CN112940353B - 一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法 - Google Patents
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,该制备方法将聚苯胺溶解在N‑甲基‑2‑吡咯烷酮中,再将纤维素与氧化石墨烯的水溶液混合均匀,通过抗坏血酸还原得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合水凝胶。本发明通过两次自组装,即第一次自组装发生在聚苯胺和纤维素/氧化石墨烯之间,当聚苯胺的N‑甲基‑2‑吡咯烷酮溶液与纤维素/氧化石墨烯的水分散液混合时,导致聚苯胺@纤维素/氧化石墨烯纳米片分散在N‑甲基‑2‑吡咯烷酮/水共混溶剂中。与此同时抗坏血酸将氧化石墨烯组分还原成石墨烯,导致聚苯胺@纤维素/石墨烯纳米片进行第二次自组装,因两次自组装,使复合凝胶中的聚苯胺在分子水平上均匀分布,从而表现出良好的电化学性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及新材料、超级电容器技术领域,特别涉及一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法。
背景技术
碳材料由于其优异的性能所以一直被广泛应用于制备复合材料。其中石墨烯是一种二维结构的新型优良碳材料,主要由于其优异的化学和物理性能,如源于SP2杂化故可定制的化学功能,优异的电子传输性能,良好的热导率,和高机械强度。上述特性使得石墨烯在能源材料、催化、生物成像、纳米医学等等领域拥有巨大的潜力。但石墨烯材料易发生片层间的堆砌和团聚,所以以氧化石墨烯为前驱体,制备得到复合材料后,继而通过还原得到石墨烯。
从可持续性的角度来看,纤维素是地球上最丰富的天然生物聚合物,是包括能源在内的许多领域可再生材料的关键来源。纤维素还具有可再生,可生物降解、生物相容性好、易化学改性以及力学性能优异的优点。
聚苯胺是一种典型的导电聚合物,具有导电率高、结构多样化、耐氧化和独特的掺杂现象,同时其制备原料价格低廉、制备工艺简单,是导电聚合物中最具有应用前景的一种。但其易发生溶胀和收缩行为,这会因为破坏电极而致使电化学性能大幅下降。
将纤维素、石墨烯以及聚苯胺结合起来制备成复合凝胶材料。石墨烯的结构稳定了聚苯胺的溶胀与收缩,纤维素材料提升了凝胶材料的力学性能。公告号为CN108359139A的中国发明专利公开了一种纤维素基复合导电材料的制备方法,其是先超声溶解氧化石墨烯粉末,之后加入导电聚苯胺粉末,再加入羧甲基纤维素钠颗粒搅拌均匀,最后加入还原剂的条件下80℃反应6~36小时。此发明制作工艺简单,但反应时间比较长。公告号为CN104313873A的中国发明专利提供了一种石墨烯/聚苯胺自组装柔性导电织物的制备方法,将织物浸渍到含有氧化石墨烯或其衍生物的pH为2~6的水溶液中,浸渍温度10~50℃,浸渍时间0.2~2h,然后将织物于40~100℃烘燥0.5~4h,之后在还原剂溶液中还原,还原温度50~100℃,还原时间0.5~6h,最后水洗,烘干,但此发明中织物浸渍的氧化石墨烯或其衍生物的量不能控制。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明旨在提出一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,以解决现有复合凝胶制备工艺较复杂且组分含量难调控的问题。
为达到上述目的,本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将0.1~0.35g聚苯胺粉末分散在3.3~1.2mL的N-甲基吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液;
2)将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中并在低温条件下高速搅拌溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素;
3)取3-10mL所述纤维素加入到40-80mL氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.5-1g抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
4)将所述混合溶液A加入至所述聚苯胺分散液中,经加热静置,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
可选地,所述步骤1)中所述聚苯胺粉末为通过以下方法制得的聚苯胺粉末:
将过硫酸铵溶于水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL浓度为1mol/L盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节pH=1-1.5,然后,在0-4℃下边搅拌边滴加所述过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤得到的固体放入质量百分浓度为26-28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤,待所述过滤洗涤结束后,于60℃下真空干燥30h,得到聚苯胺粉末。
可选地,按质量比计,所述步骤2)中所述碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10。
可选地,所述步骤2)中所述棉短绒与所述碱/尿素溶剂的质量比为1∶20-50。
可选地,所述步骤2)中所述棉短绒的溶解温度为-12℃~-16℃,搅拌速度为1200转/分钟,搅拌时间为5~10分钟。
可选地,所述步骤3)中所述氧化石墨烯溶液的浓度为2-6mg/mL。
可选地,所述步骤4)中所述加热静置的加温度为80~100℃,静置时间为1.5~3小时。
相对于现有技术,本发明所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法具有以下优势:
1、本发明通过两次自组装,即第一次自组装发生在聚苯胺和纤维素/氧化石墨烯之间,当N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中的聚苯胺与纤维素/氧化石墨烯在水中的分散体混合时,这导致聚苯胺@纤维素/氧化石墨烯复合纳米片分散在N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮/水共混溶剂中;抗坏血酸将氧化石墨烯组分还原成石墨烯,产生的聚苯胺@纤维素/石墨烯纳米片进行第二次自组装;由于两次自组装,使得复合凝胶中的聚苯胺在分子水平上均匀分布,形成有利的微观结构,得到优异的电化学性能。
2、本发明利用纤维素和石墨烯组装的三维网络结构使聚苯胺稳定,不易发生溶胀和收缩行为,使得复合凝胶有着稳定的电化学性能;
3、本发明制备方法简单,无需制备凝胶中间体,且反应条件温和,复合凝胶中各组分含量可调。
具体实施方式
需要说明的是,在不冲突的情况下,本发明中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
下面将结合实施例来详细说明本发明。
实施例1
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将2.85g过硫酸铵溶于5.15mL水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
2)将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL浓度为1mol/L盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节至pH=1,然后,在0℃的温度下边搅拌边滴加过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤后的固体放入质量百分浓度为28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤(去离子水3x100mL,乙醇2x100mL),待过滤洗涤结束后,放进真空干燥箱中,于60℃下,真空干燥30h,得到深蓝色聚苯胺粉末;
3)将0.15g聚苯胺粉末分散在5mL的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液(聚苯胺的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮分散液);
4)按照1∶24的质量比将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中,并于-14℃下采用1200转/分钟的搅拌速度高速搅拌10分钟至溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素,其中,按质量比计,碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10;
5)取5mL纤维素加入到50mL浓度为3mg/mL的氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.6g抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
6)将混合溶液A加入至聚苯胺分散液中,加热至90℃并静置2小时,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
实施例2
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将2.85g过硫酸铵溶于5.15mL水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
2)将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL浓度为1mol/L盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节至pH=1,然后,在0℃的温度下边搅拌边滴加过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤后的固体放入质量百分浓度为28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤(去离子水3x100mL,乙醇2x100mL),待过滤洗涤结束后,放进真空干燥箱中,于60℃下,真空干燥30h,得到深蓝色聚苯胺粉末;
3)将0.1g聚苯胺粉末分散在3.3mL的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液(聚苯胺的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮分散液);
4)按照1∶24的质量比将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中,并于-16℃下采用1200转/分钟的搅拌速度高速搅拌10分钟至溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素,其中,按质量比计,碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10;
5)取5mL纤维素加入到50mL浓度为3mg/mL的氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.6g抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
6)将混合溶液A加入至聚苯胺分散液中,加热至90℃并静置2小时,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
实施例3
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将2.85g过硫酸铵溶于5.15mL水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
2)将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL浓度为1mol/L盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节至pH=1,然后,在0℃的温度下边搅拌边滴加过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤后的固体放入质量百分浓度为28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤(去离子水3x100mL,乙醇2x100mL),待过滤洗涤结束后,放进真空干燥箱中,于60℃下,真空干燥30h,得到深蓝色聚苯胺粉末;
3)将0.225g聚苯胺粉末分散在7.5mL的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液(聚苯胺的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮分散液);
4)按照1∶24的质量比将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中,并于-16℃下采用1200转/分钟的搅拌速度高速搅拌10分钟至溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素,其中,按质量比计,碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10;
5)取5mL纤维素加入到50mL浓度为3mg/mL的氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.6g抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
6)将混合溶液A加入至聚苯胺分散液中,加热至90℃并静置2小时,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
实施例4
一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将2.85g过硫酸铵溶于5.15mL水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
2)将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL浓度为1mol/L盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节至pH=1,然后,在0℃的温度下边搅拌边滴加过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤后的固体放入质量百分浓度为28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤(去离子水3x100mL,乙醇2x100mL),待过滤洗涤结束后,放进真空干燥箱中,于60℃下,真空干燥30h,得到深蓝色聚苯胺粉末;
3)将0.35g聚苯胺粉末分散在12mL的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液(聚苯胺的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮分散液);
4)按照1∶24的质量比将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中,并于-16℃下采用1200转/分钟的搅拌速度高速搅拌10分钟至溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素,其中,按质量比计,碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10;
5)取5mL纤维素加入到50mL浓度为3mg/mL的氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.6g抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
6)将混合溶液A加入至聚苯胺分散液中,加热至90℃并静置2小时,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
对比例1
原位聚合制备纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)称取15g尿素、8gLiOH溶于去离子水中,再取50mL浓度为3mg/mL氧化石墨烯水溶液与其混合均匀;之后将混合溶液置于低温恒温槽中,温度设置为-16℃,当混合溶液经低温形成半结晶状态时取出;取2g棉短绒(粘均分子量为10.8万)放入上述处于半结晶状态的混合溶液中,再在1200转/分钟的搅拌速度下高速搅拌,得到类似蜂蜜状溶液,即氧化石墨烯纤维素溶液;将类似蜂蜜状溶液置于4℃冰箱中一夜,去除溶液中气泡;
2)称取30mL上述氧化石墨烯纤维素溶液,室温水浴放置48h,得到复合水凝胶;将上述复合水凝胶浸泡在去离子水中两天,除去水凝胶中的尿素以及LiOH,得到纤维素/氧化石墨烯水凝胶;
3)将上述纤维素/氧化石墨烯水凝胶冷冻干燥及称重后浸泡在100mL的1molL-1的HCl水溶液中,加入5.92mL苯胺单体后磁搅拌2h,再加入与苯胺单体摩尔比为1∶1的过硫酸铵,冰浴下反应6h,然后,放入碘化钾与盐酸的混合溶液(28.5%的KI,1mol/L的HCl)中还原1h,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
对比例2
界面聚合制备纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)称取15g尿素、8gLiOH溶于去离子水中,再取50mL浓度为3mg/mL的氧化石墨烯水溶液与其混合均匀,之后将混合溶液置于低温恒温槽中,温度设置为-16℃,当混合溶液经低温形成半结晶状态时取出;取2g棉短绒(粘均分子量为10.8万)放入上述处于半结晶状态的混合溶液中,再在1200转/分钟的搅拌速度下高速搅拌,得到类似蜂蜜状溶液,即氧化石墨烯纤维素溶液;将类似蜂蜜状溶液置于4℃冰箱中一夜,去除溶液中气泡;
2)称取30mL上述氧化石墨烯纤维素溶液,室温水浴放置48h,得到复合水凝胶;将上述复合水凝胶浸泡在去离子水中两天,除去水凝胶中的尿素以及LiOH,得到纤维素/氧化石墨烯水凝胶;
3)将纤维素/氧化石墨烯水凝胶放入过硫酸铵的盐酸溶液(0.4mol/L)中浸泡24h,之后将水凝胶浸入含有苯胺单体的正己烷溶液(0.52mol/L)中,室温静置反应6小时,得到纤维素/氧化石墨烯/聚苯胺复合水凝胶;再将纤维素/氧化石墨烯/聚苯胺复合水凝胶放入碘化钾与盐酸(28.5%的KI,1mol/L的HCl)的混合溶液中还原,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
将本发明实施例1制得的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶作为电极材料,进行电化学性能测试,并将其与其他两种制备方法(对比例1的原位聚合以及对比例2的界面聚合)制备的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶进行对比。测试结果如表1所示,其中,比电容数据采用恒电流充放电测试,电流密度为1A g-1,电压差为1V;电容保持率采用循环伏安测试,扫描速率为100mV s-1,扫描1000圈。
由表1可以看出,在相同的测试条件下,本发明实施例1制得的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶拥有更高的比电容以及更高的电容保持率,说明本发明实施例1制得的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的电化学性能相较其他两种制备方法更为优异。
表1
制备方法 | 比电容(F/g) | 循环稳定性(%) |
自组装方法(实施例1) | 271.46 | 85.64 |
原位聚合(对比实施例1) | 230.38 | 83.07 |
界面聚合(对比实施例2) | 136.75 | 82.9 |
以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将0.1~0.35g 聚苯胺粉末分散在3.3~1.2mL的N-甲基吡咯烷酮中,在60℃条件下搅拌2小时,得到聚苯胺分散液;
2)将棉短绒至于碱/尿素溶剂中并在-12℃~-16℃条件下高速搅拌溶解,然后,用水洗去碱/尿素体系,得到纤维素;
3)取3-10mL所述纤维素加入到40-80mL氧化石墨烯溶液中搅拌均匀后,加入0.5-1g 抗坏血酸,混合均匀,得到混合溶液A;
4)将所述混合溶液A加入至所述聚苯胺分散液中,经加热静置,得到纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1)中所述聚苯胺粉末为通过以下方法制得的聚苯胺粉末:
将过硫酸铵溶于水中,得到过硫酸铵水溶液;
将0.93g苯胺单体投入100mL 浓度为1mol/L 盐酸溶液中,滴加HCl溶液调节pH=1-1.5,然后,在0-4℃下边搅拌边滴加所述过硫酸铵水溶液,反应1h后,将溶液过滤洗涤,随后将过滤得到的固体放入质量百分浓度为26-28%的氨水中,搅拌24h后,过滤洗涤,待所述过滤洗涤结束后,于60℃下真空干燥30h,得到聚苯胺粉末。
3.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,按质量比计,所述步骤2)中所述碱/尿素溶剂由以下原料组成:氢氧化锂∶尿素∶去离子水=1∶2∶10。
4.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2)中所述棉短绒与所述碱/尿素溶剂的质量比为1∶20-50。
5.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2)中搅拌速度为1200转/分钟,搅拌时间为5~10分钟。
6.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤3)中所述氧化石墨烯溶液的浓度为2-6mg/mL。
7.根据权利要求1所述的纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的自组装制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤4)中所述加热静置的加温度为80~100℃,静置时间为1.5~3小时。
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