CN112751183A - Wave beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding - Google Patents
Wave beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding Download PDFInfo
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- CN112751183A CN112751183A CN202011588361.4A CN202011588361A CN112751183A CN 112751183 A CN112751183 A CN 112751183A CN 202011588361 A CN202011588361 A CN 202011588361A CN 112751183 A CN112751183 A CN 112751183A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/29—Combinations of different interacting antenna units for giving a desired directional characteristic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
Abstract
The invention discloses a digital coding-based beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna, which comprises: the antenna comprises an input port, an output port and a plurality of antenna units which are connected in series between the input port and the output port. Each antenna unit includes: the upper layer microstrip structure, the dielectric substrate and the bottom layer metal floor; the upper layer microstrip structure is positioned on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate, and the bottom layer metal floor is positioned on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate; the two sides of the microstrip line are connected with the branch knot and the PIN diode and are communicated with the bottom metal floor through the metalized through hole; an opening annular gap is etched on the bottom metal floor to be used as a circular polarized radiator. The invention regulates and controls the impedance characteristic of the antenna unit by controlling the on-off state of the PIN diode, sets the corresponding state coding combination, controls the beam pointing direction of the antenna, and has the advantages of low cost, stable gain, coding control and circular polarization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwaves, and particularly relates to a beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding.
Background
The traditional beam scanning antenna regulates and controls unit phase and amplitude, needs a large number of phase shifters and T/R components, and causes the system to be complex and high in manufacturing cost. Leaky-wave antennas have excellent beam scanning characteristics and are always hot spots for research in the field of antennas. However, the beam scanning characteristics of leaky-wave antennas are based on frequency variations, and most wireless communication systems operate in a specific frequency band, and it is not desirable to rely on a large range of frequency variations to implement beam scanning. Most of the current constant-frequency scanning leaky-wave antenna driving circuits are very complex, the antenna cost is high, and the system integration is inconvenient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding, which solves the problem that the traditional leaky-wave antenna can only scan frequency and cannot scan frequency at fixed frequency, and has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, stable gain, circular polarization and the like.
The technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: a digitally encoded based beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna, comprising: the antenna comprises an input port, an output port and a plurality of antenna units which are positioned between the input port and the output port and connected in series, wherein the antenna units are connected through capacitors;
the antenna unit includes: the upper layer microstrip structure, the dielectric substrate and the bottom layer metal floor; the upper-layer microstrip structure is arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate; the bottom metal floor is mounted on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate.
The upper-layer microstrip structure comprises a first part and a second part, a first gap is arranged between the first part and the second part, and the first part and the second part are centrosymmetric by the first gap;
the first part comprises a microstrip line, a first branch, a second branch, a first PIN diode, a second PIN diode, a first metalized through hole, a second metalized through hole, an inductor and a direct current bias point; the first branch and the second branch are arranged on one side of the microstrip line, and the inductor is arranged on the other side of the microstrip line; the first PIN diode and the second PIN diode are grounded through the first metalized through hole and the second metalized through hole respectively; the dc bias point is connected to an inductor.
Preferably, the first branch and the second branch are rectangles with the same size.
Preferably, the length of the first stub is less than a quarter of the waveguide wavelength.
Preferably, the distance between two adjacent branches in the upper-layer microstrip structure is equal.
Preferably, a second gap is etched on the bottom metal floor to be used as a circular polarization radiator.
Preferably, the second gap is in an unclosed annular shape, the unclosed part of the second gap is opposite to the first gap, and the center position of the second gap coincides with the projection of the center position of the first gap to the bottom metal floor.
Preferably, the on-off states of the first PIN diode and the second PIN diode are independently controlled by a bias voltage provided by a direct current bias point.
A control method for a beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding comprises the following steps:
and respectively controlling the on-off states of PIN diodes of the plurality of antenna units to realize coding, and finishing the control of the antenna beam pointing.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages: the invention can scan through frequency change, can scan under the fixed frequency, have simple in construction, with low costs, gain stability, advantage such as circular polarization; the invention uses the digital coding state to control the beam pointing direction of the antenna, and the coding switching can be directly driven by a digital voltage signal, thereby realizing the direct integration of the antenna and a digital circuit and greatly reducing the complexity and the cost of the system; on the other hand, the microstrip layer and the antenna radiator for coding control are respectively positioned on the upper layer and the lower layer of the dielectric substrate, and the feed network has small interference on antenna radiation, so that more stable circularly polarized radiation performance can be realized.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic top structure diagram of a beam scanning circular polarized leaky-wave antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic bottom structure diagram of the beam scanning circular polarized leaky-wave antenna according to the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna unit according to an embodiment of the beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a top structure of an antenna unit according to an embodiment of the beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a normalized far-field pattern of the forward maximum angle, the backward maximum angle and the lateral radiation of the beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a diagram of peak gain and axial ratio of the beam scanning circular polarized leaky-wave antenna according to the present invention corresponding to each coding scheme shown in table 1.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, a digitally-coded beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna includes an input port 8, an output port 9, and a plurality of antenna units connected in series between the input port and the output port, wherein the antenna units are connected by a capacitor 5;
the antenna unit includes: the upper-layer microstrip structure 1, the dielectric substrate 6 and the bottom-layer metal floor 7; the upper-layer microstrip structure 1 is arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate 6; a sub-metal floor 7 is mounted on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 6.
In a further embodiment, the upper microstrip structure 1 includes a first portion 2 and a second portion 3, a first slot 4 is disposed between the first portion and the second portion, and the first portion 2 and the second portion 3 are centrosymmetric with respect to the first slot 4;
the first part 2 comprises a microstrip line 20, a first stub 21, a second stub 22, a first PIN diode 23, a second PIN diode 24, a first metalized via 25, a second metalized via 26, an inductor 28 and a dc bias point 27; the first branch 21 and the second branch 22 are arranged on one side of the microstrip line 20, and the inductor 28 is arranged on the other side of the microstrip line 20; a first PIN diode 23 is bridged between the first stub 21 and the first metalized via 25, and a second PIN diode 24 is bridged between the second stub 22 and the second metalized via 26; the dc bias point 27 is connected to an inductor 28.
In a further embodiment, the first branch 21 and the second branch 22 are rectangles with the same size.
In a further embodiment, the distances between two adjacent branches in the upper-layer microstrip structure 1 are equal.
In a further embodiment, a second slot 70 is etched in the bottom metal floor 7 to serve as a circularly polarized radiator.
In a further embodiment, the second gap 70 is in an unclosed ring shape, the unclosed part of the second gap 70 faces the first gap 4, and the center position of the second gap 70 coincides with the projection of the center position of the first gap 4 to the bottom metal floor 7.
In a further embodiment, the on-off states of the first PIN diode 23 and the second PIN diode 24 are independently controlled by a bias voltage provided by a dc bias point 27.
The antenna unit adopts a micro-strip structure connected with the branch knot, and the leaky-wave radiation is completed by etching the circularly polarized radiator on the metal floor. By utilizing the disconnection and conduction states of the PIN diode, the impedance characteristics of the branches are controlled to be capacitive and inductive, so that the antenna unit has two digital coding states of '0' and '1'. The '0' state and the '1' state of each antenna unit are controlled to form a digital coding scheme of the antenna, so that the beam pointing direction in the antenna radiation pattern is controlled, and the antenna beam scanning is realized under the fixed frequency.
A control method for a beam scanning circular polarization leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding comprises the following steps:
and respectively controlling the on-off states of PIN diodes of the plurality of antenna units to realize coding, and finishing the control of the antenna beam pointing.
Examples
In the embodiment, the beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna based on digital coding comprises four antenna elements, and the element period is 60 mm.
As shown in fig. 3, each antenna unit includes: the upper-layer microstrip structure 1, the dielectric substrate 6 and the bottom-layer metal floor 7; the upper-layer microstrip structure 1 is arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate 6; a sub-metal floor 7 is mounted on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 6.
In the embodiment, Rogers 5880 is adopted as the dielectric substrate, and the thickness is 1.575 mm. The length and the width of the dielectric substrate are both 60mm, and the radius of the metalized through hole is 0.5 mm.
The upper-layer microstrip structure 1 comprises a first part 2 and a second part 3, a first gap 4 is arranged between the first part and the second part, and the first part and the second part are symmetrical by taking the first gap 4 as a center.
The first part 2 comprises a microstrip line 20, a first stub 21, a second stub 22, a first PIN diode 23, a second PIN diode 24, a first metalized via 25, a second metalized via 26, an inductor 28 and a dc bias point 27; the first branch 21 and the second branch 22 are arranged on one side of the microstrip line 20, and the inductor 28 is arranged on the other side of the microstrip line 20; a first PIN diode 23 is bridged between the first stub 21 and the first metalized via 25, and a second PIN diode 24 is bridged between the second stub 22 and the second metalized via 26; the dc bias point 27 is connected to an inductor 28.
In this embodiment, all the branches are rectangles with the same size, and the distance between any two adjacent branches is the same.
In this embodiment, all the branches are 6mm long and 3mm wide, and the distance between two adjacent branches is 15 mm.
The microstrip line 20 has a width of 4.8 mm.
Etching a second gap 70 on the bottom metal floor 7 of the antenna unit as a circularly polarized radiator; the second slit 70 is configured in an unclosed ring shape, and has an opening 71 at its lower side. The center of the second gap 70 coincides with the projection of the center of the first gap 4 to the metal floor 7. In this embodiment, the length of the outer circle radius of the second slit 70 is 18mm, and the width of the slit is 0.4 mm. The length of the opening 71 is 1 mm.
The invention controls the impedance characteristics of the branches into capacitance and inductance by utilizing the disconnection and connection states of the PIN diode, so that the antenna unit has two digital coding states of '0' and '1'. The '0' state and the '1' state of each antenna unit are controlled to form a digital coding scheme of the antenna, so that the beam pointing direction in the antenna radiation pattern is controlled, and the antenna beam scanning is realized under the fixed frequency.
The impedance characteristic of the microstrip branch is related to the on-off state of the PIN diode switch. Keeping the length of the branch less than a quarter of the wave guide wavelength, and when the switch is in an off state, the branch is capacitive; when the switch is in a conducting state, the branch knot is inductive because the other end of the switch is grounded through the metalized through hole. Therefore, the impedance characteristics of the branches can be regulated and controlled by controlling the on-off of the switch, and the integral series impedance Z and the integral parallel admittance Y of the antenna are further influenced. The phase constant β of the antenna can be calculated by the following expression:
wherein p is the antenna element period length.
The beam pointing of the antenna can be expressed as:
θ＝sin-1(β/k0)
wherein k is0Is the wave number in vacuum.
It is known that the phase constant β is related to the product of the series impedance Z and the parallel admittance Y, and that a change in the phase constant in turn causes a deflection of the beam pointing angle. The beam scanning function of the antenna can be realized under fixed frequency through reasonable digital coding scheme design.
The antenna elements are numbered from left to right in fig. 1, where n is 1,2,3, 4. Let DnIndicating the switching state of the nth antenna element by dn1dn2Is formed by two bit units. The two states of the PIN diode switch, off and on, are represented by "0" and "1", respectively.
The switch state of the four-element antenna array is D1D2D3D4The value of 00000000 represents the limit state of all switches being off, when the beam is pointed most forwardThe large radiation angle state, the other limit state is the case when the switch denoted 11111111 is fully on, in which case the beam is directed to the maximum radiation angle in the backward direction. The remaining beam pointing angles are between the two extreme states, and to determine more achievable beam pointing angles, a top-down iterative approach is employed. Firstly, the switch states of the four antenna units are all set to be two bits, namely only two limit states of 00 and 11 corresponding to full-off and full-on states, and then 2 can be obtained4The corresponding beam pointing angle may cover a fraction of the angle of the backward to forward scan, 16 coding combinations. To further obtain a finer beam scanning angle, the state d of the branch switch of each antenna unit is adjustedn1And dn2Regulation is carried out, and 2 can be obtained in total8256 beam scan angles. By increasing the number of iterations, more beam pointing angles can be obtained, and the angular resolution is improved.
The digital coding combination scheme of the present invention is formed by independently controlling the '0' and '1' digital coding states of each antenna element, and table 1 shows 11 coding schemes, each of which corresponds to an antenna radiation pattern. Different bias voltage combinations correspond to different digital coding schemes. By switching between different digital coding schemes, beam pointing in the antenna radiation pattern is controlled, and antenna beam scanning is achieved at a fixed frequency.
TABLE 1
Fig. 5 is a normalized far-field pattern of the antenna in the forward maximum radiation angle, the backward maximum radiation angle, and the lateral radiation state corresponding to different encoding states when the antenna operates at 3.0 GHz. The forward maximum beam deflection angle is 15 ° and the backward maximum deflection angle is 10 °.
Fig. 6 shows the peak gain and axial ratio corresponding to each coding scheme shown in table 1 when the antenna of the present invention operates at 3.0 GHz. It can be seen from the figure that, under the coding scheme given in table 1, the maximum gain of the antenna designed by the present invention is 11.9dB, the minimum gain is 10.3dB, the gain fluctuation is 1.6dB, and the axial ratio corresponding to most of the 11 coding states is less than 3 dB. The antenna exhibits stable high gain performance and good circular polarization characteristics.
The invention adopts the digital coding state to control the beam pointing of the antenna, can realize beam scanning under fixed frequency, and has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, stable gain, circular polarization and the like.
Claims (8)
1. A digitally-encoded-based beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna, comprising: the antenna comprises an input port (8), an output port (9) and a plurality of antenna units which are positioned between the input port and the output port and connected in series, wherein the antenna units are connected through a capacitor (5);
the antenna unit includes: the micro-strip structure comprises an upper-layer micro-strip structure (1), a dielectric substrate (6) and a bottom-layer metal floor (7); the upper-layer microstrip structure (1) is arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate (6); the bottom metal floor (7) is arranged on the lower surface of the medium substrate (6).
The upper-layer microstrip structure (1) comprises a first part (2) and a second part (3), a first gap (4) is arranged between the first part and the second part, and the first part (2) and the second part (3) are centrosymmetric through the first gap (4);
the first part (2) comprises a microstrip line (20), a first branch (21), a second branch (22), a first PIN diode (23), a second PIN diode (24), a first metalized through hole (25), a second metalized through hole (26), an inductor (28) and a direct current bias point (27); the first branch (21) and the second branch (22) are arranged on one side of the microstrip line (20), and the inductor (28) is arranged on the other side of the microstrip line (20); the first PIN diode (23) and the second PIN diode (24) are grounded through a first metalized through hole (25) and a second metalized through hole (26) respectively; the DC bias point (27) is connected to an inductor (28).
2. The digitally-encoded-beam-scanning-circular-polarized leaky-wave antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second branches (21, 22) are rectangles of the same size.
3. The digitally-encoded-based beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna as claimed in claim 2, wherein the length of said first stub (21) is less than a quarter of a waveguide wavelength.
4. The digitally-encoded-based beam scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna according to claim 1, wherein two adjacent branches in the upper microstrip structure (1) are equally spaced.
5. The digitally-encoded-beam-scanning-based circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein a second slot (70) is etched in said underlying metal floor (7) as a circularly polarized radiator.
6. The digitally-coded-beam-scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna is characterized in that the second slot (70) is in an unsealed ring shape, the unsealed part of the second slot (70) is opposite to the first slot (4), and the center position of the second slot (70) is coincident with the projection of the center position of the first slot (4) to the bottom metal floor (7).
7. The control method of the digitally-coded-beam-scanning circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein on-off states of the first PIN diode (23) and the second PIN diode (24) are independently controlled by a bias voltage provided by a direct-current bias point (27).
8. A method for controlling an antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising:
and respectively controlling the on-off states of PIN diodes of the plurality of antenna units to realize coding, and finishing the control of the antenna beam pointing.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN113346233A (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2021-09-03 | 河北工业大学 | Compact large-angle scanning leaky-wave antenna based on alumina ceramic material |
| CN113451780A (en) * | 2021-06-28 | 2021-09-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Circular polarization fixed frequency beam scanning leaky-wave antenna |
| CN113745814A (en) * | 2021-08-26 | 2021-12-03 | 中山大学 | Reconfigurable dual-beam periodic leaky-wave antenna |
| CN113871861A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-31 | 东南大学 | 4-bit electronic beam scanning planar antenna array |
| CN115441136A (en) * | 2022-08-31 | 2022-12-06 | 西安电子科技大学 | Compact high-precision digital multi-position phase shifter |
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| CN113871861A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-31 | 东南大学 | 4-bit electronic beam scanning planar antenna array |
| CN113871861B (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2024-02-13 | 东南大学 | 4-bit electronic beam scanning planar antenna array |
| CN115441136A (en) * | 2022-08-31 | 2022-12-06 | 西安电子科技大学 | Compact high-precision digital multi-position phase shifter |
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