CN112888419A - 用于治疗和预防Leber遗传性视神经病变的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
用于治疗和预防Leber遗传性视神经病变的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
- A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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Abstract
提供了用于治疗和预防Leber遗传性视神经病变的组合物和方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年10月11日提交的美国临时申请第62/744,242号的权益和优先权,其内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本申请涉及用于治疗和预防Leber遗传性视神经病变(Leber's hereditaryoptic neuropathy)的组合物和方法。
背景技术
Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON)是一种遗传性疾病,其中视网膜变性导致视力丧失。由LHON引起的视力丧失发作通常发生在成年初期,并在数月内导致20/200或更差的视力。尽管LHON的流行尚未得到广泛研究,但在某些欧洲人群中LHON的发病率约为五万分之一,这表明在世界范围内可能有数十万人受到影响。LHON由破坏NADH脱氢酶功能的几种线粒体突变中的任一种引起,NADH脱氢酶是一种参与高能分子三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的线粒体产生的酶。超过80%的LHON患者是男性,但只有女性可以将这种疾病遗传给其孩子。
LHON的现有治疗极其有限。当在由于LHON引起的视力丧失发作后服用时,药物艾地苯醌(idebenone)可防止一些患者的进一步视力丧失。然而,艾地苯醌在那些患者中未产生明显的视力改善,并且对其他患者没有任何有益效果。一些其他药物,诸如溴莫尼定(brimonidine)、米诺环素(minocycline)、姜黄素(curcumin)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione)和elamipretide,以及其他治疗策略,诸如近红外光治疗和病毒载体技术,用于LHON的治疗尚在研究中。用于管理LHON的其他方法仅涉及被设计为旨在使视力丧失最小化的行为改变。例如,建议LHON患者避免烟草、酒精和通常对视神经有毒性的某些处方药。因此,尽管我们了解LHON的分子基础,但我们缺乏对抗该疾病的工具,因此许多人继续遭受永久性视力丧失。
发明内容
本发明提供了通过提供组合物来治疗和预防LHON的方法,该组合物在不存在NADH脱氢酶活性的情况下促进线粒体ATP产生。该组合物包括在体内代谢以释放TCA中间体的水溶性化合物,诸如琥珀酸酯(succinate)。由于琥珀酸酯不依赖NADH脱氢酶将电子贡献给线粒体电子传递链,因此其驱动具有导致LHON的突变的个体中的线粒体ATP合成。因此,本发明的方法补偿这些个体中的代谢缺陷,以预防或减轻视网膜变性和视力丧失。
本发明的方法使用TCA循环中间体的缀合物,该TCA循环中间体与纯中间体相比具有更高的溶解度。在优选的实施例中,该方法使用与氨基酸(诸如丝氨酸和酪氨酸)缀合的TCA循环中间体。因此,该化合物无毒,易于吸收,并且在体内自由循环。因此,与涉及施用游离TCA循环中间体的方法相比,本发明的方法允许以更高的量递送琥珀酸酯以获得更大的治疗益处。
该方法允许通过各种施用途径递送该化合物。例如,该化合物可以眼内递送以直接靶向LHON中受影响的组织。该化合物的高溶解度也使得其适用于静脉注射和其他全身施用方法。另外,由于共价连接消除了由游离TCA循环中间体产生的令人不快的味道和气味,因此该化合物可以经口服提供。
在一个方面,本发明提供治疗或预防受试者中的Leber遗传性视神经病变的方法,其通过向患有Leber遗传性视神经病变或有发展出Leber遗传性视神经病变的风险的受试者提供一种组合物来进行,该组合物含有一种化合物,该化合物含有一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药和一个或多个封端部分。该化合物可含有两种或更多种TCA循环中间体或其前药和/或两个或更多个封端部分。
该封端部分可为氨基酸、多元醇或另一种TCA循环中间体或其前药。该化合物可具有两个或更多个封端部分。例如,该化合物可具有两个、三个、四个、五个或六个封端部分。该两个或更多个封端部分可以相同,或者其可以不同。
封端部分可通过TCA循环中间体或其前药上的任何原子连接。优选地,封端部分被取代到羟基上并通过烷氧基键连接。优选地,封端部分被取代到TCA循环中间体或其前药的碳骨架中的每个末端碳原子的羟基上。
该多元醇可为C2-C20多元醇。该多元醇可为甘油。该多元醇可经由末端羟基或内部羟基连接。例如,甘油可以通过其第一碳、第二碳或第三碳上的羟基与TCA循环中间体或其前药连接。
该氨基酸可为天然存在的氨基酸。例如,该氨基酸可为丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸或缬氨酸。优选地,该氨基酸为丝氨酸或酪氨酸。优选地,丝氨酸或酪氨酸通过其侧链上的羟基与TCA循环中间体或其前药连接。该氨基酸可为非天然存在的氨基酸。
多种TCA循环中间体或其前药是本领域已知的,例如PCT/US2017/019000中描述的那些,其内容通过引用以其整体并入本文。任何此类化合物可与一种或多种氨基酸缀合以改善溶解度,并因此改善那些化合物的口服利用度。例如,TCA循环中间体或其前药可为柠檬酸酯(citrate)、顺乌头酸酯(cis-aconitate)、D-异柠檬酸酯(D-isocitrate)、α-酮戊二酸酯(α-ketoglutarate)、琥珀酸酯(succinate)、富马酸酯(fumarate)、苹果酸酯(malate)、草酰乙酸酯(oxaloacetate)、丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯(acetoacetate)、β-羟基丁酸酯(β-hydroxybutyrate)、β-酮戊酸酯(β-ketopentanoate)或β-羟基戊酸酯(β-hydroxypentanoate)。优选地,TCA循环中间体为琥珀酸酯或柠檬酸酯。TCA循环中间体可具有L或R手性。包括此类化合物的组合物可包括TCA循环中间体的仅L形式、仅R形式或L形式和R形式的外消旋混合物。
该化合物可包括一个或多个富集同位素的原子。例如,该化合物可具有一个或多个被氘或氚替代的氢原子。同位素富集的一个或多个原子可位于该化合物内的任何位置。
该化合物可具有小于0.1、小于0.01、小于0.001、小于0.0001、小于0.0001、小于0.00001或小于0.000001的辛醇:水分配系数。
该化合物可为或包括琥珀酸二丝氨酸(succinate diserine)、甘油三琥珀酸三丝氨酸(glycerol trisuccinate triserine)或甘油三琥珀酸三酪氨酸(glyceroltrisuccinate trityrosine)。
该化合物可为或包括由式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)、(VII)、(VIII)、(IX)、(X)、(XI)、(XII)、(XIII)、(XIV)、(XV)、(XVI)、(XVII)和(XVIII)之一表示的结构:
A—β-羟基丁酸酯—B—β-羟基丁酸酯—A(IV),
其中A为氨基酸,诸如丝氨酸,并且B为TCA循环中间体,诸如琥珀酸酯,
C—D—E(V),
其中C为第一TCA循环中间体,诸如苹果酸酯,D为第二TCA循环中间体,诸如琥珀酸酯,并且E为氨基酸,诸如丝氨酸,
其中R1、R2和R3为TCA循环中间体或其前药,并且R4、R5和R6为氨基酸,
该方法可包括通过任何合适的施用途径提供该化合物。例如,该化合物可以经眼内、静脉内或口服提供。
该方法可包括任何合适的给药方案。例如,该化合物可以单剂量或多剂量提供。可以间隔(诸如4小时、6小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、2天、3天、4天、5天、1周、2周、3周、4周或更长时间)分别提供多个剂量。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了治疗和预防Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON)的方法,其通过提供含有TCA循环中间体(诸如琥珀酸酯)的组合物来进行,该TCA循环中间体已被修饰以改善其溶解性。该组合物包括包含与一种或多种氨基酸、多元醇或两者缀合的TCA循环中间体的化合物。该化合物可在体内裂解以释放中间体进入TCA循环,从而生成琥珀酸酯,琥珀酸酯可进入线粒体电子传递链。结果,线粒体呼吸较少地依赖于NADH脱氢酶,NADH脱氢酶是一种在具有引起LHON突变的患者中具有降低的功能的酶。
TCA循环如下所示:
另一个临床上重要的代谢途径是线粒体电子传递链。电子传递链使用一系列复杂的氧化还原反应来产生穿过线粒体内膜的质子梯度,并且使用来自该质子梯度的化学渗透势来驱动三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成。电子传递链涉及线粒体内膜中的四种酶复合物:NADH脱氢酶,也称为呼吸复合物I;琥珀酸脱氢酶,也称为呼吸复合物II;辅酶Q:细胞色素c还原酶,也称为呼吸复合物III;以及细胞色素c氧化酶,也称为呼吸复合物IV。电子以两种方式中的任一种进入传递链。首先,NADH脱氢酶可将电子从NADH转移到泛醌(ubiquinone),泛醌是链中的第一中间电子载体。或者,来自琥珀酸酯的电子可通过琥珀酸脱氢酶转移至泛醌。在电子传递链的下一步骤中,电子通过辅酶Q:细胞色素c还原酶从泛醌传递至第二中间电子载体细胞色素c。在最后一步中,细胞色素c氧化酶将电子从细胞色素c转移至分子氧以形成水,即电子传递的净产物。琥珀酸脱氢酶是唯一参与TCA循环和电子传递链的酶。
Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON)是由电子传递链中的缺陷引起的视网膜变性疾病。LHON由编码NADH脱氢酶组分的线粒体基因(诸如MT-ND1、MT-ND4、MT-ND4L和MT-ND6)中的突变引起。由于引起LHON的突变由线粒体基因组中的基因编码,其从卵子传递到胚胎而不是从精子传递,因此LHON只能母系遗传。
本发明的见解是琥珀酸酯可用于治疗LHON。由于NADH脱氢酶活性降低,LHON患者的电子传递和ATP合成减少。特别地,减少了在链中第一中间电子载体泛醌的形成。然而,可通过提供补充的琥珀酸酯来恢复电子传递活性,琥珀酸酯可经由琥珀酸脱氢酶供给电子以形成泛醌。因此,提供额外的琥珀酸酯作为LHON患者的电子传递链的电子供体,可以补偿NADH的电子转移的不足。
口服递送大量琥珀酸酯或其他TCA循环中间体可能是具有挑战性的,因为它们具有强烈的味道和气味。已经作出努力来确定用于口服制剂的TCA循环中间体的修饰形式,这些修饰形式的TCA循环中间体的臭味较少。例如,PCT/US2017/019000中公开了含有连接到琥珀酸酯和脂肪酸的甘油主链的化合物,其通过引用并入本文。然而,这类化合物是亲脂性的并且难溶于水,这限制了其生物利用度。
本文提供的方法使用克服先前描述的用于递送TCA循环中间体的组合物的有限生物利用度的化合物。这类化合物描述于共同未决、共同拥有的国际申请第PCT/US2018/043487号,其内容通过引用整体并入本文。由于这些化合物是高度水溶性的,因此其易于在体内吸收和循环。此外,该化合物可以被裂解以有效地将TCA循环中间体递送至靶组织。由于其优异的生物利用度,本发明的化合物可以适合于口服施用的剂量提供,以治疗与多种病症相关的异常TCA代谢。
该化合物包括(1)一种或多种TCA循环中间体,进入TCA循环的代谢物,诸如丙酮酸酯或酮体,或进入TCA循环的TCA循环中间体或代谢物的前药,以及(2)一种或多种氨基酸。上述TCA循环中描述的任何TCA循环中间体均可以用于本发明的组合物中。在某些实施例中,PCT/US2017/019000中描述的任何化合物可为本发明上下文中的TCA循环中间体。
前药是施用后代谢(即,在体内转化)成药理学活性药物的药物或化合物。前药本身可以是无药理学活性的。前药可用于改善药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄方式。当活性药物难以从胃肠道吸收时,前药可改善活性药物的生物利用度。前药可改善药物与不是其预期靶标的细胞或过程相互作用的选择性方式,从而减少非预期和不期望的副作用。前药可在细胞内(I型前药)或细胞外(II型前药)转化为生物活性形式(生物活化的)。前药可在胃肠道中、在体循环中、在除靶组织以外的代谢组织中或在靶组织中被生物活化。
因此,本发明的方法提供了可以在体内代谢以产生TCA循环的中间体的化合物,诸如柠檬酸酯、顺乌头酸酯、D-异柠檬酸酯、α-酮戊二酸酯、琥珀酸酯、富马酸酯、苹果酸酯或草酰乙酸酯,或者可以代谢以进入TCA循环的分子,诸如丙酮酸酯或酮体。酮体的实例包括丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、β-酮戊酸酯或β-羟基戊酸酯。
上述TCA循环中描述的TCA循环中间体的任何前药可用于本发明的方法中。在本发明的上下文中,任何前药或PCT/US2017/019000中描述的化合物的前药可以是TCA循环中间体前药。
该TCA循环中间体或其前药可包括一个或多个取代基。该一个或多个取代基可经由任何合适的化学键(诸如烷氧基键)连接至中间体或其前药上的一个或多个羧基。该取代基可为短链脂肪酸,诸如甲酸酯、乙酸酯、丙酸酯、丁酸酯、异丁酸酯、戊酸酯或异戊酸酯。
TCA循环中间体或前药可包括琥珀酸二丝氨酸、甘油三琥珀酸三丝氨酸或甘油三琥珀酸三酪氨酸。该TCA循环中间体或前药可包括由式(I)、(II)和(III)之一表示的结构:
该TCA循环中间体或前药可包括由式(IV)表示的结构:
A—β-羟基丁酸酯—B—β-羟基丁酸酯—A(IV),
其中A为氨基酸,并且B为TCA循环中间体。在优选的实施例中,A为丝氨酸,并且B为琥珀酸酯。
该TCA循环中间体或前药可包括由式(V)表示的结构:
C—D—E(V),
其中C为第一TCA循环中间体,D为第二TCA循环中间体,并且E为氨基酸。在优选的实施例中,C为苹果酸酯,D为琥珀酸酯,并且E为丝氨酸。
合适的单价取代基包括卤素;–(CH2)0-4R°;–(CH2)0-4OR°;–O(CH2)0-4R°,–O–(CH2)0- 4C(O)OR°;–(CH2)0-4CH(OR°)2;–(CH2)0-4Ph,其可以被R°取代;-(CH2)0-4O(CH2)0-1Ph,其可以被R°取代;–CH=CHPh,其可以被R°取代;–(CH2)0-4O(CH2)0-1-吡啶基,其可以被R°取代;–NO2;–CN;–N3;-(CH2)0-4N(R°)2;–(CH2)0-4N(R°)C(O)R°;–N(R°)C(S)R°;–(CH2)00-4N(R°)C(O)NR°2;-N(R°)C(S)NR°2;–(CH2)0-4N(R°)C(O)OR°;–N(R°)N(R°)C(O)R°;–N(R°)N(R°)C(O)NR°2;-N(R°)N(R°)C(O)OR°;–(CH2)0-4C(O)R°;–C(S)R°;–(CH2)0-4C(O)OR°;–(CH2)0-4C(O)SR°;-(CH2)0-4C(O)OSiR°3;–(CH2)0-4OC(O)R°;–OC(O)(CH2)0-4SR–,SC(S)SR°;-(CH2)0-4SC(O)R°;–(CH2)0-4C(O)NR°2;–C(S)NR°2;–C(S)SR°;–SC(S)SR°,-(CH2)0-4OC(O)NR°2;-C(O)N(OR°)R°;–C(O)C(O)R°;–C(O)CH2C(O)R°;–C(NOR°)R°;-(CH2)0-4SSR°;–(CH2)0-4S(O)2R°;–(CH2)0-4S(O)2OR°;–(CH2)0–4OS(O)2R°;–S(O)2NR°2;-(CH2)0-4S(O)R°;–N(R°)S(O)2NR°2;–N(R°)S(O)2R°;–N(OR°)R°;–C(NH)NR°2;–P(O)2R°;-P(O)R°2;-OP(O)R°2;–OP(O)(OR°)2;–SiR°3;–OSiR°3;–(C1–4直链或支链亚烷基)O–N(R°)2;或–(C1–4直链或支链亚烷基)C(O)O–N(R°)2,其中每个R°可以如下定义被取代并且独立地为氢、C1–6脂族基团、–CH2Ph、–O(CH2)0–1Ph、-CH2-(5-6元杂芳基环),或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环,或尽管具有上述定义,两个独立出现的R°及其中间原子一起形成具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的3-12元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基单环或双环,其可如下定义被取代。
R·(或通过两个独立出现的R·及其中间原子一起形成的环)上合适的单价取代基独立地为卤素、–(CH2)0–2R·、–(卤代R·)、–(CH2)0–2OH、–(CH2)0–2OR·、–(CH2)0–2CH(OR·)2、–O(卤代R·)、–CN、–N3、–(CH2)0–2C(O)R·、–(CH2)0–2C(O)OH、–(CH2)0–2C(O)OR·、–(CH2)0–2SR·、–(CH2)0–2SH、–(CH2)0–2NH2、–(CH2)0–2NHR·、–(CH2)0–2NR·2、–NO2、–SiR·3、–OSiR·3、-C(O)SR·、–(C1–4直链或支链亚烷基)C(O)OR·或–SSR·,其中每个R·是未取代的或在前面有“卤代(halo)”时仅被一个或多个卤素取代,并且独立地选自C1–4脂族基团、–CH2Ph、–O(CH2)0–1Ph或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环。R·的饱和碳原子上的合适的二价取代基包括=O和=S。
合适的二价取代基包括以下:=O、=S、=NNR*2、=NNHC(O)R*、=NNHC(O)OR*、=NNHS(O)2R*、=NR*、=NOR*、–O(C(R*2))2-3O–或–S(C(R*2))2-3S–,其中各独立出现的R*选自氢、可以如下定义被取代的C1-6脂族基团或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的未取代的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环。与“任选取代的”基团的邻位可取代的碳结合的合适的二价取代基包括:–O(CR*2)2-3O–,其中各独立出现的R*选自氢、可以如下定义被取代的C1-6脂族基团或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的未取代的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环。
R*的脂族基团上的合适的取代基包括卤素、–R·、-(卤代R·)、–OH、–OR·、–O(卤代R·)、–CN、–C(O)OH、–C(O)OR·、–NH2、–NHR·、–NR·或–NO2,其中每个R·是未取代的或在前面有“卤代”时仅被一个或多个卤素取代,并且独立地为C1–4脂族基团、–CH2Ph、–O(CH2)0–1Ph或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环。
或其中各独立地为氢、可以如下定义被取代的C1-6脂族基团、未取代的-OPh或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的未取代的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环,或尽管如上文所定义,两个独立出现的与其之间的原子一起形成具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的未取代的3-12元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基单环或双环。
的脂族基团上的合适的取代基独立地为卤素、–R·、-(R·)、–OH、–OR·、–O(卤代R·)、–CN、–C(O)OH、–C(O)OR·、–NH2、–NHR·、–NR·或–NO2,其中每个R·是未取代的或在前面有“卤代”时仅被一个或多个卤素取代,并且独立地是C1–4脂族基团、–CH2Ph、–O(CH2)0– 1Ph或具有0-4个独立地选自氮、氧或硫的杂原子的5-6元饱和、部分不饱和或芳基环。
氨基酸可为任何天然存在的或非天然存在的氨基酸。天然存在的氨基酸包括由遗传密码编码并通过翻译机制整合至多肽中的以下20种氨基酸:丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸或缬氨酸。在多肽中发现一些天然存在的氨基酸,诸如硒代半胱氨酸和吡咯赖氨酸,但其通过替代机制整合并入。在多肽中未发现其他天然存在的氨基酸,诸如鸟氨酸、瓜氨酸、β-丙氨酸、肉碱、γ-氨基丁酸、L-甲状腺素、羟脯氨酸、硒代蛋氨酸和2-氨基异丁酸。非天然存在的氨基酸包括在蛋白质中未发现的或不是由细胞代谢机制产生的氨基酸,例如在Young和Schultz,超越经典的20种氨基酸:扩大遗传词典(Beyond the Canonical 20Amino Acids:Expanding the Genetic Lexicon),生物化学杂志(J.Biol.Chem.),285(15):11039-11044(2010);美国专利第7,566,555号;以及美国专利第9,488,660号中描述的那些,其各自以引用的方式并入本文中。
该化合物可包括通过一个或多个连接基团或主链部分连接的两个或更多个TCA中间体或其前药。该主链部分可为被两个或更多个选自羟基、氨基和羧基中的一个或多个的基团取代的C2-20烃部分。该主链部分可为多元醇,诸如C2-C20多元醇,例如,甘油、赤藓糖醇或木糖醇。可替代地或另外地,该两种或更多种TCA中间体或其前药可以彼此直接连接。
该化合物可由式(VI)表示:
其中R1、R2和R3为TCA循环中间体或其前药,并且R4、R5和R6为氨基酸。R1、R2和R3可以相同或不同,并且R4、R5和R6可以相同或不同。R1、R2和R3可为琥珀酸酯。R4、R5和R6可为丝氨酸、苏氨酸或酪氨酸。如果R4、R5和R6是丝氨酸、苏氨酸或酪氨酸,则其可通过其侧链上的氧原子连接,并且羧基和氨基可以是游离的并且因此能够在水溶液中形成COO-和NH3 +离子。
该化合物,包括封端部分,可包括一个或多个富集同位素的原子。例如,该化合物可具有一个或多个被氘或氚替代的氢原子。同位素取代或富集也可发生在碳、硫或磷原子上。对于在化合物内的一个或多个位置处的给定原子,化合物可以是同位素取代的或富集的,或在化合物内的给定原子的所有情况下,化合物可以是同位素取代的或富集的。
该化合物可具有小于0.1、小于0.01、小于0.001、小于0.0001、小于0.0001、小于0.00001或小于0.000001的辛醇:水分配系数。
TCA循环中间体的溶解度可以通过将封端部分共价连接至此类分子而增加。特别地,有利的是在TCA循环中间体的羟基上添加封端部分作为取代基。此类封端的醇分子具有改善的溶解度并且不具有令人不快的气味。
因此,本发明的方法可提供包括TCA环中间体或其前药并且共价连接至两个或更多个封端部分的化合物。例如,该化合物可包括连接至两个、三个、四个、五个或六个封端部分的TCA循环中间体。
TCA循环中间体或其前药可为柠檬酸酯、顺乌头酸酯、D-异柠檬酸酯、α-酮戊二酸酯、琥珀酸酯、富马酸酯、苹果酸酯、草酰乙酸酯、丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、β-酮戊酸酯或β-羟基戊酸酯。优选地,TCA循环中间体为琥珀酸酯。TCA循环中间体可具有L或R手性。包括此类化合物的组合物可包括TCA循环中间体的仅L形式、仅R形式或L和R形式的外消旋混合物。
两个或更多个封端部分可以相同,或者其可以不同。封端部分可为多元醇,诸如C2-C20多元醇、氨基酸或其他TCA循环中间体或其前药。该化合物可具有两个封端部分,该两个封端部分均为甘油。该化合物可具有两个封端部分,一个为苹果酸酯,另一个为丝氨酸。
封端部分可通过TCA循环中间体或其前药上的任何原子连接。优选地,封端部分被取代到羟基上并通过烷氧基键连接。优选地,封端部分被取代到TCA循环中间体或其前药的碳骨架中的每个末端碳原子的羟基上。TCA循环中间体或其前药可由式(VII)、(VIII)、(IX)、(X)、(XI)和(XII)之一表示:
在某些实施例中,该化合物包括多元醇、与该多元醇共价连接的TCA循环中间体或其前药和与该TCA循环中间体或其前药共价连接的氨基酸。多元醇、TCA循环中间体或其前药和氨基酸中的每一种可以如上文关于此类组分所描述。优选地,该多元醇为甘油,TCA中间体或其前药为琥珀酸酯,并且氨基酸为丝氨酸。该多元醇可经由末端羟基或内部羟基连接。例如,甘油可以通过其第一碳、第二碳或第三碳上的羟基与TCA循环中间体或其前药连接。该化合物可由式(XIII)和(XIV)之一表示:
在某些实施例中,TCA循环中间体为α-酮戊二酸酯。任选地,氨基酸为丝氨酸。任选地,多元醇为甘油。在某些实施例中,该化合物由式(XV)表示:
在其他实施例中,TCA循环中间体为β-羟基丁酸酯。任选地,氨基酸为丝氨酸。任选地,多元醇为甘油。在某些实施例中,该化合物由式(XVI)表示:
在其他实施例中,本发明的方法提供包括柠檬酸酯或柠檬酸,其前药、类似物、衍生物或盐以及一种或多种氨基酸的化合物。在某些实施例中,该化合物包括多个氨基酸,例如,至少两个或三个氨基酸。在优选的实施例中,该化合物包括三个氨基酸。多种不同类型的氨基酸可以与柠檬酸酯缀合。氨基酸可为任何天然存在的或非天然存在的氨基酸或其组合(例如,所有天然存在的、所有非天然存在的或天然和非天然存在的氨基酸的组合)。氨基酸可为丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸或缬氨酸。氨基酸可为丝氨酸和酪氨酸。在某些实施例中,氨基酸为丝氨酸并且该化合物包含三个丝氨酸。一种示例性化合物由式(XVII)表示:
在某些实施例中,TCA循环中间体或其前药选自由以下组成的组:柠檬酸酯、顺乌头酸酯、D-异柠檬酸酯、α-酮戊二酸酯、琥珀酸酯、富马酸酯、苹果酸酯、草酰乙酸酯、丙酮酸酯、丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、β-酮戊酸酯和β-羟基戊酸酯。在具体的实施例中,TCA循环中间体或其前药为柠檬酸酯。在某些实施例中,多元醇为甘油。在某些此类实施例中,组合物包含共价键合至一个或多个甘油分子的多个柠檬酸酯分子。在一个优选的实施例中,组合物包含多个柠檬酸酯分子,该柠檬酸酯分子中的至少一个共价键合至多个甘油分子。优选的化合物为式(XVIII)的化合物:
本发明的方法可提供包含治疗有效量的TCA循环中间体酸酐或其聚合物或药学上可接受的盐或前药的组合物,以治疗受试者中与改变的TCA循环代谢相关的病症。TCA循环中间体或其药学上可接受的盐或聚合物或前药可选自由以下组成的组:柠檬酸酯、顺乌头酸酯、D-异柠檬酸酯、α-酮戊二酸酯、琥珀酸酯、富马酸酯、苹果酸酯、草酰乙酸酯、丙酮酸酯、丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、β-酮戊酸酯和β-羟基戊酸酯。
在某些实施例中,前药包含一种或多种多元醇。在其他实施例中,前药包含一种或多种氨基酸。在某些实施例中,前药包含一种或多种多元醇和一种或多种氨基酸。在某些实施例中,组合物为TCA循环中间体的聚合物,例如,TCA循环中间体单体的一个或多个重复单元。
在一个示例性实施例中,TCA循环中间体酸酐或其聚合物或药学上可接受的盐或前药为柠檬酸酐或其聚合物或药学上可接受的盐或前药。在某些实施例中,柠檬酸酐选自由对称柠檬酸酐、不对称柠檬酸酐、分子间柠檬酸酐及其组合组成的组。其各自的实例如下式(XIX)、(XX)和(XXI)所示:
在某些实施例中,柠檬酸酐为柠檬酸酐的前药。此类示例性前药可包含一种或多种多元醇。在其他实施例中,柠檬酸酐前药包含一种或多种氨基酸。在某些实施例中,柠檬酸酐前药包含一种或多种多元醇和一种或多种氨基酸。在某些实施例中,组合物为柠檬酸酸酐聚合物,例如,柠檬酸酸酐单体的一个或多个重复单元。
在某些实施例中,组合物被配制用于口服或胃施用。在某些实施例中,组合物被配制成单一单位剂量。
在本发明的方法中,一种或多种上述化合物可作为药物组合物提供。含有该化合物的药物组合物可为适于口服使用的形式,例如,作为片剂、锭剂(troche)、糖锭(lozenge)、速溶剂(fast-melt)、水性或油性混悬剂、可分散粉剂或颗粒剂、乳剂、硬或软胶囊、糖浆剂或酏剂。用于口服使用的组合物可根据本领域已知的用于制备药物组合物的任何方法制备,并且此类组合物可含有一种或多种选自甜味剂、调味剂、着色剂和防腐剂的试剂,以提供药学上精致且适口的制剂。片剂含有与适于制造片剂的无毒的药学上可接受的赋形剂混合的化合物。这些赋形剂可以是例如惰性稀释剂,例如碳酸钙、碳酸钠、乳糖、磷酸钙或磷酸钠;造粒剂和崩解剂,例如玉米淀粉或海藻酸;粘合剂,例如淀粉、明胶或阿拉伯胶;和润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸或滑石。片剂可为未包衣的,或者其可通过已知技术包衣以延迟在胃中崩解和在胃肠道中更低吸收,从而在较长时间内提供持续作用。例如,可以使用延时材料,例如单硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯。其也可通过美国专利4,256,108、4,166,452和4,265,874中描述的技术进行包衣,以形成用于控制释放的渗透性治疗片剂。化合物的制备和施用描述于美国专利6,214,841和美国公开2003/0232877中,其通过引用整体并入本文。
口服使用的制剂也可呈现为硬明胶胶囊,其中化合物与惰性固体稀释剂(例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土)混合,或呈现为软明胶胶囊,其中化合物与水或油介质(例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油)混合。
另一种口服制剂,其中寻求控制化合物的胃肠道水解,可以使用控释制剂实现,其中将本发明的化合物包封在肠溶包衣中。
水性混悬剂可含有与适用于制备水性混悬剂的赋形剂混合的化合物。此类赋形剂是悬浮剂,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶;分散剂或润湿剂,诸如天然存在的磷脂,例如卵磷脂,或环氧烷与脂肪酸的缩合产物,例如,聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯,或环氧乙烷与长链脂肪醇的缩合产物,例如十七乙烯氧基鲸蜡醇(heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol),或环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的偏酯的缩合产物,诸如聚氧乙烯与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的偏酯的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。水性悬浮液还可以含有一种或多种防腐剂,例如对羟基苯甲酸乙酯或正丙酯,一种或多种着色剂、一种或多种调味剂和一种或多种甜味剂,例如蔗糖或糖精。
可以通过将化合物悬浮在植物油(例如花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或椰子油)或矿物油(例如液体石蜡)中来配制油性混悬剂。油性混悬剂可以含有增稠剂,例如蜂蜡、硬石蜡或鲸蜡醇。可以加入甜味剂(例如上述那些)和调味剂以提供可口的口服制剂。这些组合物可以通过添加抗氧化剂(如抗坏血酸)来保存。
适于通过加入水制备水性混悬剂的可分散粉剂和颗粒剂,提供与分散剂或润湿剂、悬浮剂和一种或多种防腐剂混合的化合物。举例说明了合适的分散剂或湿润剂和悬浮剂,例如还可以存在甜味剂、调味剂和着色剂。
药物组合物也可为水包油乳剂的形式。油相可以是植物油,例如橄榄油或花生油;或矿物油,例如液体石蜡或它们的混合物。合适的乳化剂可以是天然存在的树胶,例如阿拉伯树胶或黄蓍胶;天然存在的磷脂,例如大豆卵磷脂,和衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的酯或偏酯;酸酐,例如脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯;以及该偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。乳液也可以含有甜味剂和调味剂。
糖浆剂和酏剂可以用甜味剂诸如甘油、丙二醇、山梨糖醇或蔗糖配制。此类制剂还可含有缓和剂、防腐剂和调味剂和/或着色剂。该药物组合物可为无菌可注射水性或油性混悬剂的形式。该混悬剂可根据已知技术使用上述合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂配制。无菌可注射制剂还可以是在无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液或混悬剂,例如作为1,3-丁二醇溶液。可以使用的可接受的媒剂和溶剂是水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,无菌固定油通常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此,可以使用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的单甘油酯或甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸(如油酸)可用于制备注射剂。
组合物可包括其他药学上可接受的载体,诸如糖,诸如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;淀粉,诸如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;纤维素及其衍生物,诸如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和乙酸纤维素;粉末黄蓍胶;麦芽;明胶;滑石;赋形剂,诸如可可脂和栓剂蜡;油,诸如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;二醇,诸如丙二醇;多元醇,诸如甘油(丙三醇)、赤藓糖醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、甘露醇、聚乙二醇;酯,诸如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;琼脂;缓冲剂,诸如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;海藻酸;无热原的水;等渗盐水;林格氏溶液;乙醇;pH缓冲溶液;聚酯,聚碳酸酯和/或聚酐;以及药物制剂中使用的其他无毒相容物质。
化合物可以药学上可接受的盐的形式提供,诸如无毒的酸加成盐,其为氨基与无机酸(例如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸和高氯酸)或有机酸(例如乙酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸或丙二酸)形成的盐,或通过使用本领域中使用的其他方法例如离子交换形成的盐。在一些实施例中,药学上可接受的盐包括但不限于己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、葡糖酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙磺酸盐、乳糖酸盐、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、月桂基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、十一酸盐、戊酸盐等。代表性碱金属或碱土金属盐包括钠、锂、钾、钙、镁等。在一些实施例中,药学上可接受的盐为碱金属盐。在一些实施例中,药学上可接受的盐为钠盐。在一些实施例中,药学上可接受的盐为碱土金属盐。在一些实施例中,当合适时,药学上可接受的盐包括使用抗衡离子(诸如卤素离子、氢氧根、羧酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根、具有1至6个碳原子的烷基、磺酸根和芳基磺酸根)形成的无毒铵、季铵和胺阳离子。
化合物可以作为眼内制剂提供。眼内制剂包括适于将药剂递送至眼的任何制剂。例如但不限于,眼内制剂包括含水性凝胶、隐形眼镜、树状聚合物、乳剂、乳剂、滴眼剂、植入物、原位热敏凝胶、脂质体、微针、纳米胶束、纳米颗粒、纳米混悬剂、软膏剂和混悬剂。眼部制剂是本领域已知的,并且描述于例如Patel,A.等人,“眼部药物递送系统:综述(Oculardrug delivery systems:An overview)”,世界药理学杂志(World J Pharmacol)2013;2(2):47-64.doi:10.5497/wjp.v2.i2.47;美国专利第9,636,347号;美国公开第2017/0044274和2009/0148527号;以及国际公开第WO 2015/105458号,其各自的内容通过引用并入本文。
本发明的方法包括向患有LHON或有发展出LHON的风险的受试者提供如上所述的本发明的组合物。提供可包括将该组合物施用于受试者。该组合物可通过任何合适的方式施用,诸如眼内、口服、静脉内、肠内、肠胃外、经皮、含服、局部(包括透皮),通过注射、静脉内、经鼻、肺部以及与可植入的医疗装置(例如,支架或药物洗脱支架或气囊等效物)一起或在其上施用。
该组合物可在任何合适的给药方案下提供。例如,该组合物可以单剂量或多剂量提供。可以间隔(诸如4小时、6小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、2天、3天、4天、5天、1周、2周、3周、4周或更长时间)分开提供多个剂量。可在一段时间内提供多个剂量。例如,可在1天、2天、3天、4天、5天、1周、2周、3周、4周或更长时间内提供多个剂量。
该方法可包括与第二疗法组合提供缀合的TCA循环中间体(诸如任何上述的那些)。例如但不限于,第二疗法可包括提供溴莫尼定、姜黄素、谷胱甘肽、elamipretide、艾地苯醌和米诺环素中的一种或多种;近红外光处理;基因疗法,例如使用病毒载体;或避免视神经毒素,诸如酒精、烟草或维生素B12。
受试者可为患有LHON或有发展出LHON的风险的人类受试者。受试者可具有与LHON相关联的线粒体突变。例如,受试者可在MT-ND1、MT-ND4、MT-ND4L和MT-ND6中具有突变。受试者可能已经开始经历视力丧失。例如,受试者可具有20/40、20/80、20/100、20/150、20/20或更差的视力。受试者可能在开始治疗之前的一段时间内已经开始经历视力丧失。例如但不限于,该方法可包括在视力丧失开始的1周、2周、3周、4周、6周、8周、10周或12周内提供上述化合物。受试者可能已经开始在一只眼睛或两只眼睛中经历视力丧失。
引用合并
在整个本公开中,已经参考并引用了其他文件,诸如专利、专利申请、专利出版物、期刊、书籍、论文、网络内容。出于所有目的,所有这些文件通过引用整体并入本文。
等同物
除了本文示出和描述的那些之外,本发明的各种修改及其多个进一步的实施例对于本领域技术人员来说也将从本文件的全部内容变得显而易见,包括参考本文引用的科学和专利文献。本文的主题含有重要的信息、范例和指南,这些信息、范例和指南可以适用于本发明在其各种实施例及其等同物中的实践。
Claims (20)
1.一种治疗或预防受试者中的Leber遗传性视神经病变的方法,所述方法包含向患有Leber遗传性视神经病变或有发展出Leber遗传性视神经病变的风险的受试者提供一种组合物,所述组合物包含一种化合物,其中所述化合物包含:
一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药;和
一个或多个封端部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述一个或多个封端部分选自由氨基酸和多元醇组成的组。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸是天然存在的。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸为丝氨酸或酪氨酸。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸不是天然存在的。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述多元醇为甘油。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药选自由以下组成的组:柠檬酸酯、顺乌头酸酯、D-异柠檬酸酯、α-酮戊二酸酯、琥珀酸酯、富马酸酯、苹果酸酯、草酰乙酸酯、丙酮酸酯、丙酮、乙酰乙酸酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、β-酮戊酸酯和β-羟基戊酸酯。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药包含琥珀酸酯。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药包含柠檬酸酯。
12.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药包含α-酮戊二酸酯。
14.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中一种或多种TCA循环中间体或其前药包含β-羟基丁酸酯。
16.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中一种或多种TCA循环中间体包含酸酐或聚合物。
17.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述化合物包含两种或更多种TCA循环中间体或其前药。
18.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述化合物包含两个或更多个封端部分。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述化合物通过眼内提供。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述化合物通过口服或静脉内提供。
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