CN112729768B - Experimental measurement system and measuring and calculating method for movement process of mud-rock inflow sink main river - Google Patents
Experimental measurement system and measuring and calculating method for movement process of mud-rock inflow sink main river Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an experimental measurement system and a measurement method for a movement process of a mud-rock inflow sink main river, firstly providing an experimental measurement system for a movement process of a mud-rock inflow sink main river, comprising a mud-rock flow forming device, wherein an outlet of a branch ditch conveying groove is hinged with a main river water groove; the tailing pond device is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank; the measuring device is respectively arranged right above the main river water tank and right opposite to the outlet of the branch ditch conveying tank; the second sensor is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river water tank, and the first sensors are respectively arranged on the right upper parts of the second sensors; the third sensor is located above the tailings pond apparatus. The invention also provides a measuring and calculating method for relevant evolution parameters in the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the sink main river, which is realized by using the experimental system, the momentum change of the mud-stones flowing into the sink main river is calculated, and the along-path evolution characteristics such as the density and the volume concentration of the mixed flow caused by mixing the water flow and the mud-stone flow, the entering and sinking angle deflection rate and the like are calculated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of debris flow disasters, is mainly suitable for research on the movement of debris flowing into a sink main river, and particularly relates to an experimental measurement system and a measuring and calculating method for the movement process of the debris flowing into the sink main river.
Background
Debris flow is a heterogeneous, non-constant non-newtonian fluid with high strength sand transport capability that can carry large amounts of solid matter of varying size. The river water and sand mixed with the river water and the river water are mixed into the main river, interaction is carried out between the main river water and the river water and sand mixed with the incoming flow in a mixing area, the main river water and sand composition and the local boundary condition are rapidly changed, the morphology of the river bed is rapidly changed in a short time, the upstream river bed is raised, the ratio of the downstream river bed is reduced to be large, the river curve is aggravated, the disaster damage of different banks and the river bed wander are easily caused, even the large-scale debris flow can be deposited to form a dam plug body, and the life and property safety of the downstream residents can be seriously threatened. The mud-stones flowing into the sink main river will greatly change the evolution process of the pile-up topography of the river bed entering the sink area, and how to reasonably describe the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the sink area is an important problem of the topography of the river basin, the dynamics of the river and the disasters. However, the intersection process is complex, experimental phenomena are difficult to observe, experimental measurement means are not advanced enough, and the like, so that deep knowledge on the movement mechanism of the mud stones flowing into the sink main river is lacking at present. The research on the movement mechanism of the mud-rock inflow sink main river and the interaction between the mud-rock inflow sink main river and water flow is enhanced, the further understanding of the mud-rock flow blocking of the river is facilitated, and a dynamic basis is provided for the mud-rock flow blocking theory.
Because the mud-rock flow and water flow intersection field is a non-constant continuously-changing flow field, the volume density of the mud-water mixture, the sediment concentration, the momentum of the branch ditch mud-rock flow, the momentum of the main river flow, the mixed flow base stress and the like are continuously changed along with the inflow process. Up to now, no research on parameters of the mud-rock inflow sink main river is conducted on the changes of the parameters, and further influences of water flow on the mud-rock flow in the sink process are ignored, wherein the influences comprise mixing effect of the mud-rock flow and the water flow, transporting effect of the water flow on the mud-rock flow and the like, and the effects often affect accurate estimation of the time of mud-rock inflow sink blocking the main river, total amount of the blocked river accumulation and the like. At present, research on the mud-rock flowing into the sink river along the journey still remains in the stage of summarizing experimental phenomena and qualitatively judging, and the momentum change of the mud-rock flowing into the sink river, the mixed flow density distribution and volume concentration change caused by mixing water flow and mud-rock flow and the migration condition of the water flow to the mud-rock flow are all difficult problems restricting research on the mud-rock flowing into the sink river along the journey parameters. Moreover, as the natural mud-rock flowing into the converging main river has suddenly and short duration of the converging process, the topography condition is complex, the intersection parameters of the mud-rock flow and the water flow are more difficult to measure, and the parameter evolution of the mud-rock flowing into the converging process along the journey space cannot be studied according to the field phenomenon.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the parameter evolution situation of the current and yet-to-be-studied mud-rock inflow and sink process along-path space, the invention provides an experimental measurement system and a measurement method for the mud-rock inflow and sink river movement process, which not only can realize the simulation of the mud-rock flow (including the thin, sub-viscous and strong-viscosity mud-rock flow) inflow and sink river along-path movement process, but also can observe the mixing characteristics of water flow and mud-rock flow and the transmission characteristics of water flow to mud-rock flow and measure and calculate the density and volume concentration along-path evolution situation of the mixed flow.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention firstly provides an experimental measurement system for a mud-rock inflow and sink process, which has the following technical scheme:
an experimental measurement system for the movement process of mud-rock inflow converging main river comprises a mud-rock flow forming device, a main river flow conveying device, a tailing pond device, a measuring device and an analyzing device.
The debris flow forming device is provided with a hopper, a branch ditch conveying groove and a bracket, wherein the branch ditch conveying groove is erected on the bracket; the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove is connected with the main river water groove through a rotary pin, so that the gradient of the branch ditch conveying groove is allowed to change. The hopper is communicated with the inlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove, a gate is arranged at the joint of the hopper and the inlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove, and the gate is electrically connected with the analysis device.
The main river flow conveying device is provided with a main river flow tank and a water supply tank, the water outlet is a right-angle triangular weir and is connected with the main river flow tank, so that the stability of the height of the water flow passing the weir and the stability of the main river flow can be ensured, and the optimization design is as follows: and a grid baffle is arranged at the water inlet of the water supply tank to dissipate energy.
And the tailing pond device is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank and is used for collecting the mixed flow after the mud stone flows into the main river water tank.
A measuring device having a plurality of image collectors, a plurality of first sensors, a plurality of second sensors, and a third sensor; each image collector is respectively arranged right above the main river channel and right opposite to the outlet of the branch channel conveying channel. The two image collector sites were selected in that: the method comprises the steps that the whole process flow velocity of the debris flow sample moving to the intersection of the main river channel and the water flow along the branch channel conveying channel is obtained right above the main river channel; and the right opposite side of the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove is used for measuring the change of the flow depth of the main river after the mud stones flow into the sink. The second sensor is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river water tank, the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the outlet position of the branch ditch conveying tank at intervals of the same distance; each first sensor is arranged at the right upper part of the second sensor. The third sensor is located above the tailings pond apparatus.
The analysis device is electrically connected with the plurality of image collectors, the plurality of first sensors, the plurality of second sensors and the plurality of third sensors; the third sensor probe faces to the interior of the tailing pond device and is mainly used for measuring the water level change in the tailing pond device and calculating the mixed flow rate in the process of flowing mud stones into the sink main river. The mixed flow causes certain fluctuation to the water surface of the tailing pond device in the process of entering the tailing pond device, in order to ensure the stability of the water surface of the tailing pond device and the measurement accuracy of a third sensor, a grid baffle is arranged at the rear half part of the tailing pond device, and the third sensor is used for measuring the change of the height of the water surface blocked by the grid baffle.
In the invention, in order to solve the problem that the existing mud-rock flow into the sink main river device can not effectively acquire the substrate stress state, the problem that the movement state of the mud-rock flow can not be influenced after the substrate stress sensor is arranged is considered. The second sensor and the main river water tank are optimally designed as follows:
the optimized second sensor consists of a stress area and a flange, and the stress surface is leveled with the top surface of the flange. The bottom surface of the main river channel is provided with a mounting hole for mounting the second sensor. The diameter of the mounting hole is slightly larger than that of the flange, and the thickness of the mounting hole is equal to that of the flange. The circumferential edge of the mounting hole is provided with a step for supporting the second sensor. A gap is reserved between the mounting hole and the flange plate, and a layer of waterproof material is coated on the gap.
Based on the above-mentioned mud-rock inflow sink main river process experiment measurement system, the invention also provides a mud-rock inflow sink main river movement process experiment measuring and calculating method, which is applied to the above-mentioned system, and comprises the following steps:
dividing the process of mud-stones flowing into the sink main river to reach the opposite bank into a plurality of time intervals delta t n ；
Measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough and moving in the main river in each time interval by the image collector
Measuring the mixed flow base pressure P at the different positions within each time interval by each of the second sensors n,m ；
Measuring the mixed flow depth h at different positions in each time interval by each first sensor n,m ；
By the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branched trough conveying trough in the same time intervalMixed flow depth h at outlet end of branch channel conveying groove n,1 Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river in the time interval n-pieces ；
By mixed-flow base pressure P at the same location within each of said same time intervals n,m Mixed flow depth h n,m Calculating the mixed flow density ρ at the same position within the time interval n,m ；
By mixing the flow densities ρ at different locations within the same time interval n,m Volume density ρ of debris flow solid phase s To calculate the mixed fluid volume concentration C at that location over the time interval n,m ；
Measuring the flow rate Q of the main river flow in each time interval by a third sensor in the tailing pond device n main Through Q n main The main river flow velocity v is calculated back by the main river flow depth obtained by the image collector opposite to the main river water slot width B and the branch ditch n main ；
Flow rate Q of main river flow in the same time interval n main Velocity v of main river flow n main Mud-rock flow rate Q entering main river n-pieces Flow rate of debris flowCalculating the momentum ratio R of branch main ditches in the time interval in the process of converging mud stones flowing into main river to land n ；
Measuring morphological parameter changes of mud stones flowing into a sink main river in each time interval; the morphological parameters at least comprise stacking length, stacking width and deflection angle;
and the analysis device analyzes the evolution characteristics of the mud-rock flowing into the sink main river according to the actual average flow velocity, the mixed flow base pressure and the morphological characteristic parameters in each time interval.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
step S1, early preparation
According to the density of the mud-rock flow sample designed by the experimental research target, preparing an experiment to obtain characteristic data of dry soil sample particles, and determining the proportion of dry soil sample to water material meeting the density of the mud-rock flow sample according to the density and the dosage of the mud-rock flow sample; preparing a sample according to a proportion, and uniformly stirring to form a debris flow sample;
step 2, measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet of the branch trench conveying groove
Opening a gate to enable the sample to flow out, and calculating the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branched ditch conveying groove in the nth time interval according to a frame rate analysis mode by using the obtained moving image of the sample flowing through the outlet through each image collector
Formula 1:
wherein ,-said actual average flow rate of debris flow through the outlet end of said gutter conveyor at the nth time interval, m/s;
Δt n -an nth time interval, s, of the debris flow flowing through the outlet of said gutter conveyor;
the movement displacement m of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove in the L-nth time interval is determined by image analysis obtained by the image collector;
step 3, measuring the flow Q of the mud-rock flow sample entering the sink main river n-pieces
Measuring the debris flow depth h at the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove by a first sensor n,1 Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river in the nth time interval according to the method 2 n-pieces ；
wherein ,Qn-pieces -flow of debris flow into main river in nth time interval, m 3 /s；
b, the width of the branched ditch conveying groove, m;
h n,1 -the first sensor measures the depth of the debris flow at the outlet of the gutter conveyor in the nth time interval, m;
step 4, measuring stress variation data (P n,m ，Δt n )
Acquiring along-path pressure change data (P) of a sample during movement into a sink main river from a second sensor n,m ，Δt n )；
Step 5, calculating the delta t of the debris flow sample n Evolving characteristic parameters for time interval sink process
Calculating the mixed flow density rho in the main river tank according to the formulas 3,4 and 5 respectively n,m Mixed fluid volume concentration C n,m The incoming angle deflection delta;
formula 3:
formula 4:
formula 5:
wherein ,ρn,m Mixing flow density of debris flow at different positions within nth time interval kg/m 3 ；
P n,m -mud-rock flow base pressure at different positions in the nth time interval;
h n,m -the flow depth of the mixed flow at different positions in the nth time interval; m=1, 2,3,4, representing the sensors arranged at different positions in the nth time interval; g is gravity acceleration, m/s 2 Taking 9.8;
the included angle between the bottom of the beta-main river water tank and the ground is 1.8 degrees;
C n,m -mixing fluid volume concentrations at different positions in the nth time interval;
ρ f density kg/m of clear water stream 3 Taking 1000;
ρ s density of solid phase of debris flow, kg/m 3 Taking 2650;
θ n sample entering sink host river nDeltat n When mud stones flow into the converging main river pile body, the deflection angle of the mud stones relative to the central line is formed;
θ n-1 sample entering sink host river (n-1) Δt n When mud stones flow into the converging main river pile body, the deflection angle of the mud stones relative to the central line is formed;
step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the branch main ditch in the process of flowing and converging the mud stones n
Reading is changed by a third sensor in the tailing pond, and the water level of the tailing pond is recorded as an initial water level H when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove 0 After the sample enters the main river, the change reading of the third sensor is read, and the time change sequence (H n ，Δt n ). Acquisition of a main body by means of an image acquisition device located opposite a branch trenchImage of river flow, measuring main river flow depth variation (I) using frame rate analysis software n ，Δt n )；
Calculating the main river flow Q in the process of mud stone flowing into the sink main river according to the method 6 and 7 n main
Formula 6: ΔH 1 ＝H 1 -H 0 ，ΔH 2 ＝H 2 -H 1 …ΔH n ＝H n -H n-1
Formula 7:
calculating the velocity v of the main river flow in the nth time interval according to 8 n main ；
Formula 8:
wherein a is the length of the tailing pond, m;
k-tailing Chi Kuandu, m;
b, the width of the main river channel, m;
calculating the momentum ratio R of branch main ditches in the nth time interval in the process of converging mud stone inflow to main river opposite bank according to 9 n ：
Formula 9:
wherein ,Rn -the ratio of the flow quantity of the mud-rock in the branch ditch to the flow quantity of the main river in the nth time interval in the process that the mud-rock flows into the sink main river to reach the opposite shore;
Q n main -the flow rate of the main stream flow in the nth time interval, m 3 /s；
v n main -the flow rate of the main stream in the nth time interval, m/s.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective structure diagram of an experimental measurement system for the evolution of mud-stones flowing into a sink main river;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the mud-rock inflow sink main river course evolution experiment measurement system of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the primary river basin bottom surface base stress sensor arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the mud-rock inflow sink main river course movement according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a second sensor installation of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In the embodiments, only certain exemplary embodiments are described briefly. As will be recognized by those of skill in the pertinent art, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, an experimental measurement system for a movement process of a mud-rock inflow sink main river includes:
the debris flow forming device 1 comprises a hopper 11, a branch trench conveying groove 12 and a bracket 13, wherein the hopper 11 is communicated with the inlet end of the branch trench conveying groove 12, a gate 111 is arranged at the joint of the hopper 11 and the inlet end of the branch trench conveying groove 12, and the gate 111 is electrically connected with the analysis device 5. The top of the branch ditch conveying groove 12 is connected to a bracket 13 through a hinge; the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove 12 is connected with the main river water groove 21 through a rotary pin, so that the gradient of the branch ditch conveying groove is allowed to change.
The main river water flow conveying device 2 comprises a main river water tank 21 and a water supply tank 22, wherein a grid baffle 221 is arranged at the water inlet of the water supply tank 22, and the water outlet is a right-angle triangular weir 222 and is connected with the main river water tank 21. The main river tank 21 includes both side plates 211 and a bottom plate. Preferably, both side plates 211 of the main river basin 21 are made of transparent materials so as to facilitate observation and image acquisition of the inflow and collection process of the mud stones in the main river basin. Grids can be further arranged on each side plate 211 so as to facilitate analysis and calculation of interaction parameters in the process of flowing mud stones.
The tailing pond device 3 is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank 21. To ensure the water level of the tailing pond stable, a grid baffle 31 is arranged at the rear half part of the tailing pond.
A measuring device 4 comprising an image collector 41, a first sensor 42, a second sensor 43 and a third sensor 44; the second sensor 43 is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river channel 21, the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the outlet end position of the branch channel conveying channel 12 at intervals of the same distance; each of the first sensors 42 is disposed directly above the second sensor 43 and perpendicular to the bottom surface of the second sensor 43. Two image collectors 41, one of which is disposed directly above the main river tank 21; the other is arranged right opposite to the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove 12 so as to measure the change of the flow depth of the main river. A third sensor 44 is located in the tailings pond apparatus 3.
The analysis device 5 is electrically connected to the image collector 41, the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43, and the third sensor 44. The system is used for receiving data acquired by the image acquisition device 41, the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43 and the third sensor 44, and analyzing and processing the received data to calculate and analyze evolution characteristics of the movement process of the mud-rock inflow sink main river. As shown in fig. 4, for example, the characteristics of the mixed flow fluid, the evolution characteristics of the movement characteristic parameters during the inflow of the mudstone into the sink main river, and the momentum ratio characteristics of the mudstone flow and the water flow during the inflow are determined.
In this embodiment, the functions of the analysis device 5 may be integrated into one device, or may be implemented by different devices. For example, the analysis device 5 may comprise an acquisition unit 51 for receiving data collected by the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43 and the third sensor 44 and transmitting to the analysis unit 52, and an analysis unit 52. The analysis unit 52 is configured to receive the data of the acquisition unit 51 and the image collector 41 and perform analysis and calculation.
In this embodiment, the hopper 11 is 50cm long, 50cm wide, 60cm high and the bottom is inclined at 45 °. The height of the controllable opening of the gate 111 is 0-20 cm, and the supply of the debris flow and the flow are controlled. The inner width of the branched channel conveying groove 12 is 20cm, the inner height is 20cm, and the effective length is 100cm. The inner width of the main river channel 21 is 40cm, the inner height is 30cm, and the effective length is 2500cm. The water supply tank 22 has a length of 100cm, an inner width of 60cm and an inner height of 40cm. The width of the built-in grating baffle is 60cm, and the height is 40cm. The bottom of the triangular weir is 15cm away from the bottom of the main river channel 21. The tail pool of the tail pool device 3 is 100cm long, 100cm wide and 70cm high, and the internal grid baffle is arranged on the side far away from the main river water tank 21 and 70cm away from the outlet of the main river water tank 21. The branch duct 12 has a slope of 12 °. The gradient of the main river channel 21 is 1.8 degrees.
As shown in fig. 3, in the present embodiment, the image collector 41 employs a high-definition camera, preferably, a frame rate of 50 frames, including two high-definition cameras. As shown in fig. 5, the first sensor 42 employs ultrasonic ranging sensors in a total of 4 sets, and the sound wave generating heads are all perpendicular to the bottom surface of the second sensor 43. Preferably, NWJ-70 is used, with a frequency of 50 Hz. The problem of the inaccurate measurement data of conventional laser rangefinder sensor because of liquid transparency and liquid level reflection in the dynamometry process is solved. The second sensor 43 adopts a substrate stress sensor and comprises 4 groups of piezoresistive pressure sensors JMBM, the stress detection surfaces face to the right upper direction, the effective stress surface of the second sensor 43 is a round surface with the diameter of 2cm, and the outer diameter of an external flange plate is 0.4cm. The 4 groups of substrate stress sensors are sequentially arranged at the bottoms of the main river water tanks at the outlets of the branch ditch conveying tanks at the same intervals. The third sensor 44 employs a laser water level gauge, preferably an ODSL-30.
In the embodiment, the fluid characteristics and the motion characteristic evolution parameters of the mixed flow in the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the converging main river are measured. The method is implemented by using an experimental measurement system for the movement process of mud stones flowing into a sink main river, and the measured characteristics and movement parameters of the inflow and sink mixed flows are as delta t n =0.5 s is the interval time.
The specific method comprises the following steps:
step S1, early preparation
According to the experimental study target, the concentration of the debris flow sample in the designed experiment is 2.14X10 3 kg/m 3 . Experimental soil sample is directly sampled, dried and screened by adopting the debris flow of the Tibet Tianmo ditch, and the maximum grain diameter of the sample soil sample is 2cm (D) max Less than or equal to 2 cm). To make the density of the mud-rock flow sample 2.14X10 3 kg/m 3 The sample volume was 20L to prepare the desired water qualityThe weight fraction: solid mass fraction=1:7. The prepared debris flow sample is loaded into the hopper 11. The slope of the conveying branch groove 12 is adjusted to be 12 degrees.
S2, measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet of the branch trench conveying groove
After the debris flow sample is uniformly stirred, the data acquisition unit, the analysis unit and the water supply device are started.
The shutter 111 is opened to allow the sample to flow out, a moving image of the debris flow sample passing through the outlet section is acquired from the image collector 41, and the actual average flow rate of the debris flow through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough 12 is calculated according to the method 1 by the frame rate analysis software (Prinacle Studio)(n=1, 2,3 …); the specific data are shown in Table 1.
Step 3, measuring the flow Q of the mud-rock flow sample entering the sink main river n-pieces
The ultrasonic ranging sensor measures the debris flow depth h at the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove 12 n,1 Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river in the nth time interval according to the method 2 n-pieces Specific data are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 debris flow sample motion data calculation table
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
Step 4, measuring stress variation data (P n,m ，Δt n )
Acquiring along-line pressure change data (P) of a sample in the course of a movement of a sink main river from a substrate stress sensor n,m ，Δt n ) Specific data are shown in tables 2,3 and 4;
step 5, calculating the delta t of the debris flow sample n Sink-in procedure for time intervalEvolution characteristic parameter
Calculating the mixed flow density ρ in the main river tank 21 according to the formulas 3,4 and 5 n,m Mixed fluid volume concentration C n,m And the convergence angle deviation delta.
TABLE 2 evolution characteristic parameters of mud-rock flow sample into sink main river motion process (2 # sensor point position)
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
TABLE 3 evolution characteristic parameters of mud-rock flow sample into sink main river movement process (3 # sensor point position)
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
TABLE 4 evolution characteristic parameters of mud-rock flow sample into sink main river movement process (No. 4 sensor point position)
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
TABLE 5 entering and converging angle deflection rate
| n(s) | Deflection angle (°) | Incidence and convergence angle deflection rate |
| 0.5 | - | - |
| 1.0 | - | - |
| 1.5 | - | - |
| 2.0 | 12 | - |
| 2.5 | 16 | 0.333 |
| 3.0 | 21 | 0.313 |
| 3.5 | 27 | 0.286 |
| 4.0 | 34 | 0.259 |
| 4.5 | 37 | 0.088 |
| 5.0 | 40 | 0.081 |
| 5.5 | 42 | 0.050 |
| 6.0 | 44 | 0.048 |
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
Step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the branch main ditch in the process of flowing and converging the mud stones n
The reading is changed by a third sensor 44 in the tailing pond device 3, and the water level of the tailing pond is recorded as the initial water level H when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove 12 0 After the sample enters the main river, the change reading of the third sensor 44 is read, and the time change sequence (H n ，Δt n ). The image of the main river flow is acquired by the image collector 41 located opposite the branch channel conveying trough 12, and the change in the main river flow depth (I n ，Δt n )。
Calculating the main river flow Q in the process of mud stone flowing into the sink main river according to the method 6 and 7 n main
Calculating the velocity v of the main river flow in the nth time interval according to 8 n main . Further, calculating the momentum ratio R of the branch main ditch in the nth time interval in the process of converging the mud stone inflow to the main river opposite bank according to the formula 9 n 。
TABLE 6 change in momentum of main channels during inflow and sink of mudstones
Note that: the experiment lasts for 6s altogether
The specific data are shown in Table 6.
Claims (2)
1. The experimental measurement method for the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the sink main river is characterized by adopting an experimental measurement system for the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the sink main river, and comprising the following steps:
the debris flow forming device (1) comprises a hopper (11), a branch ditch conveying groove (12) and a bracket (13), wherein the hopper (11) is communicated with the inlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12), a gate (111) is arranged at the joint of the hopper (11) and the inlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12), and the gate (111) is electrically connected with the analysis device (5);
the main river flow conveying device (2) comprises a main river water tank (21) and a water supply tank (22), wherein a grid baffle (221) is arranged at the water inlet of the water supply tank (22), and the water outlet is a right-angle triangular weir (222) and is connected with the main river water tank (21); the main river water tank (21) comprises two side plates (211) and a bottom plate;
the tailing pond device (3) is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank (21);
a measuring device (4) comprising an image collector (41), a first sensor (42), a second sensor (43) and a third sensor (44); the second sensor (43) is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river water tank (21), the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the position of the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying tank (12) at intervals of the same distance; each first sensor (42) is respectively arranged at the right upper part of the second sensor (43) and is vertical to the bottom surface of the second sensor (43); two image collectors (41), one of which is arranged right above the main river water tank (21); the other is arranged right opposite to the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) so as to measure the change of the flow depth of the main river; the third sensor (44) is positioned above the tailing pond device (3);
an analysis device (5) electrically connected to the image collector (41), the first sensor (42), the second sensor (43) and the third sensor (44); the system comprises an image acquisition device (41), a first sensor (42), a second sensor (43) and a third sensor (44), wherein the image acquisition device is used for receiving data acquired by the image acquisition device, the first sensor and the third sensor, and analyzing the received data to calculate and analyze evolution characteristics of the movement process of mud stones flowing into a sink main river;
the top of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) is hinged on the bracket (13); the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) is hinged with the main river water groove (21) so as to change the gradient of the branch ditch conveying groove (12);
the side plates (211) on the two sides of the main river water tank (21) are made of transparent materials; a grid is also arranged on each side plate (211);
the rear half part of the tailing pond device (3) is provided with a grid baffle;
the analysis device (5) comprises a collection unit (51) and an analysis unit (52), wherein the collection unit is used for receiving data collected by the first sensor (42), the second sensor (43) and the third sensor (44) and sending the data to the analysis unit (52); the analysis unit (52) is used for receiving the data of the acquisition unit (51) and the image acquisition unit (41) and performing analysis calculation;
the second sensor (43) comprises a stress area and a flange, and the stress surface of the second sensor (43) is leveled with the top surface of the flange; the bottom surface of the main river water tank (21) is provided with a mounting hole for mounting the second sensor (43), the thickness of the mounting hole is equal to that of the flange, and the circumferential edge of the mounting hole is provided with a step for supporting the second sensor (43); a gap is reserved between the mounting hole and the flange plate, and a layer of waterproof material is coated on the gap;
the image collector (41) adopts a high-definition camera;
the first sensor (42) adopts ultrasonic ranging sensors, 4 groups are totally adopted, and the sound wave generating heads are perpendicular to the bottom surface of the second sensor (43);
the second sensor (43) adopts a substrate stress sensor, and comprises 4 groups of piezoresistive pressure sensors (JMBM), the stress detection surfaces face to the right upper direction, the effective stress surface of the second sensor (43) is a round surface with the diameter of 2cm, the outer diameter of an external flange plate is 0.4cm, and the 4 groups of substrate stress sensors are sequentially arranged at the bottom of a main river channel (21) at the outlet end of a branch channel conveying channel (12) at the same interval;
the third sensor (44) adopts a laser water level meter, and the probe is vertical to the bottom surface of the tailing pond device (3);
the experimental measurement and calculation method for the movement process of the mud-stones flowing into the sink main river is characterized by comprising the following steps:
dividing the process of mud-stones flowing into the sink main river water tank (21) to reach the opposite bank into a plurality of time intervals delta t n ；
Measuring, by said image collector (41), the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet of said branch trough (12) and moving in the main river during each of said time intervals
Measuring the mixed flow base pressure P at different locations within each time interval by each of said second sensors (43) n,m ；
Measuring the mixed flow depth h at different positions within each time interval by each of the first sensors (42) n,m ；
By the actual average flow rate of the debris flow through the outlet end of the gutter conveyor (12) during the same time intervalAnd the mixed flow depth h of the outlet end of the branch groove conveying groove (12) n,1 Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river basin (21) within the time interval n-pieces ；
By mixed-flow base pressure P at the same location within the same time intervals n,m Mixed flow depth h n,m Calculating the mixed flow density ρ at the same position within the time interval n,m ；
By mixing the flow densities ρ at different locations within the same time interval n,m Volume density ρ of debris flow solid phase s To calculate the mixed fluid volume concentration C at that location over the time interval n,m ；
Measuring the flow rate Q of the main river flow in each time interval by a third sensor (44) in the tailing pond device (3) n main Through Q n main Main river flow obtained by an image collector (41) opposite to the main river channel (21) width B and the branch channel conveying channel (12)Back-calculating the velocity v of main river flow n main ；
Flow rate Q of main river flow in the same time interval n main Velocity v of main river flow n main Mud-rock flow rate Q entering main river n-pieces Flow rate of debris flowCalculating the momentum ratio R of branch main ditches in the time interval in the process of converging mud stones flowing into main river to land n ；
Measuring morphological parameter changes of mud stones flowing into a sink main river in each time interval; the morphological parameters at least comprise stacking length, stacking width and deflection angle;
and the analysis device analyzes the evolution characteristics of the mud-rock flowing into the process of the sink main river according to the actual average flow velocity, the mixed flow base pressure and the morphological characteristic parameters in each time interval.
2. The method for experimental measurement and calculation of the movement process of a mud-rock inflow sink river according to claim 1, comprising the specific steps of:
step S1, early preparation
According to the density of the mud-rock flow sample designed by the experimental research target, preparing an experiment to obtain characteristic data of dry soil sample particles, and determining the proportion of dry soil sample to water material meeting the density of the mud-rock flow sample according to the density and the dosage of the mud-rock flow sample; preparing a sample according to a proportion, and uniformly stirring to form a debris flow sample;
step 2, measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12)
Opening a gate (111) to enable the sample to flow out, and calculating the actual average flow velocity of the mud-rock flow through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12) in the nth time interval according to a frame rate analysis mode by using the obtained moving image of the sample flowing through the outlet through each image collector (41)
Formula 1:
wherein ,-said actual average flow rate, m/s, of the debris flow through the outlet end of said gutter conveyor (12) during the nth time interval;
Δt n -an nth time interval, s, of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of said gutter conveyor (12);
the movement displacement m of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) in the L-nth time interval is determined by image analysis obtained by the image collector;
step 3, measuring the flow Q of the mud-rock flow sample entering the sink main river n-pieces
The first sensor (42) measures the debris flow depth h at the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) n,1 Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river basin (21) in the nth time interval according to the method 2 n-pieces ：
Formula 2:
wherein ,Qn-pieces -flow of debris into the main river in the nth time interval, m 3 /s；
b-width of the branched ditch conveying groove (12), m;
h n,1 -the first sensor measures the debris flow depth, m, at the outlet end of the gutter conveyor (12) during the nth time interval;
step 4, measuring stress variation data (P n,m ，Δt n )
Acquiring along-path pressure change data (P) of a sample during movement into a sink main river from a second sensor n,m ，Δt n )；
Step 5, calculating the delta t of the debris flow sample n Evolving characteristic parameters for time interval sink process
Calculating the mixed flow density rho in the main river according to the formula 3, the formula 4 and the formula 5 respectively n,m Mixed fluid volume concentration C n,m Inlet angle deflection delta:
formula 3:
formula 4:
formula 5:
wherein ,ρn,m Mixing flow density of debris flow at different positions within nth time interval kg/m 3 ；
P n,m -mud-rock flow base pressure at different positions in the nth time interval;
h n,m -the flow depth of the mixed flow at different positions in the nth time interval; m=1, 2,3,4, representing the sensors arranged at different positions in the nth time interval; g is gravity acceleration, m/s 2 Taking 9.8;
the included angle between the bottom of the beta-main river water tank and the ground is 1.8 degrees;
C n,m -mixing fluid volume concentrations at different positions in the nth time interval;
ρ f density kg/m of clear water stream 3 Taking 1000;
ρ s density of solid phase of debris flow, kg/m 3 Taking 2650;
θ n sample entering sink host river nDeltat n When mud stones flow into the converging main river pile body, the deflection angle of the mud stones relative to the central line is formed;
θ n-1 sample entering sink host river (n-1) Δt n When mud stone flows into the converging main river pile body to be opposite to the central lineDeflection angle, degree;
step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the branch main ditch in the process of flowing and converging the mud stones n
Reading is changed by a third sensor (44) in the tailing pond device (3), and when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12), the water level of the tailing pond device (3) is recorded as an initial water level H 0 After the sample enters the main river tank (21), the change reading of the third sensor (44) is read, and the time change sequence (H) of the water level in the tailing pond device (3) is recorded n ，Δt n ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the An image of the main river flow is acquired by an image collector (41) positioned opposite to the branch ditch conveying groove (12), and the change (I) of the main river flow depth is measured by frame rate analysis software n ，Δt n )；
Calculating the main river flow Q in the process of mud stone flowing into the sink main river according to the method 6 and 7 n main ：
Formula 6: ΔH 1 ＝H 1 -H 0 ，ΔH 2 ＝H 2 -H 1 …ΔH n ＝H n -H n-1
Formula 7:
calculating the velocity v of the main river flow in the nth time interval according to 8 n main ：
Formula 8:
wherein a is the length of the tailing pond, m;
k-tailing Chi Kuandu, m;
b, the width of the main river channel, m;
calculating the momentum ratio R of branch main ditches in the nth time interval in the process of converging mud stone inflow to main river opposite bank according to 9 n ：
Formula 9:
wherein ,Rn -the ratio of the flow quantity of the mud-rock in the branch ditch to the flow quantity of the main river in the nth time interval in the process that the mud-rock flows into the sink main river to reach the opposite shore;
Q n main -the flow rate of the main stream flow in the nth time interval, m 3 /s；
v n main -the flow rate of the main stream in the nth time interval, m/s.
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