comprising an anode comprising alkali metal or alloy, silicon, carbon, or silicon-carbon composite; a cathode comprising metal sulphide; and a liquid electrolyte with a polysulphide solubility of less than 500 mM. The metal sulfide may have a one-dimensional nanotube structure, a two-dimensional nanosheet structure, or a three-dimensional structure e.g. core-shell structure nanoparticles or flower-like nanomaterials. The metal sulphide may be selected from molybdenum, tin, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, hafnium, tantalum, or rhenium disulphide. A method of producing the cell may comprise forming a cathode by mixing a metal sulfide with a solvent, depositing the slurry onto a current collector, removing the solvent to produce a cathode and then cutting it. A separator may be placed onto the cathode followed by placing an anode onto the separator and adding an electrolyte. An electrochemical cell assembly may comprise the cell and means of applying pressure to the cell.
Description
Electrochemical Cell The invention relates to an electrochemical cell, methods of manufacture of the electrochemical cell, and an electrochemical cell assembly comprising at least one of the electrochemical cells. In particular, the invention relates to electrochemical cells including a cathode comprising a metal sulphide, and an electrolyte having a polysulfide solubility less than 500 mM.
In recent years there has been an increased demand for "green energy" due to the detrimental impact that fossil fuels have on the environment. One energy source that has received a great deal of interest is battery technology, in particular rechargeable batteries.
Of the rechargeable battery technologies, lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology dominates the commercial market, as a result of its high energy density compared to competing technologies, such as nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd). However, Li-ion batteries are expensive to produce, highly flammable, and typically require the use of cobalt and/or nickel in the production of the cathodes. Both cobalt and nickel are costly materials, and there are concerns over the security of the supply chain. In addition, cobalt can be toxic if not handled correctly, increasing the operational complexity of both the manufacture and end of life recycling processes.
In recent years, lithium-sulphur (Li-S) cells have received widespread attention because of their advantages over Li-ion batteries. For instance, they have a higher gravimetric energy (i.e., the measure of how much energy a battery contains in proportion to its weight, which is typically measured in 'watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg)', wherein a watt-hour is a measure of electrical energy that is equivalent to the consumption of one watt for one hour), a lower raw material cost, and are more environmentally friendly. Moreover, they do not require the use of nickel or cobalt in their manufacture.
Furthermore, there are safety benefits associated with use of Li-S batteries over Li-ion batteries, as there is no longer a need for free metal ions in the materials. Instead, Li-S batteries proceed via a "conversion mechanism", whereby sulphur and lithium react to form polysulphides.
However, there is an important disadvantage surrounding the generation of polysulphides in conventional Li-S batteries. Polysulfides generated at the electrodes dissolve in a liquid electrolyte and undergo a "shuttling effect" between the anode and cathode, which results in an irreversible loss of sulphur. This can result in capacity loss and be detrimental to cyclability of the battery (i.e., the measure of times they can be recharged before they start to break down).
One way that the issue of polysulphide shuffle has been partly addressed is through the use of metal sulphide cathodes in conventional Li-S cells. As noted in the literature article "Applications of 14052 in the cathode of lithium sulfur batteries" (RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 7384), the metal-sulphur bonds of the metal sulphide cathode can bind the polysulphides through electrostatic or chemical bonds, reducing polysulfide shuttling within the electrolyte. However, the use of metal sulphides is not sufficient to inhibit all of the polysulfide shuttle. In addition, metal sulphides tend to have low sulphur utilisation (i.e., the amount of sulphur that is de-lithiated/lithiated during cycling) in conventional Li-S batteries, which can impact the gravimetric energy of the cell.
An additional way that the effect of polysulphide shuffle has been limited is through the addition of certain additives in the electrolyte, such as additives that include N-0 bonds (e.g., lithium nitrate (LiNO3)). However, there are numerous disadvantages associated with the use of these additives, such as a narrow operating and storage temperature window, cell swelling due to formation of gases during cycling, not to mention safety implications. Therefore, there is a need to eradicate the need for such additives.
In addition, conventional Li-S batteries often use flammable liquids as the electrolyte, which has resulted in concern over their safety. As a result, there has been a great deal of interest in Li-S solid state batteries (SSBs), which use an inorganic solid-state electrolyte that do not dissolve polysulfides during battery cycling.
An example of a solid-state battery can be found in literature article "Exfoliated MoS2 as Electrode for All-Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries" (J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 19, 12126 -12134), which describes the use of metal sulphide cathodes and solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
Whilst safety would be improved using a solid-state battery, the manufacture of solid-state batteries on a large scale is difficult, and there remains the issue of low sulphur utilisation from use of metal sulphide as the cathode in Li-S solid-state batteries. Moreover, there would be poor interfacial contact between the electrolyte and electrode in a solid-state battery, which may result in high impedance within the cell.
An alternative way of tackling the polysulphide shuffle effect is shown in WO 2020/053604. Instead of using electrolytes salts such as LiNO3 or solid-state electrolytes, there is described the combination of the use of a low porosity cathode having an electrochemically active sulphur component with a liquid electrolyte having no or a low polysulphide solubility (which ultimately reduces polysulphide shuffle).
Building upon this, WO 2021/074634 demonstrates that a combination of a highly concentrated electrolyte with a low porosity cathode comprising both an electrochemically active sulphur and an electronically conductive carbon material can result in high gravimetric energy and volumetric energy (i.e., the measure of the energy content of a battery in relation to its volume, which is typically measured in 'watt-hours per litre (Wh/L)') densities. Whilst this technology was shown to have high gravimetric energy, it still suffers from low cyclability. Without being bound by theory, this could be a result of the poor mechanical strength of the carbon-sulphur composite, which is not able to withstand the large volume of expansion of sulphur during delithiation and lithiation. As such, the interfacial contact between carbon and sulphur would be lost during cycling.
Notwithstanding the above-mentioned advances in the field, there remains a need for an electrochemical cell having not only a high gravimetric energy, volumetric energy density, and broad operating/storage temperature window, but also having improved cyclability.
The invention is intended to overcome or ameliorate at least some aspects of the above-mentioned problems.
Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention there is provided an electrochemical cell comprising: an anode comprising an alkali metal, alkali metal alloy, silicon, carbon, or a silicon-carbon composite material; a cathode comprising a metal sulphide; and a liquid electrolyte, wherein the polysulfide solubility of the electrolyte is less than 500mM.
The electrochemical cell has a high gravimetric energy, a high volumetric energy, a broad operating and storage temperature range, a good interfacial stability between the cathode and the electrolyte (resulting in high sulphur utilisation), and a long cycle life. Without being bound by theory, the electrochemical cell according to the first aspect of the invention is believed to operate via a solid-state mechanism, i.e., via the formation of solid (unsolvated) polysulfide species. In such solid-state mechanisms, cathodes according to conventional Li-S batteries and Li-S solid state batteries may have insufficient transport of lithium ion to the active sulphur species present in the cathode, and/or an insufficient sulphur/carbon interface to enable high sulphur utilisations via a solid-state mechanism. However, the combination of a cathode comprising a metal sulphide with a liquid electrolyte with poor polysulfide solubility may mitigate this issue via the formation of solid polysulfide species that remain in the cathode.
Optionally, the metal sulphide has a one-dimensional structure including, but not limited to, nanotubes, wires and rods. These structures allow for a high metal/sulphur interface, which result in fast kinetics. In addition, the use of one-dimensional structures provides a cathode with good structural stability. Moreover, without being bound by theory, use of one-dimensional structures allows for higher sulphur loadings, which would result in a cell having both a high gravimetric energy and volumetric energy density.
Optionally, the metal sulphide has a two-dimensional layered structure. Two-dimensional layered structures, such as two dimensional nanosheets, form networks through overlapping and stacking with one another. Without being bound by theory, these structures have a large metal/sulphur interface able to effectively trap the polysulphides formed, holding these in place through chemical bonds. The high metal/sulphur interface also results in faster kinetics.
In addition, without being bound by theory, a layered structure is able to accommodate the volume expansion of sulphur, and conduct lithium ions (Lit). Moreover, a layered structure can be exfoliated to obtain small particles and increase the electrochemical performance of the battery.
Optionally, the metal sulphide has a three-dimensional structure including, but not limited to, metal sulphide nanoparticles such as core-shell structured metal sulphides and flower-like metal sulphide nanomaterials. Three-dimensional structures can withstand volume expansion of sulphur. Without being bound by theory, polysulphides could be held within three-dimensional structures. As such, use of three-dimensional structures provide a cathode with optimised kinetics. In addition, three-dimensional structures can have higher sulphur loadings compared to one or two-dimensional structures, which provides a cell with a higher gravimetric and volumetric energy density.
The metal sulphide may comprise one or more metals, such that mono-metal sulphides may be used or mixed-metal sulphides comprising two, three or more metals (bi-metal, tri-metal or multi-metal systems).
The mono-metal sulphide may have the structural formula MxSy, whereby M is a metal, 1 and 1 The metal may be a transition metal, an alkali earth metal, an alkali metal, or a post-transition metal (i.e., metals found in groups 13-16 of the periodic table). Optionally, the metal may be selected from molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf), or rhenium (Re).
The mono-metal sulphide may be selected from a-manganese sulphide (a-MnS), 13-manganese sulphide (13-MnS), y-manganese sulphide (y-MnS), iron sulphide (FeS, Fe3S4), ferrous disulphide (Fe52), cobalt sulphide (CoS, Co52, CO3S4, and Co5S3), zinc sulphide (ZnS), copper sulphide (Gus), bismuth (III) sulphide (5i253), germanium sulphide (GeS), germanium disulphide (GeS2), lithium sulphide (Li25), calcium sulphide (CaS), tin (II) sulphide (SnS), tin (IV) sulphide (SnS2), antimony trisulfide (Sb253), indium sulphide (In2S3), a-indium sulphide (a-In2S3), 13-indium sulphide (13 -In253), Y-indium sulphide (y -In253), zirconium sulphide (ZrS), cerium sulphide (Ce2S3), molybdenum disulphide (Mo52), molybdenum trisulphide (Mo53), silver sulphide (Ag25), cadmium sulphide (Cd5), tungsten disulphide (W52), nickel sulphide (NiS), vanadium sulphide (V52), titanium sulphide (TiS2, Ti0.62S), lead sulphide (PbS), niobium sulphide (NbS), niobium disulphide (Nb52), tantalum disulphide (Ta52), tellurium disulphide (TeS2), rhodium(III) sulphide (Rh253), palladium sulphide (PdS), palladium disulphide (Pd52), rhenium disulphide (Re52), osmium sulphide (0s2S3), platinum sulphide (PtS), iridium disulphide (Ir52), iridium(III) sulphide (Ir2S3), chromium sulphide (CrS), chromium(III) sulphide (Cr253), barium sulphide (BaS), strontium sulphide (SrS), caesium sulphide (Cs25), rubidium sulphide (Rb25), thallium(I) sulphide (TI25), beryllium sulfide (BeS), ytterbium sulfide (YbS), hafnium disulphide (Hf52), or combinations thereof. It is noted that the term "copper sulphide" includes chemical compounds and minerals with the formula CuxS", where Cu and S For instance, the term copper sulphide may include Cui.125, Cui.39S, CuL65, Cui.255, Cui.gS, Cui.85, or Cul.965. It is noted that the term "nickel sulphide" includes Ni52, Ni3+xS2, Ni352, Ni655, Ni256, Ni5S8, and Ni3S4.
Optionally, the metal sulphide may be a mixed metal sulphide, wherein the metals may be selected from a transition metal ion, an alkali earth metal, an alkali metal, a post-transition metal, or combinations thereof. Optionally, the mixed metal sulphide comprises molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf), or rhenium (Re), or combinations thereof. Examples of mixed-metal sulphides include, but are not limited to, Zni,CuxS, Cu3SbS4, Fe4.60M4.5558, PbM0S2, Li5A1S4, KCrS2, Cu6WSnS3, Zni_xCuxS, CuSI:62, Fe5.80Ni3.5858, CdMoS2, Li2Fe52, KCr5S8, Cu6GeWS8, Zni_xFexS, Cu5FeS6, FeMoS2, NbMoS2, Li4GeS4, CsTaS3, (CuGa)0.8Zno.452, Zni_.InxS, Cu125b4513, CoMoS2, CoNi2S4, LiGaS2, Cs2Co3S4, Pb4FeSb6S14, Zni_xMnxS, Cu2Sb8S13, CoMoS4, FeNi2S4, y-Li3PS4, K2Ni354, Pb4MnSb6S14, Zni_.CoxS, Cu2GeS3, ComMoS2, ZnCo2S4, LiInS2, Rb2Ni3S4, Ag4MnSb2S6, Zni-xCexS, CuGaS, Col -xRUxS2, Ni0.33C00.67S2, RbCr5S8, Cs2N13S4, Ag(Fe,Ni)8S8, ZnY2S4, CuGaS2, CoiRhS2, Sb2-xBixS3, C5Cr5S8, RbCu4S3, Ag2MnSnS4, Cdi_xZnxS, Cu2W54, NiMoS2, NiMoS2, Ni0.5M052, Rb2Pt3S4, Bio.o4b1..06S3, Ni(Bi,Pb)2S2, Cdi_2MnxS, Cu3TaS4, MgMoS2, Rhi._2RuxS2, CS2Pt3S4, NiCoMoS, (CuIn)xZn2(i_x)S2, Sni.-xMoxS, Cui_xTi2S4, PdMoS2, CoNi2S4, K2Pt4S6, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2, MnCr2S4, Cu0.89Ti2S4, SnCoS4, Co0.4Ru0.652, Cu2FeSns4, (CufFe)(Re,Mo)458, CdCr2S4, Cuo.32TiS2, VM0254, AgInS4, No0.61Ruo.42, Cu2ZnGeS4, Cui.0Fe3MoGe3S16, CdIn254, Cuo.o2Ti2S4, Moi_xW8S2, Ag3CuS2, NaInS2, CuPbSbs3, Cu10Fe3WGe3S16, [M4In16533]1°-(where M = Mn, Co, Zn or Cd), Cuo.371i52, NiCr2S4, Agin-8S8, CuIr2S.4, Cu6SnMoS8, Ag6(Cu4Fe2)sb4512, Cu3N./S4, NiCo2S4, AgBiS2, Na3NbS4, Cu2Fe8Ni2S8, (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)458, CuV2S4, N1V254, Ag2W54, Na3TaS4, Cu10Cu2Sb4S23, Pb4M04VSbS15, CdSexS1-8, Cu2MoS4, N16M0S4, ZnLn2S4, R1331\laS4, Cu12VA53S16, AgMnPb3Sb5512, CuCoS4, Cu3Nb54, NioSn252, MnCo2S4, Rb3TaS4, Cu13VSn3S16, PID8rIn3Ag2Sb6As4S24, CuInS2, CuCrS2, Ni1_xZn8S, MgIn2S4, K3NbS4, Cu13VGe3S16, Cui.0Fe3INGe3S1.6, Cut0In2.053.5, CuFeS2, FeMoaSs, Mg5c254, K3TaS4, CoFe(AsS)2, Cu13\./(Sb,Sn,As)3516, Cu25n53, Feo.5Co0.552, FeNi2S4, Pd3oCui.oSo, KFes2, Be3Mn4(5iO4)35, Pb4Mo4VSbS15, Cu3SbS3, Fe3.63Ni5.3958, FeV2S4, L1A152, NaCrS2, (Fe,Zn,Mn)S, or any combination thereof.
Optionally, the metal sulphide is a metal disulphide. The metal disulphide may be selected from molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), tungsten disulphide (WS2), hafnium disulphide (HfS2), tin sulphide (5n52), titanium sulphide (TiS2), vanadium sulphide (V52), tantalum disulphide (TaS2), rhenium disulphide (ReS2) or combinations thereof. Without being bound by theory, the transition metal disulphides that fall within the transition metal dichalcogenide family are particularly beneficial, as they can be in the form of a monolayer where the metal atom is located between two sulphur atoms.
Often the metal sulphide comprises molybdenum disulphide. It may be the case that the molybdenum disulphide is in the form of the 1T polymorph (1T-M0S2), 2H polymorph (2H-Mo52), or 3R polymorph (3R-M0S2). Often, molybdenum disulphide is in the form of the 1T polymorph. The octahedral or trigonal antiprismatic geometry of the 11 polymorph is able to form strong bonds with polysulphides, reducing the possibility of polysulphide shuffle. Moreover, the octahedral or trigonal antiprismatic geometry of the 1T polymorph can provide higher lithium diffusion, which leads to enhanced electrochemical performance.
Optionally, the metal sulphide is in particulate form. The particles may be of a size in the range of from 1 pm to 20 pm, often in the range of from 1 pm to 5 pm. Having metal sulphide particles falling within this size range results in higher sulphur utilisation, which leads to enhanced power performance.
Particles can be obtained via conventional means including, but not limited to, chemical/physical exfoliation, bead milling, jet milling and/or ball milling.
Optionally, it may be the case that the metal sulphide cathode further comprises sulphur. For instance, the cathode may comprise metal sulphide-sulphur composites.
When the metal sulphide cathode further comprises sulphur, the sulphur may be incorporated into the metal sulphides through conventional methods. For instance, this could be achieved via melt infusion whereby metal sulphides are immersed in sulphur at approximately 150 to 160 °C. Without being bound by theory, when a melt infusion method is used, melted sulphur can diffuse throughout the pores of the metal sulphide.
Optionally, the average pore diameters of the metal sulphide are in the range of from 0.1 nm and 20 nm, more often in the range of from 1 nm and 10 nm. Pore sizes falling within these particular ranges allow for higher sulphur utilisation.
When the metal sulphide cathode further comprises sulphur, it may be the case that the metal sulphide has a porous one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional structure.
Optionally, the metal sulphide particles additionally comprise a coating, the coating comprising a ceramic material, a polymeric material, or a combination thereof. Use of an ionically conducting coating helps contain the polysulphides within the cathode and retain the structure of the metal host which improves cyclability. The provision of an ionically conducting coating on one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional metal sulphide structures is particularly effective at inhibition of polysulphide dissolution.
With respect to two-dimensional layered metal sulphides, use of a coating also inhibits exfoliation of the layered structure during cycling.
Optionally, the coating has a low area specific lithium and/or sodium ionic resistance. Typically, the area specific lithium and/or sodium ionic resistance is less than 20 Q/cm2, more typically less than 5 1-2/cm2. As used herein, the unit "12/cm2" relates to the area of the coating in contact with the electrolyte.
The coating may be applied to the metal sulphide particles using conventional coating techniques. For instance, the coating can be applied via chemical vapour deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced CVD, sol-gel techniques, hydrothermal or solvothermal precipitation, molecular layer deposition (MLD), or atomic layer deposition (ALD). Where the coating comprises a ceramic material, it is typically the case that the coating is applied via ALD. Where the coating comprises a ceramic-polymer composite, it is typically the case that the coating is applied via MLD.
The ceramic material may have a crystalline, polycrystalline, partially crystalline, or amorphous structure. Suitable ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, oxides, carbonates, nitrides, carbides, silicides, sulphides, oxysulphides, and/or oxynitrides of metals and/or metalloids. Examples of ceramic materials that can be used include, but are not limited to, oxides such as titanium oxide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, boron oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, or combinations thereof; nitrides such as aluminium nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, or combinations thereof; carbides such as tungsten carbide (WC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TIC), tantalum carbide (TaC), silicon carbide (e.g. sintered silicon carbide (SSiC), liquid phase sintered silicon carbide (LPS-SiC), reaction bonded Silicon Carbide (RBSiC), nitride bonded silicon carbide (NSiC), or recrystalised silicon carbide), or combinations thereof; hydrides such as LiBI-14, LiBH4-LiX (where X = Cl, Br, or I), LiNH, LiNH2, LiAIH5, Li2NH, or combinations thereof; or any combination thereof. Often, the coating comprises a ceramic oxide selected from titanium oxide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, boron oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, or combinations thereof, more often the coating comprises aluminium oxide.
Examples of the polymeric material include, but are not limited to, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(acetylene)s, polyphenylenes, polyphenylene sulphide, polyanilines, polythiophenes, polycarbazoles, polyfluorenes, polyazulenes, polypyrenes, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), polyindoles, polypyrenes, polynaphthalenes, or polyethylene oxide; or combinations thereof. Often, the polymeric material comprises polyethylene oxide.
It may be the case that the coating comprises a ceramic-polymer composite material. Examples of ceramic-polymer composite materials include, but are not limited to, metalcones (e.g., alucone, zincone, zircone, titacone, or combinations thereof).
Optionally, the coating has a thickness in the range of from 1 nm to 150 nm, often less than 100 nm, more often less than 75 nm. A coating in this range allows for fast lithium or sodium ion diffusion, as well as allowing conduction of electrons.
As noted above, the anode comprises an alkali metal, alkali metal alloy, silicon, carbon, or a silicon-carbon composite material.
Optionally, the alkali metal or alkali metal alloy comprises lithium and/or sodium. It may be the case that the anode comprises a foil formed of lithium metal or lithium metal alloy. Examples of lithium alloys include, but are not limited to, lithium indium alloy, lithium aluminium alloy, lithium magnesium alloy and lithium boron alloy. It may be the case that the anode comprises a foil formed of sodium metal or sodium metal alloy.
Examples of sodium alloys include, but are not limited to, sodium indium alloy, sodium aluminium alloy, sodium magnesium alloy and sodium boron alloy. Often the anode is a lithium metal foil or a sodium metal foil because of their high specific capacity.
Alternatively, the anode may comprise silicon. Where the anode comprises silicon, this may be lithiated or sodiated. As used herein, the term "lithiated" takes its usual meaning in the art and refers to the combination or impregnation with lithium or a lithium compound. Similarly, the term "sodiated" takes its usual meaning in the art and refers to the combination or impregnation with sodium or a sodium compound.
Alternatively, the anode may comprise carbon, for instance as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, graphite, carbon black, or combinations thereof.
It may be the case that the anode comprises a silicon-carbon composite material. Examples of silicon-carbon composites include, but are not limited to, silicon-doped graphite.
The electrolyte according to the first aspect of the invention has a polysulphide solubility at room temperature (approximately 20 °C) of less than 500 mM. For example, the liquid electrolyte may have a polysulphide solubility less than 400 mM, optionally less than 200 mM, optionally less than 150 mM, optionally less than 100 mM, optionally less than 10 mM, or optionally less than 1 mM. In some cases, the electrolyte may not dissolve polysulfides. For example, the electrolyte may have a polysulfide solubility in the range of from 0.001 mM to 500 mM, often 0.01 to 400 mM, often 0.1 mM to 200 mM, more often 1 mM to 10 mM. Correspondingly, the electrolyte may have a low solubility for sulphur-containing species (such as polysulfides and sulphur) in general.
The use of an electrolyte having poor or no solubility of polysulfides can prevent polysulfide shuttle within an electrolyte and is therefore beneficial in cells such as lithium-sulphur cells. As noted above, the polysulfide shuttle effect is an undesirable reaction, as it results in loss of coulombic efficiency and can impact cyclability.
It is typically the case that the electrolyte comprises a suitable solvent system, liquid or gel, or mixture of liquids and/or gels; and an alkali metal salt.
Suitable organic solvents for use in the electrolyte are ethers (e.g. linear ethers, diethyl ether (DEE), diglyme (2-methoxyethyl ether), tetraglyme, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane (DME), dioxolane (DIOX); carbonates (e.g. dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, methylpropylcarbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC); sulfones (e.g. dimethyl sulfone (DMS), ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), tetramethyl sulfone (TMS); esters (e.g. methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methylpropylpropionate, ethylpropylpropionate, ethyl acetate and methyl butyrate); ketones (e.g. methyl ethyl ketone); nitriles (e.g. acetonitrile, proprionitrile, isobutyronitrile); amides (e.g. dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, hexamethyl phosphoamide, N, N, N, N-tetraethyl sulfamide); lactams/lactones (e.g. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, butyrolactone); ureas (e.g. tetramethylurea); sulfoxides (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide); phosphates (e.g. trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate); phosphoramides (e.g. hexamethylphosphoramide). Further suitable solvents include toluene, benzene, heptane, xylene, dichloromethane, and pyridine.
It may be the case that the ethers, carbonates, sulfones, esters, ketones, nitriles, amides, lactams, ureas, phosphates, phosphoramides are fluorinated. An example of a fluorinated ether is 1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethy1-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether.
The electrolyte may comprise one or more ionic liquids as solvent. Said ionic liquids may comprise salts comprising organic cations such as imidazolium, ammonium, pyrrolidinium, and/or organic anions such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide TFSI-, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide FSI-, triflate, tetrafluoroborate BF4-dicyanamide DCA-, chloride Cr. The ionic liquid is liquid at room temperature (20 °C). Examples of suitable ionic liquids include (N,N-diethyl-N-methyl- N(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl), N,N-d iethyl-N-methyl-N- propylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-propylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-(3-methoxypropyl)ammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-(3-methoxypropyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N,N-d i methyl-N-ethyl-N-benzyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N,N-dimethyl-N-Ethyl-N-phenylethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2- methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2- methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-tributyl-N- methylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-tributyl-N-methyl ammonium dicyanamide, N-tributyl-N-methylammonium iodide, N-trimethyl-N-butyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-trimethyl-N-butylammonium bromide, N-trimethyl-N-hexylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N-trimethyl-N-propyla mmonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, (N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N(2methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1 -Butyl-1 -methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, 1 - methyl-1 -(2- methoxyethyl)pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- propylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N-propyl-N-methylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N-trimethyl-N-butyl ammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, N10 methyl-N-butyl-piperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, N-methyl-Npropylpyrrolidinium bisarifluoromethanesulfonypimide, and combinations thereof.
Alternatively, or additionally, the liquid electrolyte may be a gel electrolyte. The gel electrolyte may comprise polyethylene oxide with a gelling liquid electrolyte, for example an ether such as dimethyl ether. In one example, the electrolyte may comprise polyethylene oxide in combination with LiTFSI in dimethylether.
Any combination of one or more of the above solvents may be included in the electrolyte. For example, the electrolyte may comprise the combination of an ionic liquid with a fluorinated ether, or the combination of an ionic liquid within a gel, or the combination of a fluorinated ether within a gel. The electrolyte may comprise a combination of two or more of any of the liquids and/or gels detailed above.
Optionally, the liquid electrolyte comprises a solvent selected from linear ethers, diethyl ether (DEE), tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dimethoxyethane (DME), Dioxolane (DIOX), Diglyme, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), methyl formate (MF), ethyl formate (EF), methyl propionate (MP), ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl butyrate (MB), methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile (ACN), propionitrile (PN), isobutyronitrile (iBN), Dimethylformamide (DMF), Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), Tetram ethyl urea (TMU), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Trimethyl phosphate, Triethyl phosphate, Hexamethylphosphoramide, toluene, benzene, heptane, xylene, dichloromethane, ionic liquids, fluorinated ethers, gels, or a combination thereof; and at least one alkali metal salt.
Optionally, the alkali metal salt comprises lithium when the anode comprises lithium or a lithium alloy; and the alkali metal salt comprises sodium when the anode comprises sodium or a sodium alloy.
Optionally, the alkali metal salt is at least one lithium salt selected from lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium sulfate" lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, lithium 5 bis(fluorosufonyl)imide, lithium bis(oxalate) borate, lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium 2-trifluoromethy1-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, and combinations thereof; or the alkali metal salt is at least one sodium salt selected from sodium hexafluoroarsenate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium perchlorate, sodium sulfate, sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, sodium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, sodium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide, sodium bis(oxalate) borate, sodium difluoro(oxalate)borate, sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, sodium 2-trifluoromethy1-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, and combinations thereof.
Often, the alkali metal salt is lithium trifluoromethanesulphonate (also known as lithium triflate or Li07), lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), and/or lithium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide (LiFSI). In conventional Li-S cells, LiFSI lacks stability in the presence of polysulphides, such that this salt would usually be considered unsuitable. However, with the cathode of the invention, which operates without the formation of polysulphides, the electrolyte can include salts and solvents, such as LiFSI, that otherwise would not be stable, resulting in a broader range of materials that can be used in the fabrication of the claimed cells.
Optionally, the concentration of the at least one alkali metal salt is at least 75% of the saturation concentration of the solvent system of the electrolyte. As used herein, the term "saturation concentration" relates to the extent of solubility of a particular solute in a particular solvent. The point of saturation is where the addition of solute does not result in an increase in concentration. Often the concentration of the at least one alkali metal salt is at least 80% of the saturation concentration of the solvent system, often at least 85% of the saturation concentration of the solvent system, often at least 90% of the saturation concentration of the solvent system. It may be the case that the concentration of the at least one alkali metal salt is about 100% of the saturation concentration, i.e., the electrolyte is fully saturated by the alkali metal salt. For example, the concentration of lithium or sodium salt in the electrolyte may be within the range of 0.05 M to 10 NI, often 1 M to 5 M, for example, 3 M. It may be the case that the lithium salt is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of 0.1 M to 6 M, often 0.5 NI to 3 NI,
for example, 1 M.
The saturation concentration is determined at room temperature, for example at 20 °C. The saturation concentration of polysulfides within a particular solvent may be determined by known methods, for example by determining the point at which just enough electrolyte is added to dissolve all solid residues.
The electrolyte is liquid across the range of operating temperatures of the cell, which may be from -30 to 120 °C, often from -10 to 90 °C, often from 0 to 60 °C. Operating pressures of the cell may be from 5 mbar to 100 bar, often from 10 mbar to 50 bar, for example 100 mbar to 20 bar. It may be the case that the cell according to the invention is operated at room temperature and pressure. The high concentration of the electrolyte in accordance with the invention means that the electrolyte has a lower vapour pressure than a standard electrolyte. Thus, the cell in accordance with the invention may perform better than a standard lithium-sulphur cell at a low pressure. The liquid electrolyte may be a gel electrolyte.
In conventional Li-S cells, certain additives may be included in the electrolyte to prevent or limit the effect of polysulfide shuttle. For instance, additives including N-0 bonds, such as LiNO3. However, there are some disadvantages to the inclusion of additives of this nature, such as depletion during cell operation and resultant cell swelling due to formation of gases during cycling, particularly at higher temperatures. This could not only have safety implications but can also have an adverse effect on cycle life of the cell.
Moreover, these additives may also limit the voltage range of the cell. The electrolyte of the invention removes the need for these additives. It may be the case that the electrolyte according to the invention does not comprise additives comprising N-0 bonds.
Optionally, the electrolyte loading is in the range of from 0.5 pL/mAh to 3 pL/mAh. Often in the range of from 1 pL/mAh to 1.5 pL/mAh. As used herein, "pL/mAh" relates to the electrolyte/sulphur ratio in the cell (i.e., pL of electrolyte per milliampere-hour of sulphur). Typically, conventional Li-S requires a high amount of electrolyte (i.e., high loading) in order to dissolve polysulfides contained in the cathode. With cells according to the invention this is not necessary. A low electrolyte loading is beneficial as it makes the cell lighter, resulting in higher gravimetric energy.
Optionally, the cathode further comprises an electronically conductive current collector. The current collector may comprise aluminium, copper, titanium, platinum, zinc, or stainless steel. Often, the current collector is aluminium foil. Aluminium foil is able to form a passive film, which results in a stable electrolyte/aluminium interface. Aluminium foil is also light weight, low cost, and provides strong adhesion to the metal sulphide in the cathode. Moreover, aluminium foil has good electronic conductivity. It may be the case that the current collector is coated with a protective layer. Typically, the protective layer is a carbon-based layer.
Optionally, the cathode further comprises a binder. Without being bound by theory, the binder may act to bind the cathode components together. Additionally, or alternatively, the binder may also help bind the cathode components to the current collector. In doing so, the binder can provide a cathode with enhanced mechanical robustness and can improve the processability of the cathode.
The binder may be a polymeric binder, for example, a polyether such as poly(ethylene oxide)s, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polytetramethylene glycols (PTMGs), polytetramethylene ether glycols (PTMEGs), or mixtures thereof.
The binder may be selected from halogenated polymers, for instance, the binder may be selected from a fluorinated polymer. Examples of suitable binders include, but are not limited to, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), often in the a form poly(trifluoroethylene) (PVF3); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with either hexafluoropropylene (HFP) or trifluoroethylene (VF3) or tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE); fluoroethylene/propylene (FEP) copolymers; copolymers of ethylene with either fluoroethylene/propylene (FEP) or tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE); perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE); perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE); and copolymers of ethylene with perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE); or blends or mixtures thereof.
Other examples of suitable binders include polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, PVDF-acrylic co-polymer; polyacrylic acid, polyimides and polyvinyl alcohol. Further suitable binders include rubber (e.g., styrene butadiene rubber), cellulose (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose) or gelatine.
Optionally, the binder is selected from polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), Nafion, polypyrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene) imine, polyacetylene, polyphenylene vinylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyphenylene sulphide, gelatine, or combinations thereof.
Optionally, the cathode may comprise 0.05 to 20 weight 0/0 binder based on the total weight of the cathode, often 0.5 to 10 weight °/0, for example 1 to 5 weight Wo, for example 2 to 3 wt%.
Optionally, the cathode further comprises an ionically conductive material. The ionically conductive material may have a bulk ionic conductivity of greater than 10-7 S/cm at 25 °C, for example greater than 10-6 S/cm. Where the cathode contains an electroactive, ionically conductive material such as Li3PS4, or LixPySz, a further ionically conductive material may be absent.
Optionally, the ionically conductive material is selected from a conducting ceramic material, an ionically conducting polymer, or a combination thereof.
The ceramic material may have a crystalline, polycrystalline, partially crystalline, or amorphous structure. Suitable ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, oxides, carbonates, nitrides, carbides, sulfides, oxysulfldes, and/or oxynitrides of metals and/or metalloids. Where the anode comprises lithium or a lithium alloy, the ceramic material generally comprises lithium; similarly, where the anode comprises sodium or a sodium alloy, the ceramic material generally comprises sodium. Non-limiting examples of suitable solid-state electrolytes of sufficient ionic conductivity for use in lithium-based systems may be produced by a combination of various lithium compounds, such as ceramic materials including lithium include lithium oxides (Li2O, Ki0, Li02, LiR02, where R is scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and/or lutetium), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium nitrides (e.g., Li3N), lithium oxysuiflde, lithium oxynitride, lithium garnet-type oxides (e.g., Li7La3Zr2012)), Lh0GeP2S12, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, lithium silicosulfide, lithium germanosulfide, lithium lanthanum oxides, lithium titanium oxides, lithium borosulfide, lithium aluminosulfide, lithium phosphosulfide, lithium silicate, lithium borate, lithium aluminate, lithium phosphate, lithium halides, and combinations of the above. In certain cases, the ceramic material comprises a lithium oxide, a lithium nitride, or a lithium oxysuiflde. In some embodiments, the ceramic includes a carbonate and/or a carbide.
Examples of ceramic materials that can be used as a lithium-ion containing conductive material include: Li-containing oxides such as Li3.3La0.56TiO3; Nasicon structure such as LiTi(PO4)3; LiSICON (Li14Zn(Ge04)4); Li10GeP2S12; Garnet: Li7La3Zr2012; Li20; other oxides such as A1203, Ti02, Zr02, 5i02, Zn0; sulphides such as LiS-P255; antiperovskites such as Li3OCI; hydrides such as LiBH4, LiBH4-LiX (where X = Cl, Br, or I), LiNH, LiNH2, L1AIH6, L12NH; borates or phosphates such as L12B407, L13PO4, LiPON; carbonates or hydroxides such as L12CO3, L10H; fluorides such as LiF; nitrides such as Li3N; sulphides such as lithium borosulphides; lithium phosphosulfides, lithium aluminosulfides, oxysulfides, praseodymium oxide. At least one of said ceramic materials may be used, or combinations thereof. As noted above, where the anode comprises sodium metal or a sodium alloy, the sodium ion equivalent of any of these conductive materials may be utilised.
In some examples, the ionically conductive material may be formed of a polymeric material which is inherently ionically conductive, such as Nafion. Alternatively, polymers blended with lithium (or sodium) salts, which can achieve bulk conductivities of greater than 10-7 S/cm, may also be used. Examples of suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene oxide (EO) based polymers (for example PEO); acrylate based polymer (for example PMMA); polyamines (polyethyleneimine); siloxanes (poly(dimethylsiloxane)); polyheteroaromatic compounds (e.g., polybenzimidazole); polyamides (e.g. Nylons), polyimides (e.g. Kapton); polyvinyls (e.g. polyacrylamide, poly(2-vinyl pyridine), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate), poly (vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride); inorganic polymers (e.g. polysilane, polysilazane. polyphosphazene, polyphosphonate); polyurethanes; polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene); polyesters (e.g., polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate). Optionally, co-block polymers such as Nafion may be used. At least one of said polymeric materials may be used, or combinations thereof. It may be the case that the cathode contains ceramic particles in combination with one or more ionically conductive polymers.
Optionally, the conducting ceramic material is selected from at least one of lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (Li7La3Zr2012) (LLZO) , lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (Li1.3A10.3Ti1.7(PO4)3) (LATP), lithium germanium phosphorus sulphide (Lh0GeP2S12) (LGPS), or lithium sulphide-phosphorous pentasulphide (Li25-P255); and the ionically conductive polymer is selected from at least one of polypyrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polyphenylene vinylene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), or combinations thereof.
Optionally, the cathode contains from 1 to 60 Wo by weight ionically conductive material based on the total weight of the cathode.
Optionally, the cathode further comprises an electronically conductive carbon material. Often, the electronically conductive carbon material is selected from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoflbers, graphene, graphene oxide, graphite, carbon black, activated carbon (e.g. Maxorb III®), and combinations thereof. The electronically conductive carbon material may be present in the range of from 0.1 to 30 wt%, optionally 1 to 20 wt%, optionally 5 to 15 wt% of the total weight of the cathode. Inclusion of an electronically conductive carbon material results in an increase of the electronic conductivity within the cathode. In addition, inclusion of an electronically conductive carbon material adds a degree of porosity to the cathode, allowing for a better electrolyte penetration, which contributes to shortening the lithium-ion migration path within the cathode. As a result, power performance of the cell is enhanced.
Optionally, the metal sulphide is pre-lithiated. The pre-lithiation of metal sulphides can provide enhanced structural stability, lithium-ion conductivity, and improve the overall electrochemical performance of the cell.
Optionally, the metal sulphide further comprises selenide forming a metal sulphoselenide, optionally wherein the metal sulphoselenide has the structural formula MSI,Se., where M is a metal and where The metal may be a transition metal ion, an alkali earth metal, an alkali metal, or a post-transition metal (i.e., metals found in groups 13-16 of the periodic table). Lithium-selenide (Li-Se) batteries are a similar technology to Li-S batteries. Use of a metal sulphoselenide has the advantage of having enhanced power, owing to the high electronic conductivity of Se.
Optionally, the cathode has a thickness in the range of from 20 pm to 200 pm, often in the range of 50 pm to 150 pm. The cathode may be a single or double-sided cathode, although dimensions are quoted without the current collector. Metal sulphides are dense materials and allow for thinner cathodes than cathodes using conventional carbon/sulphur composites. A thinner cathode results in a cell with higher volumetric energy density.
In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing a cell according to the first aspect of the invention comprising the following steps: ) forming a cathode by (a) mixing a metal sulphide with a solvent to produce a slurry, (b) depositing the slurry onto a current collector, (c) removing the solvent to produce a cathode, and (d) cutting the cathode into the desired shape; (H) placing a separator on the cathode; (iii) placing an anode on the separator; and (iv) adding an electrolyte, wherein the polysulfide solubility of the electrolyte is less than 500mM.
It may be the case that the cell is a pouch cell, a prismatic cell, or a cylindrical cell.
Where the cell is a pouch cell, the method may further include the step of placing the cathode, separator, and anode in a pouch prior to addition of the electrolyte.
A plurality of cells according to the first aspect of the invention may be combined to form a cell stack.
The solvent may be selected from water or a suitable organic solvent, such as N-Methyl- 2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
The current collector may comprise aluminium, copper, titanium, or stainless steel. Often, the current collector is aluminium foil.
The separator may be formed from a wide variety of materials. Examples of material used for the separator include, but are not limited to, polyolefin-based materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and combinations thereof.
The metal sulphide may be mixed with, for example, an ionically conductive material such as a ceramic material or polymeric material (or combinations thereof) and/or an electronically conductive carbon material and further optional components such as binders prior to forming the slurry. Examples of the ionically conductive material, electronically conductive carbon material, and binder(s) are detailed above in relation to the first aspect of the invention.
Optionally, the method further comprises the step of calendaring or pressing of the cathode prior to cutting. As used herein, the term "calendaring" refers to the compaction process for the cathode. Calendaring can be carried out via conventional methods, such as through the use of calendar rollers.
Where calendaring takes place via calendar rollers, the cathode may be passed through rollers up to five times, often one or two times. The rollers may be made of any suitable material, for example steel, glass, or ceramics. A force may be applied on the rollers of 0 kN to 100 kN, often 0 to 80 kN, often example 20 to 80 kN. Calendaring may take place at room temperature (i.e., in the range of from 15 to 25 °C). Heating may optionally be applied to the rollers. The temperature of the rollers may be in the range of from 15 to 80 °C. During calendaring or pressing, the thickness of the cathode decreases. The thickness of the cathode following calendaring or pressing may be from 1 to 50 pm, often 10 to 40 pm, often 15 to 30 pm. Calendaring may result in the reduction of the porosity of the cathode, which allows for a lower electrolyte loading. Moreover, calendaring may also bring about smoothing and levelling of the cathode, which can help extend the life cycle of the cell without affecting the cell utilisation.
In a third aspect of the invention there is provided an electrochemical cell assembly comprising at least one electrochemical cell according to the first aspect of the invention; and a means of applying pressure to the at least one electrochemical cell.
During cycling of the cell, there is an expansion of sulphur, which results in swelling of the cathode. Swelling of the cathode can result in an increase in the overall porosity of the cathode and a decrease in the metal/sulphur interface, which can negatively impact cyclability. Application of pressure to the at least one electrochemical cell can help safeguard the integrity of the cathode and help extend the life cycle of the cell.
Optionally, the means of applying pressure comprises at least one of a band, wrap or tubing positioned on the outside of the cell assembly. A band, wrap or tubing positioned on the outside of the cell assembly allows for a stable constricting force to be applied during cycling. As used herein, the outside of the cell refers to the surface of the anode.
Pressure may be applied across the entire surface of the anode. Alternatively, the force may be applied over a portion of the surface of the anode, such as over at least 20% of the surface of the anode. Often, pressure may be applied over at least 40% of the surface of the anode, often over at least 60%, often over at least 80%.
The cell assembly may comprise one or more plates located outside the cell. Where one or more plates are present, pressure may be applied to the one or more plates.
The cell assembly may be located within a housing. When the cell is located within a housing, pressure may be applied to the housing.
The band wrap or tubing can be made of any suitable material, such as elastic materials or shrink-wrap materials. Examples of suitable elastic materials include, but are not limited to, natural or synthetic rubber materials. Examples of shrink-wrap materials include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and polyolefin (PDF).
Pressure may be applied to the cell or plurality of cells present in the cell assembly continuously. Alternatively, the pressure may vary over time. Other means of applying pressure may include use of screws or weights.
Unless otherwise stated, each of the integers described may be used in combination with any other integer as would be understood by the person skilled in the art. Further, although all aspects of the invention often "comprise" the features described in relation to that aspect, it is specifically envisaged that they may "consist" or "consist essentially" of those features outlined in the claims. In addition, all terms, unless specifically defined herein, are intended to be given their commonly understood meaning in the art.
Further, in the discussion of the invention, unless stated to the contrary, the disclosure of alternative values for the upper or lower limit of the permitted range of a parameter, is to be construed as an implied statement that each intermediate value of said parameter, lying between the smaller and greater of the alternatives, is itself also disclosed as a possible value for the parameter.
In addition, unless otherwise stated, all numerical values appearing in this application are to be understood as being modified by the term "about".
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, it will be described further with reference to the figures and to the specific examples hereinafter.
Figure 1 illustrates electrochemical performance data (charge-discharge capacity throughout cycling) of a cell designed in accordance with Example 1; Figure 2 illustrates electrochemical performance data (charge-discharge voltage curves) of a cell designed in accordance with Example 2; and Figure 3 illustrates electrochemical performance data (charge-discharge capacity throughout cycling) of a cell designed in accordance with Example 3.
Example 1
A lithium sulphur cell with a metal sulphide containing cathode is provided. The cathode can comprise 70 wt.% tungsten disulphide (W52) nanotubes, impregnated with 10% sulphur, with the metal sulphide-sulphur composite as the active material, 10 wt.% Ketjen Black as a conductive additive and 10 wt.% PEO as a binder.
The cathode powder can be prepared by simple agitation and mixing methods with the use of a three-roll mill. The binder can be added in a second step to form an aqueous slurry which can be coated onto an aluminium based current collector to form a cathode.
The liquid electrolyte of the cell can contain a lithium salt, the salt being at a concentration above 75°/o of its saturation concentration. In this example, the liquid electrolyte may consist of lithium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide (LiFSI) dissolved within Dimethoxyethane (DME) to a molar concentration of 4.5 M. Lithium metal foil 100 micron thick can be utilised as the negative electrode (anode). The liquid electrolyte component is held within an inert separator placed between the electrodes.
Electrochemical performance data characteristic of the cell is provided in Figure 1, based upon cycling of the cell between 1 and 3V under an applied current equivalent to a rate of C/10 based upon the total sulphur content of the cathode, measured by mass, and assuming the theoretical capacity of sulphur to be 1672 mA h
Example 2
A lithium sulphur cell with a metal sulphide containing cathode is provided. The cathode can comprise 90 wt.% molybdenum sulphide (M0S2) nanosheets as the active material and 10 wt.% PEO as a binder.
The cathode powder can be prepared by simple agitation and mixing methods with the use of a three-roll mill. The binder can be added in a second step to form an aqueous slurry which can be coated onto an aluminium based current collector to form a cathode.
The liquid electrolyte of the cell can contain a lithium salt, the salt being at a concentration above 75010 of its saturation concentration. In this example, the liquid electrolyte may consist of lithium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide (LiFSI) dissolved within Dimethoxyethane (DME) to a molar concentration of 4.5 M. Lithium metal foil 100 micron thick can be utilised as the negative electrode (anode). The liquid electrolyte component is held within an inert separator placed between the electrodes.
Electrochemical performance data characteristic of the cell is provided in Figure 2, based upon cycling of the cell between 1 and 3V under an applied current equivalent to a Rate of C/10 based upon the total sulphur content of the cathode, measured by mass, and assuming the theoretical capacity of sulphur to be 1672 mA h g-1.
Example 3
A lithium sulphur cell with a metal sulphide containing cathode is provided. The cathode can comprise 70 wt.% flower-like molybdenum sulphide (Mo52), with metal sulphide particles encapsulated with aluminium oxide, 20 wt.% Ketjen Black as a conductive additive and 10 wt.% PEO as a binder.
The cathode powder can be prepared by simple agitation and mixing methods with the use of a three-roll mill. The binder can be added in a second step to form an aqueous slurry which can be coated onto an aluminium based current collector to form a cathode.
The liquid electrolyte of the cell can contain a lithium salt, the salt being at a concentration above 75°/o of its saturation concentration. In this example, the liquid electrolyte may consist of lithium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide (LiFSI) dissolved within Dimethoxyethane (DME) to a molar concentration of 4.5 M. Lithium metal foil 100 micron thick can be utilised as the negative electrode (anode). The liquid electrolyte component is held within an inert separator placed between the electrodes.
Electrochemical performance data characteristic of the cell is provided in Figure 3, based upon cycling of the cell between 1 and 3V under an applied current equivalent to a rate of C/10 based upon the total sulphur content of the cathode, measured by mass, and assuming the theoretical capacity of sulphur to be 1672 mA h g-1.
It would be appreciated that the cell, method and cell assembly of the invention is capable of being implemented in a variety of ways, only a few of which have been illustrated and described above.
Claims (40)
- Claims 1. An electrochemical cell comprising: an anode comprising an alkali metal, an alkali metal alloy, silicon, carbon, or a silicon-carbon composite material; a cathode comprising a metal sulphide; and a liquid electrolyte, wherein the polysulfide solubility of the liquid electrolyte is less than 500 mM.
- 2. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal sulphide has a one-dimensional nanotube structure.
- 3. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal sulphide has a two-dimensional layered structure.
- 4. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the metal sulphide has a three-dimensional structure, optionally selected from core-shell structured nanoparticles and/or flower-like nanomaterials.
- 5. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide is selected from molybdenum disulphide (Mo52), tin sulphide (5n52), titanium sulphide (TiS2), vanadium sulphide (VS2), tungsten disulphide (WS2), hafnium disulphide (HfS2), tantalum disulphide (TaS2), Rhenium disulphide (ReS2) or combinations thereof.
- 6. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide is a multi-metal sulphide.
- 7. A cell according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the metal sulphide is a mono-metal sulphide with a structural formula MxSy, wherein 1 and M is selected from Mo, Sn, Ti, V, W, Ta, Hf, or Re.
- 8. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide comprises molybdenum disulphide.
- 9. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide is in particulate form.
- 10. A cell according to claim 9, wherein the metal sulphide particles additionally comprise a coating, the coating comprising a ceramic material, a polymeric material, or a combination thereof.
- 11. A cell according to claim 10, wherein the coating has a thickness in the range of from 1 nm to 150 nm.
- 12. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide further comprise sulphur.
- 13. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid electrolyte has a polysulphide solubility less than 400 mM, optionally less than 200 mM, optionally less than 100 mM.
- 14. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the alkali metal or alkali metal alloy comprises lithium and/or sodium.
- 15. A cell according to any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the anode comprises silicon.
- 16. A cell according to any claims 1 to 13, wherein the anode comprises a carbon material.
- 17. A cell according to any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the anode comprises a silicon-carbon composite material. 25
- 18. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid electrolyte comprises a solvent selected from linear ethers, diethyl ether (DEE), tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dimethoxyethane (DME), Dioxolane (DIOX), Diglyme, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), methyl formate (MF), ethyl formate (EF), methyl propionate (MP), ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl butyrate (MB), methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile (ACN), propionitrile (PN), isobutyronitrile (iBN), Dimethylformamide (DMF), Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-Methy1-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), Tetram ethyl urea (TMU), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Trimethyl phosphate, Triethyl phosphate, Hexamethylphosphoramide, toluene, benzene, heptane, xylene, dichloromethane, ionic liquids, fluorinated ethers, gels, or a combination thereof; and at least one alkali metal salt.
- 19. A cell according to claim 18, wherein the alkali metal salt comprises lithium when the anode comprises lithium or a lithium alloy; and wherein the alkali metal salt comprises sodium when the anode comprises sodium or a sodium alloy.
- 20. A cell according to claim 19, wherein the alkali metal salt is at least one lithium salt selected from lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, lithium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide, lithium bis(oxalate) borate, lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium 2-trifluoromethy1-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, and combinations thereof; or wherein the alkali metal salt is at least one sodium salt selected from sodium hexafluoroarsenate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium perchlorate, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, sodium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, sodium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide, sodium bis(oxalate) borate, sodium difluoro(oxalate)borate, sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, sodium 2-trifluoromethy1-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, and combinations thereof.
- 21. A cell according to any of claims 18 to 20, wherein the concentration of the at least one alkali metal salt is at least 75% of the saturation concentration of the electrolyte.
- 22. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the cathode further comprises a current collector.
- 23. A cell according to claim 22, wherein the current collector is aluminium foil.
- 24. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the cathode further comprises a binder.
- 25. A cell according to claim 18, wherein the binder is selected from polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), Nafion, polypyrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene) imine, polyacetylene, polyphenylene vinylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyphenylene sulphide, gelatine, or combinations thereof.
- 26. A cell according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the cathode comprises 0.05 to 20 weight % binder based on the total weight of the cathode.
- 27. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the cathode further comprises an ionically conductive material.
- 28. A cell according to claim 27, wherein the ionically conductive material is selected from a conducting ceramic material, an ionically conducting polymer, or a combination thereof.
- 29. A cell according to claim 28, wherein the alkali metal or alkali metal alloy comprises lithium, and wherein the conducting ceramic material is selected from at least one of lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium germanium phosphorus sulphide (LGPS), or lithium sulphide-phosphorous pentasulphide; and the ionically conductive polymer is selected from at least one of polypyrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polyphenylene vinylene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
- 30. A cell according to any of claims 27 to 29, wherein the cathode contains from 1 to Wo by weight ionically conductive material based on the total weight of the cathode.
- 31. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the cathode further comprises an electronically conductive carbon material.
- 32. A cell according to claim 31, wherein the electronically conductive carbon material is selected from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, graphite, carbon black, activated carbon and combinations thereof.
- 33. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide is pre-lithiated.
- 34. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal sulphide further comprises selenide forming a metal sulphoselenide.
- 35. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the electrolyte loading is in the range of from 0.5 pL/mAh to 3 pL/mAh.
- 36. A cell according to any preceding claim, wherein the cathode has a thickness in the range of from 20 pm to 200 pm.
- 37. A method of producing a cell according to any of claims 1 to 36 comprising the following steps: ( ) forming a cathode by (a) mixing a metal sulphide with a solvent to produce a slurry, (b) depositing the slurry onto a current collector, (c) removing the solvent to produce a cathode, and (d) cutting the cathode into the desired shape; (v) placing a separator on the cathode; (vi) placing an anode on the separator; and (vii) adding an electrolyte, wherein the polysulfide solubility of the electrolyte is less than 500mM.
- 38. A method according to claim 37, further comprising calendaring or pressing the cathode prior to cutting.
- 39. An electrochemical cell assembly comprising at least one electrochemical cell according to any of claims 1 to 36; and a means of applying pressure to the at least one electrochemical cell.
- 40. An electrochemical cell assembly according to claim 39, wherein the means of applying pressure comprises at least one of a band, wrap or tubing positioned on the outside of the cell assembly.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB2117662.3A GB2615511A (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2021-12-07 | Electrochemical cell |
PCT/GB2022/053092 WO2023105202A1 (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2022-12-06 | Electrochemical cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB2117662.3A GB2615511A (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2021-12-07 | Electrochemical cell |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB202117662D0 GB202117662D0 (en) | 2022-01-19 |
GB2615511A true GB2615511A (en) | 2023-08-16 |
Family
ID=80081045
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB2117662.3A Withdrawn GB2615511A (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2021-12-07 | Electrochemical cell |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2615511A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2023105202A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN116936939B (en) * | 2023-08-09 | 2024-08-09 | 广东工业大学 | Shuttle effect-free zinc-silicon battery based on conversion type positive electrode and preparation method thereof |
CN118156422B (en) * | 2024-05-10 | 2024-07-05 | 中南大学 | Composite electrode and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105845892A (en) * | 2016-06-07 | 2016-08-10 | 安徽师范大学 | Tubular molybdenum disulfide nanometer material, preparation method thereof, negative electrode of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery |
CN106145190A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2016-11-23 | 南开大学 | The preparation method of a kind of molybdenum disulfide nano tube and the application in lithium ion battery thereof |
CN106450185A (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-02-22 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method for MoS<2> nanoneedle/carbon nanotube composite negative electrode material |
CN108793253A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-11-13 | 皖西学院 | A kind of one-dimensional transition metal chalcogenide nano wire and its stored energy application |
US20210002144A1 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2021-01-07 | Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Inc. | Nanolog and nanoparticles and method of formation |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101997145B (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2013-06-05 | 苏州宝时得电动工具有限公司 | Lithium sulfur battery |
FI126390B (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-11-15 | Broadbit Batteries Oy | Electrochemical accumulators for high energy or high power battery use |
US10903527B2 (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2021-01-26 | Global Graphene Group, Inc. | Rolled 3D alkali metal batteries and production process |
WO2020046442A1 (en) * | 2018-08-29 | 2020-03-05 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Lithium-sulfur battery containing an electrode-protecting layer |
GB2577114B (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2022-04-27 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Battery |
GB2588749A (en) | 2019-10-15 | 2021-05-12 | Oxis Energy Ltd | Lithium sulfur cell |
-
2021
- 2021-12-07 GB GB2117662.3A patent/GB2615511A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2022
- 2022-12-06 WO PCT/GB2022/053092 patent/WO2023105202A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20210002144A1 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2021-01-07 | Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Inc. | Nanolog and nanoparticles and method of formation |
CN105845892A (en) * | 2016-06-07 | 2016-08-10 | 安徽师范大学 | Tubular molybdenum disulfide nanometer material, preparation method thereof, negative electrode of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery |
CN106145190A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2016-11-23 | 南开大学 | The preparation method of a kind of molybdenum disulfide nano tube and the application in lithium ion battery thereof |
CN106450185A (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-02-22 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method for MoS<2> nanoneedle/carbon nanotube composite negative electrode material |
CN108793253A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-11-13 | 皖西学院 | A kind of one-dimensional transition metal chalcogenide nano wire and its stored energy application |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2023105202A1 (en) | 2023-06-15 |
GB202117662D0 (en) | 2022-01-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP7139264B2 (en) | Solid ion-conducting polymer materials and applications | |
US20210288313A1 (en) | High capacity polymer cathode and high energy density rechargeable cell comprising the cathode | |
CN108475808B (en) | Solid electrolyte for lithium secondary battery | |
CN110268573B (en) | Mixed solid electrolyte for lithium secondary battery | |
US12034121B2 (en) | Battery | |
KR102050836B1 (en) | Electrolye for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery comprising the same | |
CN112448047B (en) | Method for prelithiation of electrodes | |
KR101994879B1 (en) | Non-aqueous liquid electrolye for lithium-sulfur battery and lithium-sulfur battery comprising the same | |
KR101192355B1 (en) | Sodium battery and the method manufacturing thereof | |
US10403885B2 (en) | Active material for batteries | |
US20220293925A1 (en) | Lithium sulfur cell | |
WO2023105202A1 (en) | Electrochemical cell | |
EP1710855A2 (en) | Negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary battery | |
US10840539B2 (en) | Lithium batteries, anodes, and methods of anode fabrication | |
JP7451009B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of negative electrode for all-solid battery | |
KR20230021069A (en) | electrochemical cell | |
KR20160009952A (en) | Electrolyte solution for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery comprising the same | |
WO2024094959A1 (en) | Electrochemical cell | |
Zolin et al. | Lithium-Based Batteries | |
US20230420647A1 (en) | Lithium-selenium cell |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |