CN112778493A - 一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112778493A CN112778493A CN202011644894.XA CN202011644894A CN112778493A CN 112778493 A CN112778493 A CN 112778493A CN 202011644894 A CN202011644894 A CN 202011644894A CN 112778493 A CN112778493 A CN 112778493A
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- Prior art keywords
- polypropylene carbonate
- chain extender
- polyurethane waterproof
- carbonate polyol
- water
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- -1 Polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液及其制备方法与应用，其中，该聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液包括如下组分：异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、耐水改性剂和水，所述异氰酸酯和所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的理论官能度不小于2。本发明的水性聚氨酯防水乳液在合成过程中加入了聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇和耐水改性剂，干燥后可获得耐水性和力学性能较好的胶膜，与填料、助剂等混合后可得具有优异的力学性能和防水性能的防水涂料。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于防水涂料技术领域，具体涉及一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液及其制备方法、以及该聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液在防水涂料中的应用。
背景技术
防水涂料是指所形成的涂膜能够防止水渗漏的一种涂料。按状态和形式进行区分，防水涂料可分为：乳液型、溶剂型和改性沥青型。其中，溶剂型和改性沥青型的防水涂料会不断地散发出挥发性有机物(VOC)，从而危险人体健康，造成环境污染；而乳液型涂料不含VOC或VOC含量极低。因此，随着环保理念的普及和环保法规的推广，乳液型防水涂料获得越来越多的关注。
乳液型防水涂料一般由水溶性聚合物合成的乳液和掺有各种添加剂的填料组成，由此可将聚合物(树脂)的柔性与填料的刚性结为一体，使涂料在抗渗性和稳定性方面表现优异。
水性聚氨酯是一种新型的水溶性聚合物，其一般由低聚物多元醇、异氰酸酯和亲水扩链剂等聚合反应而成。将水性聚氨酯分散在水中形成纳米级或微米级的水分散体，即可得到水性聚氨酯乳液。而工艺和原料的不同，会造成水性聚氨酯乳液具有不同的性能。同时，由于水性聚氨酯的结构中含有亲水基团，导致其耐水性较差，因而限制了其在防水涂料领域中的应用。
现有的低聚物多元醇主要分为：聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇和聚碳酸酯多元醇。其中，聚醚多元醇的耐水解性能较好，但内聚能较低，导致合成的水性聚氨酯固化后胶膜的强度和硬度等力学性能较差。而聚酯型多元醇的酯键耐水解性较差，以其为原料生产的防水涂料的耐水性也较差。聚碳酸酯多元醇的耐水解性能较好，但传统聚碳酸酯多元醇在生产中需要使用碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二苯酯、光气等有毒有害原料，并会产生甲醇、苯酚、氯化氢等有毒有害副产物，不利于环保，同时也因其原料、工艺及环保处理成本极高、设备腐蚀严重等，造成生产成本居高不下，应用领域极其受限。
聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇属于脂肪类聚碳酸酯多元醇，具有比聚醚多元醇更高的内聚能，还具有优良的耐水性。然而，目前尚未有以聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇作为原料合成水性聚氨酯的产品出现，仅存在以聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇合成油性聚氨酯的少量报道，如：CN106674467A中公开的一种环保型聚氨酯预聚体及其制备方法，该技术采用了聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇作为多元醇合成油性的聚氨酯预聚体，并加入了有机硅烷对聚氨酯预聚体进行封端改性。然而，由于油性聚氨酯为均相体系，不含有亲水扩链剂及水化层。而水性聚氨酯是一种水包油的水性乳液，属于非均相体系，与油性均相体系和油/水非均相体系中有机物的迁移及分散行为不同，反应条件不同，若直接将上述现有技术中的改性手段用于本发明中，由于降低了聚氨酯的分子量，将导致无法得到高性能的乳液胶膜及涂料。因此需对有机硅耐水改性剂在水性聚氨酯中的应用进行详细研究，包括其添加量、添加方式、反应温度、反应时间等，才能开发出高力学性能、高耐水性的水性聚氨酯防水乳液及涂料。
发明内容
为解决上述现有技术中存在的不足之处，本发明的目的在于提供一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液及其制备方法与应用。
为达到其目的，本发明所采用的技术方案为：
一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其包括如下组分：异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、耐水改性剂和水，所述异氰酸酯和所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的官能度不小于2。
优选地，所述异氰酸酯的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的15％～50％。
优选地，所述异氰酸酯含有两个或以上的异氰酸酯基(-NCO)，如：TDI(甲苯二异氰酸酯)、MDI(二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯)、IPDI(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)、HDI(六亚甲基二异氰酸酯)、或者HMDI(二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯)等。
优选地，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的30％～80％。
优选地，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的分子结构中含有碳酸酯键(-O-CO-O-)，选自分子量在1000～3000之间的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇。如：PPC1000(聚碳酸亚丙酯二醇，分子量1000)、PPC2000(聚碳酸亚丙酯二醇，分子量2000)、PPC3000(聚碳酸亚丙酯二醇，分子量3000)等中的至少一种。
所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇具有比聚醚多元醇更高的内聚能，可使合成的水性聚氨酯固化后的胶膜具有较优的力学性能。同时，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇具有优良的耐水性，可提高水性聚氨酯的耐水性。
此外，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇是以二氧化碳和环氧丙烷为原料，经加聚反应合成的，其合成过程不需使用碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二苯酯和光气等有毒有害物质，也不会产生甲醇、苯酚、氯化氢等有毒有害副产物。而且，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的合成过程直接消耗了温室气体二氧化碳，是一种环保材料及绿色化学工艺，同时由于减少了原料成本、工艺成本、环保成本、设备腐蚀也小，因而可使水性聚氨酯防水乳液的成本大幅降低，进而降低防水涂料的成本。
所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的合成反应式如下：
n CO2+n C3H6O+HO-R4-OH＝HO-R4-O-(CO-O-CH2CH(CH3)-O-)nH
优选地，所述亲水扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的2％～10％。
优选地，所述亲水扩链剂的分子结构中含有亲水基团或离子，能与聚合物分子链共价结合，且其与聚合物结合时的官能度不小于2。所述亲水基团或离子包括但不限于羧基及羧酸盐、磺酸基及磺酸盐、磷酸基及磷酸盐、胺及铵盐、聚乙二醇链段等。所述亲水扩链剂可采用DMPA(二羟甲基丙酸)、DMBA(二羟甲基丁酸)、DHPA(1,2-二羟基丙磺酸钠)、1,4-丁二醇-2-磺酸钠、1,2-二羟基丙膦酸钠、乙二胺基乙磺酸钠、N-甲基二乙醇胺、1-(二亚乙基三胺基)-3-氯-2-丙醇、十二烷基甲基二羟乙基溴化铵、N-甲基-N,N-二(2-羟乙基)甜菜碱、N-甲基-N,N-二(2-羟乙基)-N-(3-磺酸基)丙基铵盐、或者聚乙二醇及其接枝物质等。
优选地，所述亲水扩链剂为酸或碱时，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液还包括成盐剂，所述成盐剂为能与所述亲水扩链剂发生中和反应的酸或碱。即，当所述亲水扩链剂为酸时，所述成盐剂为碱，如：三乙胺、三乙醇胺等。当所述亲水扩链剂为碱时，所述成盐剂为酸或卤化物，如：甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、氯丁烷等。当所述亲水扩链剂为中性物质，如：聚乙二醇及其接枝物质时，则本发明配方中无需加入成盐剂。
优选地，所述耐水改性剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0.1％～2％。
优选地，所述耐水改性剂为硅烷偶联剂，选自硅烷偶联剂KH550、硅烷偶联剂KH560、硅烷偶联剂KH570中的至少一种。本发明中，添加极少量的所述耐水改性剂即可大幅提高水性聚氨酯的耐水性能。本发明由于采用了本身耐水性极好的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇做为多元醇原料，又加入了耐水改性剂进行改性，由此可获得一种耐水性优异的水性防水乳液，其吸水率可与油性聚氨酯媲美，极大地改善了本产品的耐水性能。
所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液的合成反应式如下：
m HO-R1-OH+(m+n)OCN-R2-NCO+n HO-R3(-R4)-OH
＝OCN-(R2-NHCOOR1-OCONH-)mR2-(NHCOOR3(-R4)-OCONHR2-)nNCO
其中，HO-R1-OH为聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇，其中R1-中含有碳酸酯键；OCN-R2-NCO为异氰酸酯；n HO-R3(-R4)-OH为亲水扩链剂，其中R4为亲水基团。
优选地，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液还包括如下组分：前扩链剂、催化剂、溶剂和后扩链剂。
优选地，所述前扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～4％。
所述前扩链剂是指官能度不小于2的含有活泼氢的分子量低于500的化合物，如醇类、胺类等，由于其分子量较小，因此加入少量的前扩链剂就需加入较大量的异氰酸酯与其反应，由此可提高聚氨酯分子中异氰酸酯(硬段)的比例，从而提高聚氨酯的强度、硬度和模量等力学性能。所述前扩链剂包括但不限于：EDO(乙二醇)、BDO(丁二醇)、二乙二醇、丙三醇、TMP(三羟甲基丙烷)、蓖麻油、季戊四醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖或上述物质的接枝产物。
优选地，所述催化剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～0.4％。
优选地，所述催化剂为有机金属化合物，包括锡类、铋类、铅类、锌类、汞类等，或者上述催化剂的组合，例如：辛酸亚锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、异辛酸铋、月桂酸铋、新癸酸铋、环烷酸铋、异辛酸铅、异辛酸锌、或者异辛酸汞等。
所述溶剂是指能溶解各种反应物，或能促进反应物之间互相溶解，或可降低反应体系粘度的惰性小分子有机物。优选地，所述溶剂的用量为所述水性聚氨酯防水乳液中干物质质量的0～400％。由于溶剂最后会通过蒸发去除，所以溶剂的加入量不计入所述水性聚氨酯防水乳液的干物质质量中。所述溶剂的作用是调节乳液的粘度，其添加量的变化范围较大，主要是由于不同的异氰酸酯基与羟基的摩尔比、不同的前扩链剂的官能度及其加入量会影响预聚体的分子量和交联度，进而影响其粘度。当其粘度较大时，需加入大量的溶剂降低预聚体的粘度，以便正常乳化；而其粘度较小时，可少加甚至不加溶剂，以节约成本。因此，配方决定产物的分子量和交联度，而产物的分子量和交联度决定粘度，而粘度又决定了溶剂的添加量，粘度的较大变化导致溶剂加入量变化范围也较大。优选地，所述溶剂为DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)、NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)、丙酮、丁酮、或MMA(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)等。
优选地，所述后扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～4％。
所述后扩链剂是指分子中含有至少两个活泼氢的分子量小于1000的化合物，所述后扩链剂的作用为降低异氰酸酯与羟基比值的作用，从而增加水性聚氨酯的分子量，提高水性聚氨酯固化后的硬度、强度、弹性等力学性能。优选地，所述后扩链剂为小分子的醇类、胺类或醇胺类，如：丙二醇、丁二醇、戊二醇、丙三醇、乙二胺、对苯二胺、二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、二乙醇胺、或三乙醇胺等。
本发明还提供了一种所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液的制备方法，其包括如下步骤：将异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、前扩链剂、催化剂和溶剂放入反应釜中，50～110℃加热搅拌反应1～6h，获得预聚物；将预聚物均匀分散于水中，然后加入后扩链剂和耐水改性剂，分散均匀，最后脱除溶剂，制得所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。当亲水扩链剂为酸或碱时，在制得预聚物后还需加入能与所述亲水扩链剂发生中和反应的成盐剂；所述亲水扩链剂为中性物质时，无需加入成盐剂。
优选地，所述预聚过程分为两个阶段：第一阶段为将前扩链剂以外的原料(即异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、催化剂和溶剂)进行预聚，第二阶段为向第一阶段得到的产物中加入前扩链剂进行反应扩链，得到预聚物。
预聚物与水在高速搅拌下进行混合分散后，再加入后扩链剂及耐水改性剂，在常温～50℃下搅拌反应0.2～1h，以进行反应扩链(即扩增聚合物链)。最后，乳液可通过加热和/或抽真空的方式脱除溶剂。
发明人经大量试验研究后发现，如果在预聚阶段将预聚物的分子量设计得过大，会造成预聚物的粘度过大，在水中会形成胶团，无法分散成乳液。而采用本发明上述的制备方法，可确保所获得的预聚物的粘度不会太大并能在水中分散成乳液。同时，本发明将预聚物在水中分散成乳液后，加入后扩链剂对其进一步进行反应扩链，增大分子量，提高力学性能。
所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液具有优异的防水性能和力学性能，可应用于防水涂料中。
本发明还提供了一种防水涂料，其含有所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。优选地，所述防水涂料还含有填料和助剂。
优选地，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液与所述填料的干物质质量比为(0.2～5):1。
优选地，所述填料包括碳酸钙、氢氧化镁、硫酸钡、钛白粉、高岭土等。
优选地，所述助剂在所述防水涂料中的质量百分比为≤5％。
优选地，所述助剂包括防霉剂、流平剂、阻燃剂和消泡剂等。
本发明还提供了一种防水涂料的制备方法，其包括如下步骤：将所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液、填料和助剂共混，搅拌均匀，即得所述防水涂料。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果为：本发明的水性聚氨酯防水乳液在合成过程中加入了聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇和耐水改性剂，主体成分聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的主链中含有侧甲基，可以对碳酸酯键产生位阻保护，而且碳酸酯键水解后只产生二氧化碳而不产生酸，不会引起材料的自催化加速水解，因而可以提供主体结构耐水性。有机硅耐水改性剂会与异氰酸酯发生反应，直接连在极性的氨基甲酸酯或脲基结构上，对该极性结构起到保护掩闭作用；而且有机硅非极性表面易迁移到胶膜－空气界面上，在微米极结构上进一步封闭了水进入胶膜的通道。因此耐水改性剂与聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇产生了协同作用：聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇提供主体结构耐水性，有机硅可以掩闭极性结构并封闭水渗透通道，二者共同使用，极大地降低了所合成的水性聚氨酯吸水率，使得合成的水性防水涂料吸水率甚至能达到油性防水涂料的水平(国家标准要求小于5％)。另外，由于聚碳型多元醇较高的内聚力，其力学性能也较高，因此可获得力学性能和耐水性俱佳的水性防水乳液，与填料、助剂等混合后可得同时具有优异的力学性能和防水性能的防水涂料。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的技术方案作进一步描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。实施例中使用的原料均可通过商业途径获得，所使用的方法如无特别指明，均为本领域的常规方法。
实施例1
将下列质量份的原料加入到反应釜中：
搅拌下70℃反应2h，加入7份三乙醇胺(成盐剂)中和，然后在1000RPM以上的高速搅拌下倒入200份水中乳化，加入1份乙二胺(后扩链剂)，以及0.5份KH550(耐水改性剂)，常温搅拌反应0.5h，抽真空加热脱去溶剂，制得聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。
取上述防水乳液100份、30份碳酸钙、20份氢氧化镁、1份乙二醇二甲醚和0.1份甲基异噻唑啉酮，混合搅拌均匀，制得防水涂料。将此涂料涂在基材上，晾干后，得到防水层材料。
根据《GB/T 528-2009硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶拉伸应力应变性能的测定》、《GB/T531.1-2008硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶压入硬度试验方法第1部分：邵氏硬度计法(邵尔硬度)》、《HG/T 3344-2012漆膜吸水率测定法》，对防水层进行性能测试(下文测试均按照上述标准进行)，结果如下表所示：
| 测试项目 | 实施例1的防水层 |
| 强度/MPa | 6.1 |
| 邵氏硬度 | 86A |
| 吸水率 | 4.1％ |
从上述测试结果可看出，该防水层的强度和硬度较高，吸水率较低，同时具有较好的力学性能和耐水性，是一种高性能防水材料。而且该防水材料的生产过程中无需使用有毒有害物质，也不会产生有毒有害副产物，环保性好。
实施例2
将下列质量份的原料加入到反应釜中：
搅拌下70℃反应2h，加入7份三乙醇胺(成盐剂)中和，然后在1000RPM以上的高速搅拌下倒入200份水中乳化，加入1份乙二胺(后扩链剂)，1份KH560(耐水改性剂)，常温搅拌反应0.5h，抽真空加热脱去溶剂，制得聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。
取上述防水乳液100份、30份碳酸钙、20份氢氧化镁、1份乙二醇二甲醚和0.1份甲基异噻唑啉酮，混合搅拌均匀，制得防水涂料。将此涂料涂在基材上，晾干后，得到防水层材料。
对防水层进行性能测试，结果如下表所示：
| 测试项目 | 实施例2的防水层 |
| 强度/MPa | 5.5 |
| 邵氏硬度 | 87A |
| 吸水率 | 3.8％ |
从上述测试结果可看出，该防水层材料的强度略低于实施例1的防水层，但硬度略高，且吸水率更低，同时具有较好的力学性能和耐水性，是一种高性能防水材料。另外，本实施例的防水涂料避免了使用高成本的IPDI，而使用了廉价的TDI，综合成本大幅低于实施例1。
实施例3
将下列重量份的原料加入到反应釜中：
搅拌下70℃反应2h，然后加入BDO(前扩链剂)2份，继续反应2小时后，加入6份三乙醇胺(成盐剂)中和，然后在1000RPM以上的高速搅拌下倒入200份水中乳化，加入1份乙二胺(后扩链剂)，0.5份KH570(耐水改性剂)，常温搅拌反应0.5h，抽真空加热脱去溶剂，制得聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。
取上述防水乳液100份、30份碳酸钙、20份氢氧化镁、1份乙二醇二甲醚和0.1份甲基异噻唑啉酮，混合搅拌均匀，制得防水涂料。将此涂料涂在基材上，晾干后，得到防水层材料。
对防水层进行性能测试，结果如下表所示：
| 测试项目 | 实施例3的防水层 |
| 强度/MPa | 6.4 |
| 邵氏硬度 | 88A |
| 吸水率 | 3.5％ |
从上述测试结果可看出，该防水层材料的强度和硬度更高，吸水率更低，具有更好的力学性能和耐水性，是一种高性能防水材料，但本产品的成本较高。
对比例1
将下列重量份的原料加入到反应釜中：
搅拌下70℃反应2h，然后加入7份三乙醇胺(成盐剂)中和，然后在1000RPM以上的高速搅拌下倒入200份水中乳化，加入1份乙二胺(后扩链剂)，常温搅拌反应0.5h，抽真空加热脱去溶剂，制得聚丙二醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液。
取上述防水乳液100份、30份碳酸钙、20份氢氧化镁、1份乙二醇二甲醚和0.1份甲基异噻唑啉酮，混合搅拌均匀，制得防水涂料。将此涂料涂在基材上，晾干后，得到防水层材料。
对防水层进行性能测试，结果如下表所示：
| 测试项目 | 对比例1的防水层 |
| 强度/MPa | 2.8 |
| 邵氏硬度 | 84A |
| 吸水率 | 9.2％ |
从上述测试结果可看出，由于对比例1的防水涂料中未添加本发明的耐水改性剂，并采用了聚醚多元醇作为合成原料，导致其防水层的吸水率明显高于实施例1～3，力学性能明显低于实施例1～3。
对比例2
将下列重量份的原料加入到反应釜中：
搅拌下70℃反应2h，然后加入7份三乙醇胺(成盐剂)中和，然后在1000RPM以上的高速搅拌下倒入200份水中乳化，加入1份乙二胺(后扩链剂)，常温搅拌反应0.5h，抽真空加热脱去溶剂，制得水性聚氨酯防水乳液。
取上述防水乳液100份、30份碳酸钙、20份氢氧化镁、1份乙二醇二甲醚和0.1份甲基异噻唑啉酮，混合搅拌均匀，制得防水涂料。将此涂料涂在基材上，晾干后，得到防水层材料。
对防水层进行性能测试，结果如下表所示：
从上述测试结果可看出，该防水层材料的强度和硬度较高，吸水率较低，同时具有较好的力学性能和耐水性，是一种高性能防水材料。但由于传统聚碳酸酯多元醇合成过程使用了碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二苯酯、光气等有毒和剧毒原料，并会产生大量的甲醇、苯酚、氯化氢等副产物，危害环境，腐蚀设备，因此其环保性较差，而且其高价特种原料及副产物所带来的高处理成本远高于本发明乳液的生产成本。
最后所应当说明的是，以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制，尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细说明，本领域技术人员应当理解，可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换，而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，包括如下组分：异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、耐水改性剂和水，所述异氰酸酯和所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的官能度不小于2。
2.如权利要求1所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，所述异氰酸酯含有两个或以上的异氰酸酯基；所述异氰酸酯的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的15％～50％。
3.如权利要求1所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的分子结构中含有碳酸酯键，选自分子量在1000～3000之间的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇；所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的30％～80％。
4.如权利要求1所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，所述亲水扩链剂的分子结构中含有亲水基团或离子，能与聚合物分子链共价结合，且其与聚合物结合时的官能度不小于2；所述亲水扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的2％～10％；
优选地，所述亲水扩链剂为酸或碱时，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液还包括能与所述亲水扩链剂发生中和反应的成盐剂。
5.如权利要求1所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，所述耐水改性剂为硅烷偶联剂，选自硅烷偶联剂KH550、硅烷偶联剂KH560、硅烷偶联剂KH570中的至少一种；所述耐水改性剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0.1％～2％。
6.如权利要求1所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液，其特征在于，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液还包括如下组分：前扩链剂、催化剂、溶剂和后扩链剂；
优选地，所述前扩链剂为官能度不小于2的含有活泼氢的分子量低于500的化合物；所述前扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～4％。
优选地，所述催化剂为有机金属化合物；所述催化剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～0.4％；
优选地，所述溶剂的用量为所述水性聚氨酯防水乳液中干物质质量的0～400％；
优选地，所述后扩链剂的分子中含有至少两个活泼氢的分子量小于1000的化合物；所述后扩链剂的用量占水性聚氨酯防水乳液干重的0～4％。
7.如权利要求1～6任一项所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：将异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、前扩链剂、催化剂和溶剂放入反应釜中50～110℃加热搅拌反应1～6h，获得预聚物；将预聚物均匀分散于水中，然后加入后扩链剂和耐水改性剂，分散均匀，最后脱除溶剂，制得所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液；
优选地，所述预聚过程中，先将异氰酸酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇、亲水扩链剂、催化剂和溶剂进行预聚，然后再加入前扩链剂进行反应扩链，得到预聚物；
优选地，当所述亲水扩链剂为酸或碱时，在预聚结束后需加入成盐剂进行中和。
8.如权利要求1～6任一项所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液在防水涂料中的应用。
9.一种防水涂料，其特征在于，含有如权利要求1～6任一项所述的聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液；
优选地，所述防水涂料还含有填料和助剂；优选地，所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液与所述填料的干物质质量比为(0.2～5):1；优选地，所述助剂在所述防水涂料中的质量百分比为≤5％。
10.如权利要求9所述的防水涂料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：将所述聚碳酸亚丙酯多元醇型水性聚氨酯防水乳液、填料和助剂共混，搅拌均匀，即得所述防水涂料。
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