CN112931719B - Feed for improving flavor and quality of broiler chickens and application of feed - Google Patents
Feed for improving flavor and quality of broiler chickens and application of feed Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
- B01D11/0203—Solvent extraction of solids with a supercritical fluid
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention discloses a feed for improving flavor and quality of broiler chickens and application thereof, wherein the feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 30-50 parts of bean cake, 10-15 parts of peanut cake, 20-30 parts of bran, 10-15 parts of premix, 0.3-1.5 parts of eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, 3-15 parts of bone meal, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 3-8 parts of choline, 10-20 parts of secondary powder, 0.2-0.5 part of complex enzyme, 2-5 parts of salt and 0.1-0.5 part of complex probiotics; in the process of feeding broiler chickens, the feed does not need to add antibiotics, improves the flavor quality of the broiler chickens, improves the survival rate of the broiler chickens, and reduces the antibiotic residues.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feeds, in particular to a feed for improving flavor quality of broiler chickens and application thereof.
Background
Chicken is a meat product frequently eaten by residents in China, the chicken is deeply favored by people due to the unique delicious taste, and meanwhile, the chicken is also an important source for human protein intake. Along with the improvement of living standard, people put forward higher requirements on the nutrition and taste of chicken, and common chickens have fishy smell when eating, so that the taste is affected, and the quality of chicken is reduced. The modern large-scale animal husbandry feeding mode improves the production speed, and simultaneously brings a plurality of problems, such as the quality reduction of animal products and the easy occurrence of various diseases of livestock and poultry, the harm to human health caused by the addition of a large amount of antibiotic medicines and additives in the feed, and the like, which affect the healthy development of animal husbandry in China. The high-quality feed is a guarantee for producing high-quality livestock products, and the quality of the livestock products can be improved in urgent need in China, and the high-quality feed is beneficial to the healthy growth of animals and beneficial and harmless to the health of consumers. The feed has the advantages that the feed contains a plurality of plant resources in China, contains a plurality of active substances and nutritional ingredients, has high medicinal value, has special functions, is reasonably selected, developed and utilized from plants, extracts beneficial ingredients and is added into feed, so that the feed is an effective way for improving the production performance of livestock and poultry and guaranteeing the safety of livestock products and producing high-quality feed.
Along with the development of national economy in China, the material living standard of people is higher and higher, and people tend to naturally reverse the original taste of meat. However, the current feed for feeding broiler chickens cannot meet various nutritional requirements of the growth and development of the broiler chickens, so how to provide the broiler chicken feed which is good for eating, comprehensive and balanced in nutrition, and capable of building up the body and improving the flavor and quality of the broiler chickens is a problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a feed capable of improving flavor quality of broiler chickens and application thereof, so as to solve the problems in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:
the invention provides a feed for improving flavor and quality of broiler chickens, which comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 30-50 parts of bean cake, 10-15 parts of peanut cake, 20-30 parts of bran, 10-15 parts of premix, 0.3-1.5 parts of eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, 3-15 parts of bone meal, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 3-8 parts of choline, 10-20 parts of secondary powder, 0.2-0.5 part of complex enzyme, 2-5 parts of salt and 0.1-0.5 part of complex probiotics.
As a further improvement of the invention, the feed for improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 35-45 parts of bean cake, 10-12 parts of peanut cake, 25-30 parts of bran, 12-15 parts of premix, 0.3-1.0 part of eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, 3-10 parts of bone meal, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 3-5 parts of choline, 10-15 parts of secondary powder, 0.2-0.3 part of complex enzyme, 2-3 parts of salt and 0.1-0.3 part of complex probiotics.
As a further improvement of the present invention, each kilogram of premix comprises 150 ten thousand IU of vitamin A, 340 ten thousand IU of vitamin D, 3300IU of vitamin E, 300mg of vitamin K3, 300mg of vitamin B1, 950mg of VB2, 600mg of VB6, 45mg of VB12, 6500mg of nicotinic acid, 400mg of pantothenic acid, 150mg of folic acid, 15mg of biotin, 75mg of choline chloride, 9.5g of iron, 6.5g of copper, 12g of manganese, 9g of zinc, 33mg of selenium and 150mg of iodine.
The eucommia ulmoides leaf extract can remove free radicals, resist lipid peroxidation and improve the meat quality of broiler chickens: the eucommia ulmoides natural active substances can remarkably promote synthesis and metabolism of collagen, improve quality and flavor of meat of broiler chickens, enable muscle fibers in chicken to be tender, reduce muscle fat content, contain more higher unsaturated fatty acid content and increase sweet and fragrant compounds, so that the broiler chickens are tender and delicious in taste. The total amino acid content of pectoral muscle of the broiler chickens fed with the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract is higher than that of broiler chickens not fed with the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, wherein the content of amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, serine, histidine, methionine and isoleucine) affecting meat quality and fragrance is higher than that of broiler chickens not fed with the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract. These amino acids affecting meat quality and flavor are the material basis of delicious meat quality after feeding eucommia ulmoides leaf extract. Chlorogenic acid contained in folium Eucommiae extract has main effects of scavenging free radicals, resisting lipid peroxidation, and improving meat quality. Chlorogenic acid has an ortho-diphenol hydroxyl structure, and the structure can increase electron cloud density on hydroxyl and form intramolecular hydrogen bonds, so that the bond energy of O-H is reduced, and hydrogen abstraction reaction on phenolic hydroxyl is easy to occur, so that the chlorogenic acid has stronger antioxidation capability. According to the invention, the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract is added into the broiler feed, so that the addition of antibiotics in the feed, which is possibly the combination of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid compounds and the like in the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, can be avoided, the antibacterial and antiviral capacity is improved, the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract replaces antibiotics, has remarkable inhibition effect on various bacteria, and the in vitro antibacterial test result shows that the minimum antibacterial concentration on staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus B is 0.0625g/ml; the minimum inhibitory concentration of the bacterial strain on the escherichia coli and the typhoid bacillus is 0.5g/ml and 0.25g/ml respectively, and the action mechanism is to non-competitively inhibit the arylamine acetyltransferase in the bacterial body, so that a large amount of arylamine in the bacterial body is accumulated, the metabolism of the bacteria is disturbed, and the bacteria cannot grow and reproduce normally. In addition, the whole course of the growth process of the broiler chickens replaces antibacterial drugs, and the growth performance of the broiler chickens is not affected. The broiler feed disclosed by the invention has the effects of maintaining the balance of intestinal flora, reducing diarrhea and improving the survival rate of broilers. The eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has the pharmacological effects of obviously increasing gastrointestinal peristalsis, promoting gastric secretion and the like, and can improve the digestion and absorption of livestock and poultry on nutrient substances and improve the utilization rate of the nutrient substances, thereby promoting the growth of the livestock and poultry and improving the production performance. The eucommia polysaccharide can be used as food for beneficial bacteria (such as Bacillus bifidus and Lactobacillus) in intestinal tract, and can change microbial phase in digestive tract and increase proliferation of beneficial bacteria in intestinal tract.
The beneficial bacteria and the complex enzyme in the invention decompose crude proteins, phytase and anti-nutritional factors which are not easy to be absorbed and utilized by broiler chickens in the metabolic process in animal intestinal tracts, obviously prevent and treat the breeding of fly maggots, effectively cut off sources of ammonia and odor, effectively reduce the concentration of harmful gases in the excrement of the broiler chickens, improve the raising environment, reduce the invasion of ammonia and prevent the occurrence of respiratory tract and intestinal diseases of the broiler chickens.
The bean cake and peanut cake belong to high protein feed, and various amino acids contained in the bean cake and peanut cake are suitable for the nutrition requirement of chickens, so that the nutrition absorption of chickens is promoted. The addition of lactobacillus can decompose macromolecular vegetable protein in bean cake and peanut cake into absorbable micromolecular vegetable protein, so that the nutrient components can be absorbed more fully.
The calcium and the phosphorus in the calcium hydrophosphate are basic nutritional requirements for the growth and the maintenance of chicken bodies. Calcium is the main component of bones, and can maintain normal heart function and normal physiological activities of nerves and muscles. Phosphorus is essential to promote carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body, promote calcium absorption and maintain acid-base balance in the body.
As a further improvement of the invention, the preparation method of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) raw material treatment: selecting clean and dry eucommia ulmoides leaves, crushing, sieving with a 40-80 mesh sieve, collecting eucommia ulmoides leaf powder for standby, and adding 40-60% ethanol solution into the eucommia ulmoides leaf powder, wherein the feed liquid ratio is (5-10): 1, performing infiltration pretreatment, wherein the infiltration pretreatment is performed under a water bath condition, adding cellulase when the water bath temperature is 40-50 ℃, stirring for 3-5 min, heating to 50-60 ℃, adding pectase, and stirring for 3-5 min;
(2) Extracting: loading the product obtained in the step (1) into an extraction kettle, and using CO 2 The fluid is an extraction solvent, the extraction pressure is 50-70 Mpa, the extraction temperature is 60-95 ℃, and the extraction time is 0.5-1.5 h;
(3) Separation: in supercritical state, CO carrying folium Eucommiae extract 2 Fluid enters a separation kettle, supercritical CO is carried out under the conditions that the separation pressure is 5-8 Mpa and the separation temperature is 30-50 DEG C 2 The fluid is converted into common gas, and the obtained liquid is the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract.
As a further improvement of the present invention, the complex enzyme comprises 3 to 5 parts of amylase, 1 to 3 parts of xylanase and 1 to 7 parts of phytase.
As a further improvement of the invention, the compound probiotics comprise 10-15 parts of bacillus subtilis, 5-15 parts of clostridium butyricum and 3-5 parts of lactobacillus. After the bacillus subtilis enters the large intestine and the small intestine of the broiler chicken, pathogenic bacteria are inhibited, beneficial anaerobic bacteria are promoted to grow, organic acids such as lactic acid are produced, the pH value of the intestinal tract is reduced, the growth of other bacteria is indirectly inhibited, the immunoglobulin and antibody level is improved, and the cellular immunity and humoral immunity functions of the broiler chicken are enhanced. Clostridium butyricum can inhibit the growth and reproduction of harmful bacteria and spoilage bacteria in intestinal tracts, correct intestinal flora disorder, reduce enterotoxin generation, and produce synergistic effect with eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, so that antibiotics are not required to be added into feed, the residues of medicines in meat products are reduced, and the drug resistance of broiler bacteria is reduced. Lactic acid bacteria can compete with pathogenic bacteria in chicken intestinal tracts for utilizing nutrient substances of intestinal chyme, compete for common adhesion sites in intestinal epithelium and mucous membrane, and inhibit adhesion of harmful bacteria by occupying the adhesion sites. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria themselves and the products of lactic acid, H, secreted during metabolism 2 O 2 The ethylene and bacteriocin are important antibacterial compounds and have good inhibition effect on intestinal pathogenic bacteria. The lactobacillus can maintain the balance of the bacterial phase in the intestinal tract by means of agglutination, adsorption and elimination, and some lactobacillus can be gathered in the intestinal tract to cover pathogenic bacteria, so that the pathogenic bacteria cannot adhere to the intestinal wall and can be discharged out of the body along with digesta, and as a result, the pathogenic bacteria cannot proliferate in the intestinal tract.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the feed for improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens, and the feed is prepared by mixing and uniformly stirring the raw materials.
The invention also provides application of the feed for improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens in improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
the feed for improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens provided by the invention has the advantages that antibiotics are not required to be added into the feed, so that the survival rate of the broiler chickens is improved and the antibiotic residues are reduced while the flavor quality of the broiler chickens is improved.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be considered as limiting the invention, but rather as more detailed descriptions of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In addition, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the ranges is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or stated range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the invention described herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification of the present invention. The specification and examples of the present invention are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are intended to be inclusive and mean an inclusion, but not limited to.
The parts are calculated according to the parts by weight unless otherwise specified.
The proportions of the feeds for improving the flavor and quality of broiler chickens in examples 1 to 6 are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Each kilogram of premix in examples 1-6 comprises 150 ten thousand IU of vitamin A, 340 ten thousand IU of vitamin D, vitamin E3300 IU, 300mg of vitamin K3, 300mg of vitamin B1, 950mg of VB2, 600mg of VB6, 45mg of VB12, 6500mg of nicotinic acid, 400mg of pantothenic acid, 150mg of folic acid, 15mg of biotin, 75mg of choline chloride, 9.5g of iron, 6.5g of copper, 12g of manganese, 9g of zinc, 33mg of selenium and 150mg of iodine;
the preparation method of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract in the embodiment 1-3 comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) raw material treatment: selecting clean and dry eucommia ulmoides leaves, crushing, sieving with an 80-mesh sieve, collecting eucommia ulmoides leaf powder for later use, and adding 40% ethanol solution into the eucommia ulmoides leaf powder, wherein the ratio of feed to liquid is 5g:1ml, carrying out infiltration pretreatment, wherein the infiltration pretreatment is carried out under the water bath condition, adding cellulase when the water bath temperature is 50 ℃, stirring for 3min, then heating to 60 ℃, adding pectase, and stirring for 3min;
(2) Extracting: loading the product obtained in the step (1) into an extraction kettle, and using CO 2 The fluid is an extraction solvent, the extraction pressure is 50Mpa, the extraction temperature is 95 ℃, and the extraction time is 0.5h;
(3) Separating: in supercritical state, CO carrying folium Eucommiae extract 2 Fluid enters a separation kettle, supercritical CO is carried out under the conditions that the separation pressure is 5Mpa and the separation temperature is 30 DEG C 2 The fluid is converted into common gas, and the obtained liquid is the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract.
The preparation method of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract in the embodiments 4-5 comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) raw material treatment: selecting clean and dry eucommia ulmoides leaves, crushing, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, collecting eucommia ulmoides leaf powder for standby, and adding 50% ethanol solution into the eucommia ulmoides leaf powder, wherein the ratio of feed to liquid is 7:1, performing infiltration pretreatment, wherein the infiltration pretreatment is performed under a water bath condition, adding cellulase when the water bath temperature is 45 ℃, stirring for 5min, then heating to 55 ℃, adding pectase, and stirring for 4min;
(2) Extracting: loading the product obtained in the step (1) into an extraction kettle, and using CO 2 The fluid is an extraction solvent, the extraction pressure is 60Mpa, the extraction temperature is 75 ℃, and the extraction time is 1.2h;
(3) Separating: in supercritical state, CO carrying folium Eucommiae extract 2 The fluid enters a separation kettle, and supercritical CO is carried out under the conditions that the separation pressure is 7Mpa and the separation temperature is 40 DEG C 2 The fluid is converted into common gas, and the obtained liquid is the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract.
The preparation method of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract of the embodiment 6 comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) raw material treatment: selecting clean and dry eucommia ulmoides leaves, crushing, sieving with a 40-mesh sieve, collecting eucommia ulmoides leaf powder for standby, and adding 60% ethanol solution into the eucommia ulmoides leaf powder, wherein the feed liquid ratio is 10:1, performing infiltration pretreatment, wherein the infiltration pretreatment is performed under a water bath condition, adding cellulase when the water bath temperature is 50 ℃, stirring for 4min, then heating to 50 ℃, adding pectase, and stirring for 5min;
(2) Extracting: loading the product obtained in the step (1) into an extraction kettle, and using CO 2 The fluid is an extraction solvent, the extraction pressure is 70Mpa, the extraction temperature is 60 ℃, and the extraction time is 1.5h;
(3) Separating: in supercritical state, CO carrying folium Eucommiae extract 2 Fluid enters a separation kettle, supercritical CO is carried out under the conditions that the separation pressure is 8Mpa and the separation temperature is 50 DEG C 2 The fluid is converted into common gas, and the obtained liquid is the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract.
The compound probiotics in examples 1-3 are 10 parts of bacillus subtilis, 12 parts of clostridium butyricum and 4 parts of lactobacillus; the compound probiotics in the example 4 are 15 parts of bacillus subtilis, 5 parts of clostridium butyricum and 3 parts of lactobacillus; the compound probiotics in examples 5 to 6 are 12 parts of bacillus subtilis, 15 parts of clostridium butyricum and 5 parts of lactobacillus.
The complex enzymes in examples 1 to 3 are 5 parts of amylase, 1 part of xylanase and 5 parts of phytase; the complex enzymes described in example 4 were 3 parts of amylase, 2 parts of xylanase and 7 parts of phytase; the complex enzymes described in examples 5 to 6 were 4 parts of amylase, 3 parts of xylanase and 1 part of phytase.
The preparation method of the feed for improving the flavor quality of broiler chickens described in examples 1 to 6 comprises the following steps: accurately weighing, mixing the above materials, and stirring.
Comparative example 1
The same as in example 5 was repeated except that the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract was replaced with the eucommia ulmoides leaf of the same amount.
Comparative example 2
The only difference from example 5 is that no complex probiotics are added.
Comparative example 3
The procedure is as in example 5, except that no complex enzyme is added.
Comparative example 4
The procedure is as in example 5, except that no calcium hydrogen phosphate is added.
1. Toxicity test
The SD rats were selected 20, and after taking the feed prepared in example 1 of the present invention, each group was live-killed 1/2 animals (male and female halves) 24 hours after the last administration for 120 consecutive days, and the remaining 1/2 animals were live-killed after continuing to observe for 2 weeks. During the test period, the animals were observed for appearance, general behavior, food intake, and weight changes, and the animals were examined for indices such as hematology (RBC, HB, reticulocyte, PLT, CT, WBC, and classification), blood biochemistry (AST, ALT, ALP, glu, BUN, crca, TP, t.bil, ALB, CHOL), urine biochemistry, organ coefficients, and histopathology by taking the feed for 120 days and stopping taking the feed for 2 weeks. The test results show that: animals taking the feed prepared in example 1 were in good general status and showed no abnormal changes in appearance signs, behavioural activities, feeding amount and weight gain; the blood chemistry examination, the blood biochemical examination and the urine biochemical examination are all in the normal range; no obvious abnormalities were seen in major organ histopathological examination. The above index was not changed even after 2 weeks of stopping taking the feed. The feed prepared in the example 1 has no obvious effect on rats for 120 days, no definite toxic target organs and sensitive indexes, and no delayed toxic reaction in the recovery period observation, which indicates that the feed provided by the invention has higher safety in clinical application. The feeds prepared in examples 2 to 6 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were confirmed for toxicity by the above method, and the results were consistent with those in example 1, suggesting that the feeds prepared in the invention have high safety in clinical application.
2. Clinical trial
Test materials
The experiment selects healthy 15-day-old broilers, 1100 broilers with similar weight are selected from the broilers and randomly divided into 11 treatment groups, 100 broilers are fed to 1-10 groups, the feed prepared in examples 1-6 and comparative examples 1-4 is fed to 11 groups, the pure corn feed is fed to 11 groups, the 42-day feeding experiment is carried out, the 42-day feeding period is divided into 1-21 days and 22-42 days 2 stages, and each group adopts internal cage rearing, and free feeding and drinking water are carried out. The feeding amount of each time takes the feed of the chickens after the chickens are full as much as a little residual material in the feed trough. The immune sterilization during the test was performed according to a conventional procedure.
Detection item and method
1 day after the end of the test, 1 chicken close to the average weight was selected each time repeatedly, the neck was bloodletting slaughtered, and the diet was fasted for 12 hours before slaughtering. Left pectoral muscle samples were taken for determination of muscle moisture, crude protein, crude fat, flesh color, tenderness.
Moisture content: weighing a certain amount of crushed meat sample into A, putting into a water container for weighing (W), drying in an oven at 250 ℃ for 4 hours, putting into a drying container for drying and cooling for 30 minutes, weighing into B, and calculating the water-holding capacity according to the following formula: moisture content= (W-B/a) ×100%.
Crude protein: mashing meat sample with tissue masher, oven drying at constant temperature, weighing 2g, placing into digestion tube, adding antioxidant 2.5g and concentrated sulfuric acid 10mL, placing into high temperature digestion furnace, and feedingAnd (5) carrying out digestion on the line sample. According to the Kjeldahl semi-trace nitrogen determination method, a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination instrument is used for determination, and a conversion formula is as follows: crude protein% = (U-U) 0 ) X0.014X 6.25X 0.1612/W X100% in the formula, U 0 For the blank, W is the sample weight (g), 0.1612 is the sulfuric acid concentration, and U is the machine reading.
Crude fat: mashing and uniformly mixing the meat sample by using a tissue masher, drying at constant temperature, weighing 1g of sample, and placing the sample in a filter paper tube; the filter paper tube is dried for 2 times and then weighed until the weight is constant, and a fat meter is used for measuring the crude fat.
Flesh color: taking 25g of fresh meat sample (without tendons and fat), immediately adding 50mL of water, mashing and pulping in a tissue masher, putting the whole into 50mL centrifuge tubes for 1 st centrifugation, taking out the centrifuge tubes, respectively putting the supernatant into 2-3 small centrifuge tubes for 2 nd centrifugal precipitation (3000 r/min,10 min), taking out the centrifuge tubes, removing fat on the liquid surface by using filter paper, putting the supernatant into a cuvette (light path 1 cm), and measuring the optical density value at the wavelength of 540nm by using a spectrophotometer.
Tenderness: 10g of meat sample is weighed into a 100mL stainless steel homogenizing cup, and simultaneously, 50mL of cold sucrose (0.24 mol/L) and equal amount of mixed solution of potassium chloride (0.2 mol/L) are added, and after standing for 5min, the sample is stirred and cut for 40s at full speed by a homogenizer. The residue was filtered through a sieve of known weight and pore size of 250 μm, and the sieve and residue were dried with absorbent paper and weighed. Then, the weight of the crushed meat sample (greater than 250 μm) which cannot pass through the filter screen was calculated, and the weight of the residue contained in each 100g of meat sample was converted into the crushing index (FI) of the muscle, and the smaller the FI value, the finer the meat.
Muscle drip loss: sample 1 st weighing (W) 1 ) Placing in a sealed plastic bag, immediately placing in a refrigerator at 4deg.C for 24 hr, wiping off water on meat surface with filter paper, weighing for the 2 nd time (W 2 ). Muscle drip loss (%) = (W) 1 -W 2 )/W 1 ×100％。
Taste test
Two chickens are taken in each group, 1 chicken is taken in each group, slaughtered, preserved in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for 24 hours, and the whole chicken is put into a dish after being boiled without brine, and is tasted by 100 experts according to 10 grades: excellent (9.1-10.0), excellent (8.1-9.0), excellent (7.1-8.0), still excellent (6.1-7.0), poor (< 6.0).
Data processing and analysis
Statistical analysis was performed on the test data for each index according to single-factor anova using SAS/PC (6.0) software. The difference is significant, and multiple comparisons are made using the least significant range q test.
Results and analysis
The effect of the feed of the invention on physical and chemical properties of meat chicken is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
| Flesh color | Tenderness (g/100 g) | Drip loss (%) | |
| Example 1 | 1.52±0.02 | 14.72±0.01 | 1.05±0.02 |
| Example 2 | 1.50±0.12 | 14.51±0.21 | 1.12±0.01 |
| Example 3 | 1.49±0.02 | 15.20±0.11 | 1.07±0.02 |
| Example 4 | 1.60±0.15 | 15.06±0.08 | 1.01±0.03 |
| Example 5 | 1.63±0.14 | 14.01±0.03 | 0.92±0.01 |
| Example 6 | 1.55±0.20 | 15.21±0.05 | 0.99±0.12 |
| Comparative example 1 | 1.21±0.04 | 17.02±0.22 | 1.20±0.21 |
| Comparative example 2 | 1.35±0.10 | 16.95±0.11 | 1.23±0.22 |
| Comparative example 3 | 1.38±0.08 | 16.55±0.19 | 1.19±0.09 |
| Comparative example 4 | 1.37±0.05 | 16.34±0.14 | 1.28±0.05 |
| Control group | 1.21±0.21 | 18.52±0.11 | 1.30±0.01 |
The effect of the feed of the invention on the conventional nutrients of the meat chicken muscles is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Table 3
As is clear from the results in Table 3, the water content of the feed of the present invention was significantly reduced and the crude protein and crude fat contents were significantly increased relative to the control group.
The results of the taste tests are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Table 4
| Smell of | Taste and flavor | Soup flavor | Juiciness of | |
| Example 1 | 9.85 | 9.75 | 9.21 | 9.46 |
| Example 2 | 9.82 | 9.95 | 9.87 | 9.62 |
| Example 3 | 9.65 | 9.21 | 9.25 | 9.56 |
| Example 4 | 8.92 | 9.32 | 9.05 | 9.26 |
| Example 5 | 9.92 | 9.85 | 9.64 | 9.32 |
| Example 6 | 9.56 | 9.45 | 9.27 | 9.64 |
| Comparative example 1 | 9.05 | 9.23 | 8.97 | 9.06 |
| Comparative example 2 | 8.95 | 8.78 | 8.95 | 8.21 |
| Comparative example 3 | 9.21 | 8.89 | 8.34 | 8.75 |
| Comparative example 4 | 8.52 | 9.02 | 8.38 | 8.45 |
| Control group | 8.21 | 7.82 | 8.01 | 8.20 |
Table 4 shows that the flavor and palatability of broilers fed with the feed of the invention are obviously improved.
The above embodiments are only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention without departing from the design spirit of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The feed for improving the flavor quality of the broiler chickens is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 30-50 parts of bean cake, 10-15 parts of peanut cake, 20-30 parts of bran, 10-15 parts of premix, 0.3-1.5 parts of eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, 3-15 parts of bone meal, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 3-8 parts of choline, 10-20 parts of secondary powder, 0.2-0.5 part of complex enzyme, 2-5 parts of salt and 0.1-0.5 part of complex probiotics;
the preparation method of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) raw material treatment: selecting clean and dry eucommia ulmoides leaves, crushing, sieving with a 40-80 mesh sieve, collecting eucommia ulmoides leaf powder for standby, and adding 40-60% ethanol solution into the eucommia ulmoides leaf powder, wherein the feed liquid ratio is (5-10): 1, performing infiltration pretreatment, wherein the infiltration pretreatment is performed under a water bath condition, adding cellulase when the water bath temperature is 40-50 ℃, stirring for 3-5 min, heating to 50-60 ℃, adding pectase, and stirring for 3-5 min;
(2) Extracting: loading the product obtained in the step (1) into an extraction kettle, and using CO 2 The fluid is an extraction solvent, the extraction pressure is 50-70 Mpa, the extraction temperature is 60-95 ℃, and the extraction time is 0.5-1.5 h;
(3) Separating: in supercritical state, CO carrying folium Eucommiae extract 2 Fluid enters a separation kettle, supercritical CO is carried out under the conditions that the separation pressure is 5-8 Mpa and the separation temperature is 30-50 DEG C 2 Converting the fluid into common gas, wherein the obtained liquid is folium Eucommiae extract;
the complex enzyme comprises 3-5 parts of amylase, 1-3 parts of xylanase and 1-7 parts of phytase;
the composite probiotics comprise 10-15 parts of bacillus subtilis, 5-15 parts of clostridium butyricum and 3-5 parts of lactobacillus.
2. The feed for improving the flavor quality of broiler chickens according to claim 1, which is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 35-45 parts of bean cake, 10-12 parts of peanut cake, 25-30 parts of bran, 12-15 parts of premix, 0.3-1.0 part of eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, 3-10 parts of bone meal, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 3-5 parts of choline, 10-15 parts of secondary powder, 0.2-0.3 part of complex enzyme, 2-3 parts of salt and 0.1-0.3 part of complex probiotics.
3. The feed for improving flavor quality of broiler chickens according to claim 2, wherein each kilogram of premix comprises 150 ten thousand IU of vitamin a and vitamin D 3 40 ten thousand IU, vitamin E3300 IU and vitamin K 3 300mg, vitamin B 1 300mg、VB 2 950mg、VB 6 600mg、VB 12 45mg, 6500mg of nicotinic acid, 400mg of pantothenic acid, 150mg of folic acid, 15mg of biotin, 75mg of choline chloride, 9.5g of iron, 6.5g of copper, 12g of manganese, 9g of zinc, 33mg of selenium and 150mg of iodine.
4. A method for preparing the feed for improving flavor and quality of broiler chickens according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the raw materials are mixed and stirred uniformly.
5. Use of the feed for improving broiler flavor quality according to any one of claims 1 to 3 for improving broiler flavor quality.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103421720A (en) * | 2013-08-20 | 2013-12-04 | 沈阳金科丰牧业科技有限公司 | Complex microbial inoculant for broiler chickens and application thereof to improvement of broiler chicken productivity and immunity |
| CN106615968A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-05-10 | 河南金百合生物科技股份有限公司 | Bred chicken feed additive and preparation method thereof |
| CN107772127A (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2018-03-09 | 丹阳西联生物技术有限公司 | A kind of chicken feed containing the bark of eucommia |
| CN111802527A (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-10-23 | 浙江大学 | Application of eucommia ulmoides extract in preparation of feed for improving delicate flavor of chicken |
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103421720A (en) * | 2013-08-20 | 2013-12-04 | 沈阳金科丰牧业科技有限公司 | Complex microbial inoculant for broiler chickens and application thereof to improvement of broiler chicken productivity and immunity |
| CN107772127A (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2018-03-09 | 丹阳西联生物技术有限公司 | A kind of chicken feed containing the bark of eucommia |
| CN106615968A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-05-10 | 河南金百合生物科技股份有限公司 | Bred chicken feed additive and preparation method thereof |
| CN111802527A (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-10-23 | 浙江大学 | Application of eucommia ulmoides extract in preparation of feed for improving delicate flavor of chicken |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 丁酸梭菌对肉鸡肉品质的影响;张瑞琨;山东畜牧兽医;第41卷(第8期);第1页摘要 * |
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