CN112865606B - 一种碱金属反应堆电源 - Google Patents
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种碱金属反应堆电源,反应堆容器底部设置有液态碱金属,反应堆堆芯有一定数量的燃料棒,在堆芯中心安装有控制棒,堆芯外围有径向反射层,径向反射层内有一定数量的控制鼓,所述液态碱金属在燃料棒表面吸液芯表面吸收反应堆产生的热量后汽化,进入燃料棒之间的空隙,并向上流动到高压蒸汽腔,随后进入碱金属热电转换器;所述碱金属热电转换器位于堆芯径向反射层外侧,所述碱金属热电转换器沿所述堆芯径向反射层周向布置,高压的碱金属蒸汽直接通过所述碱金属热电转换器进行发电。本发明利用碱金属相变传热,采用吸液芯提供液态碱金属循环动力,结构简单,布置灵活、发电效率高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于核反应堆发电技术领域,特别涉及微型反应堆及碱金属热电转换技术领域。
背景技术
微型反应堆是一种独特的小型反应堆系统,通常其热功率小于20MW,电功率小于10MW。其主要用于满足宇宙空间、海洋、军事基地等特殊应用场景的电力或动力需求。与传统反应堆相比,微型反应堆在功率、尺寸、重量等方面都显著减小,其主要特点包括可进行工厂预制、装置可运输、运行自调节等,微型反应堆在系统设计上大为简化,可实现不同应用环境下快速安装部署,从而可广泛应用于各类偏远地区的能源保障。目前,微型反应堆具体应用包括空间反应堆电源、深海核动力电源、车载式反应堆电源等。
热管是一种高效的传热元件,具备可靠性高、传热温差小、无需外力驱动等特点,因此在航天航空、核工程等领域得到广泛研究和应用。其传热的基本原理是通过管内工质(如碱金属)在热端(蒸发段)和冷端(冷凝段)的相变传热,以及汽、液两相工质分别在汽腔和吸液芯内的流动实现的。热管内的吸液芯通过毛细力作用,为热管内的碱金属提供循环驱动力。热管反应堆是将热管技术与微型反应堆相结合的能量传输系统,其一般采用整体式固态堆芯,核燃料元件与热管同时安装在固体基体上。通过将热管插入反应堆堆芯,可实现从堆芯到热阱的“静态”能量传输,取消了传统反应堆系统中(如泵相关)活动部件,从而大大提高其可靠性。
碱金属热电转换(AMTEC)是一种高效的静态热电转换技术,其利用气态或液态碱金属(锂、钠、钾等)作为工质,以β”-Al2O3固体电解质(BASE)为选择性离子渗透膜,利用碱金属离子在BASE中的迁移过程实现热能到电能的转换,理论上热电转换效率可达30%以上。AMTEC是一个充有碱金属的密闭回路系统,BASE将其分隔为压力不同的两个部分,高压侧的碱金属通过热源吸收热量,低压侧的碱金属蒸汽则通过冷凝器冷凝为液态,然后通过电磁泵或吸液芯回到高压侧。由于兼具了静态和高热电转换效率特点,使碱金属热电转换技术可应用于核能领域,并在外层空间、偏远地区等具有应用潜力。
发明内容
本发明提出一种碱金属反应堆电源系统,能够将反应堆产生的热量通过碱金属热电转换系统直接转换为电力,为偏远地区军事基地、深海潜航装置、空间飞行器等提供电力保障。
具体技术方案为:反应堆容器底部设置有液态碱金属,反应堆堆芯有一定数量的燃料棒,在堆芯中心安装有控制棒,堆芯外围有径向反射层,径向反射层内有一定数量的控制鼓,所述液态碱金属在燃料棒表面吸液芯表面吸收反应堆产生的热量后汽化,进入燃料棒之间的空隙,并向上流动到高压蒸汽腔,随后进入碱金属热电转换器;所述碱金属热电转换器位于堆芯径向反射层外侧,所述碱金属热电转换器沿所述堆芯径向反射层周向布置,高压的碱金属蒸汽直接通过所述碱金属热电转换器进行发电;随后进入低压蒸汽腔,所述低压蒸汽腔内安装有冷凝器,并将高压碱金属蒸汽冷凝为液态,所述液态碱金属汇集到反应堆容器底部,所述液态碱金属通过堆芯底部吸液芯泵送至所述燃料棒表面,形成碱金属循环,堆芯底部吸液芯4覆盖堆芯底部燃料棒3之间的所有孔隙。
优选的,所述反应堆容器内为抽真空状态。
优选的,所述碱金属热电转换器包括阳极和阴极,在所述阳极和所述阴极之间设置有BASE管;高压碱金属蒸汽依次穿过所述阳极、所述BASE管和所述阴极,在所述阴极和所述阳极之间产生电势差。
优选的,所述液态碱金属液面高度能够使所述液态碱金属触及堆芯底部吸液芯。
优选的,所述燃料棒包壳外表面留有包壳表面沟槽,燃料棒包壳外表面有所述包壳表面沟槽,所述包壳表面沟槽外层覆盖有所述燃料棒表面吸液芯,所述燃料棒表面吸液芯与所述堆芯底部吸液芯相连。
优选的,所述径向反射层内有一定数量的控制鼓,所述控制棒和所述控制鼓用于反应堆控制。
本发明利用碱金属相变传热,采用吸液芯提供液态碱金属循环动力,不需要泵、阀等运动部件,具有高度可靠性;系统简化、结构简单,反应堆与热电转换为一个整体,采用同一种工质、同一个循环系统,直接产生电力;装置具有体积小、重量轻、布置灵活、发电效率高等特点,可以进行整体运输、安装和部署。
附图说明
图1碱金属反应堆电源装置结构主视图;
图2反应堆堆芯俯视图;
图3燃料棒径向结构图;
图4碱金属热电转换器主视图;
图5碱金属热电转换器俯视图;
图中:1-反应堆容器,2-液态碱金属,3-燃料棒,4-堆芯底部吸液芯,5-燃料棒表面吸液芯,6-高压蒸汽腔,7-碱金属热电转换器,8-低压蒸汽腔,9-冷凝器,10-控制棒,11-径向反射层,12-控制鼓,13-包壳表面沟槽,14-燃料包壳,15-燃料芯块,16-BASE管,17-阴极,18-阳极。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
实施案例1
如图1所示,本实施案例装置主要结构包括反应堆容器1、液态碱金属2、核燃料棒3、堆芯底部吸液芯4,、燃料棒表面吸液芯5、高压蒸汽腔6、碱金属热电转换器7、低压蒸汽腔8、冷凝器9、控制棒10、径向反射层11、控制鼓12等组成。
反应堆容器1为密闭承压结构,反应堆启动前容器内抽成真空,正常运行时反应堆容器内为负压(低于大气压)。
结合附图2所示,反应堆堆芯有一定数量的燃料棒3,在堆芯中心安装有控制棒10,堆芯外围有径向反射层11,径向反射层11内有一定数量的控制鼓12,控制棒10和控制鼓12用于反应堆控制。
结合附图3所示,燃料棒包壳14外表面有包壳表面沟槽13,便于液态碱金属2在其中流动,包壳表面沟槽13外侧为燃料棒表面吸液芯5,燃料棒3产生的热量使得液态碱金属2不断汽化,同时燃料棒表面吸液芯5将从堆芯底部不断汲取液态碱金属2进行补充。
结合附图1所示,液态碱金属2在燃料棒表面吸液芯5表面汽化后,进入燃料棒3之间的空隙,并向上流动到高压蒸汽腔6,随后进入碱金属热电转换器7。
结合附图1、附图4和附图5,碱金属热电转换器7位于堆芯径向反射层11外侧,并沿周向布置,碱金属热电转换器包含多个独立的热电转换元件,其主要部件包括阳极18、阴极17和BASE管16。
高压蒸汽在碱金属热电转换器7两侧压差驱动下,从高压蒸汽腔6开始依次穿过阳极18、BASE管16和阴极17,到达低压蒸汽腔8,同时将在阴极和阳极之间产生电势差。
低压腔8内安装有冷凝器9,并将碱金属蒸汽冷凝为液态,液态碱金属汇集到反应堆容器底部,其液面高度能够使液态碱金属触及堆芯底部吸液芯4。
堆芯底部吸液芯4覆盖堆芯底部燃料棒3之间的所有孔隙,并且与燃料棒表面吸液芯5相连,随着液态碱金属2在燃料棒3表面不断蒸发,燃料棒表面吸液芯5将液态碱金属2从反应堆容器底部不断泵送到燃料棒3表面,实现碱金属在反应堆容器内的循环流动。
显然,本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样,倘若对本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其同等技术的范围之内,则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。上述实施例或实施方式只是对本发明的举例说明,本发明也可以以其它的特定方式或其它的特定形式实施,而不偏离本发明的要旨或本质特征。因此,描述的实施方式从任何方面来看均应视为说明性而非限定性的。本发明的范围应由附加的权利要求说明,任何与权利要求的意图和范围等效的变化也应包含在本发明的范围内。
Claims (6)
1.一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,反应堆容器(1)底部设置有液态碱金属(2),反应堆堆芯有一定数量的燃料棒(3),在堆芯中心安装有控制棒(10),堆芯外围有径向反射层(11),径向反射层(11)内有一定数量的控制鼓(12),所述液态碱金属(2)在燃料棒表面吸液芯(5)表面吸收反应堆产生的热量后汽化,进入燃料棒(3)之间的空隙,并向上流动到高压蒸汽腔(6),随后进入碱金属热电转换器(7);所述碱金属热电转换器(7)位于堆芯径向反射层(11)外侧,所述碱金属热电转换器(7)沿所述堆芯径向反射层(11)周向布置,高压的碱金属蒸汽直接通过所述碱金属热电转换器(7)进行发电;随后进入低压蒸汽腔(8),所述低压蒸汽腔(8)内安装有冷凝器(9),并将高压碱金属蒸汽冷凝为液态,所述液态碱金属(2)汇集到反应堆容器底部,所述液态碱金属(2)通过堆芯底部吸液芯(4)泵送至所述燃料棒(3)表面,形成碱金属循环,堆芯底部吸液芯( 4) 覆盖堆芯底部燃料棒( 3) 之间的所有孔隙。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,所述反应堆容器(1)内为抽真空状态。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,所述碱金属热电转换器(7)包括阳极(18)和阴极(17),在所述阳极(18)和所述阴极(17)之间设置有BASE管(16);高压碱金属蒸汽依次穿过所述阳极(18)、所述BASE管(16)和所述阴极(17),在所述阴极(17)和所述阳极(18)之间产生电势差。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,所述液态碱金属(2)液面高度能够使所述液态碱金属(2)触及堆芯底部吸液芯(4)。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,所述燃料棒(3)包壳外表面留有包壳表面沟槽(13),所述包壳表面沟槽(13)外层覆盖有所述燃料棒表面吸液芯(5),所述燃料棒表面吸液芯(5)与所述堆芯底部吸液芯(4)相连。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种碱金属反应堆电源,其特征在于,所述径向反射层(11)内有一定数量的控制鼓(12),所述控制棒(10)和所述控制鼓(12)用于反应堆控制。
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