CN112729768A - Mud stone inflow convergence river movement process experiment measurement system and measurement method - Google Patents
Mud stone inflow convergence river movement process experiment measurement system and measurement method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a mud-rock inflow convergence main river motion process experimental measurement system and a measurement method, and firstly provides a mud-rock inflow convergence main river motion process simulation experimental measurement system which comprises a mud-rock flow forming device, wherein an outlet of a branch ditch conveying trough is hinged with a main river water trough; the tailing pond device is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank; the measuring device is characterized in that the image collector is respectively arranged right above the main river trough and right opposite to the outlet of the branch ditch conveying trough; the second sensors are arranged on the bottom surface of the main river water tank, and the first sensors are respectively arranged right above the second sensors; the third sensor is located above the tailings pond device. The invention also provides a method for measuring and calculating related evolution parameters in the movement process of the mudstone flowing into the main river by using the experimental system, which is used for calculating the momentum change of the mudstone flowing into the main river and the main river, and calculating the on-way evolution characteristics of the density and the volume concentration of mixed flow, the deflection rate of the inflow angle and the like caused by the mixing of water flow and the mudstone flow.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of debris flow disasters, which is mainly suitable for researching the movement of debris flowing into a main river course, in particular to an experimental measurement system and a measurement and calculation method for the movement process of debris flowing into a main river.
Background
Debris flow is a non-homogeneous, non-constant, non-newtonian fluid with high strength sand transport capability that can carry large amounts of heterogeneous solid matter. The river sediment enters a main river, interacts with incoming flow in a sink entering area, rapidly changes the water and sand composition and local boundary conditions of the main river, causes rapid change of the topography of a river bed in a short time, leads to rising of an upstream river bed, large specific drop of the downstream river bed and aggravation of river curvature, is very easy to cause disaster on different banks and wandering of the river bed, even large-scale debris flow can be deposited to form a weir plug body, and can seriously threaten the life and property safety of downstream residents. The mud stone flowing into the converging river greatly changes the riverbed accumulation landform evolution process of the converging area, and how to reasonably describe the movement process of the mud stone flowing into the converging area is an important problem of the watershed landform, river dynamics and disaster science. However, the intersection process is complex, experimental phenomena are difficult to observe, experimental measurement means are not advanced enough, and the like, so that the current movement mechanism of mud stone flowing into the main river is still lack of deep understanding. The research on the movement mechanism of the debris flow into the main river and the interaction between the debris flow into the main river and the water flow is enhanced, the further understanding of the debris flow blocking river is facilitated, and a dynamic basis is provided for the debris flow blocking river theory.
Because the crossing field of the debris flow and the water flow is a non-constant and constantly changing flow field, the volume density of the silt-water mixture, the silt concentration, the momentum of the debris flow of the branch trench, the momentum of the main river flow, the stress of the base of the mixed flow and the like are constantly changed along with the sink-in process. So far, the research on the parameters of the main river course of debris flowing into the confluence has not researched the changes of the parameters, and further neglects the influence of water flow on the movement of the debris flow in the confluence process, including the mixing effect of the debris flow and the water flow, the transportation effect of the water flow on the debris flow and the like, and the action phenomena often influence the accurate estimation of the time for the debris flowing into the confluence to block the main river, the total amount of the accumulation bodies of the blocked river and the like. At present, research on the movement of mud stones flowing into a converging main river along the course still stays in the stage of summarizing experimental phenomena and qualitatively judging, and the momentum change of the mud stones flowing into the converging main river, the density distribution and volume concentration change of mixed flow caused by mixing of water flow and mud stone flow, and the deviation condition of the water flow to the mud stone flow are difficult problems for restricting the research on the parameters of the mud stone flowing into the converging main river along the course. Moreover, as the mud and stones in the nature flow into the converging main river suddenly and the converging process lasts for a short time, the terrain conditions are complex, the intersection parameters of the mud and stones and the water flow are more difficult to measure, and the parameter evolution of the on-way space of the mud and stones flowing into the converging process cannot be researched according to the field phenomenon.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of parameter evolution of the on-way space of the mudstone inflow convergence process which is not researched at present, the invention provides an experimental measurement system and a measurement method for the on-way space of the mudstone inflow convergence process, which can not only realize the simulation of the on-way motion process of the mudstone flow (including dilute, sub-viscous and strong-viscous mudstone flow) entering the convergence main river, but also observe the mixing characteristics of the water flow and the mudstone flow and the transport characteristics of the water flow to the mudstone flow, and measure and calculate the on-way evolution condition of the density and the volume concentration of the mixed flow.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention firstly provides an experimental measurement system for a mud-rock inflow and convergence process, which has the following technical scheme:
a mud-rock inflow convergence main river movement process experiment measuring system comprises a mud-rock flow forming device, a main river flow conveying device, a tailing pond device, a measuring device and an analyzing device.
The debris flow forming device is provided with a hopper, a branch trench conveying groove and a bracket, wherein the branch trench conveying groove is erected on the bracket; the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove is connected with the main river water tank through a rotating pin, so that the slope of the branch ditch conveying groove is allowed to change. The hopper is communicated with the inlet end of the branch channel conveying groove, and a gate is arranged at the joint of the hopper and the inlet end of the branch channel conveying groove and is electrically connected with the analysis device.
Main river rivers conveyor has main river basin and supply tank, and the delivery port is right angle triangle weir, and is connected with main river basin, for can guaranteeing the stability of crossing weir rivers height and main river rivers steady, optimization design here is: and a grid baffle is arranged at the water inlet of the water supply tank for energy dissipation.
And the tailing pond device is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank and is used for collecting mixed flow of mud and stone flowing into and converging the mud and stone.
A measuring device having a plurality of image collectors, a plurality of first sensors, a plurality of second sensors, and a third sensor; each image collector is respectively arranged right above the main river trough and right opposite to the outlet of the branch ditch conveying trough. Two image collector sites were chosen: the system is arranged right above the main river water channel and used for acquiring the flow velocity of the whole process that the debris flow sample moves to the main river water channel along the branch channel conveying channel and meets water flow; and the depth change of the main river flow after the mud stone flows into the sink is measured just opposite to the outlet of the branch ditch conveying groove. The second sensor is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river trough, the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the outlet position of the branch ditch conveying trough at intervals of the same distance; the first sensors are respectively arranged right above the second sensors. The third sensor is located above the tailings pond device.
The analysis device is electrically connected with the plurality of image collectors, the plurality of first sensors, the second sensor and the third sensor; the third sensor probe faces the interior of the tailing pond device and is mainly used for measuring water level change in the tailing pond device and calculating mixed flow rate of mud stones entering the process of flowing into the main river. The mixed flow causes certain fluctuation to the water surface of the tailing pond device in the process of entering the tailing pond device, a grid baffle is arranged at the rear half part of the tailing pond device for ensuring the stability of the water surface of the tailing pond device and the accuracy of measurement of a third sensor, and the third sensor measures the height change of the water surface separated by the grid baffle.
In the invention, in order to solve the problem that the existing mud-rock flows into the converging main river device can not effectively acquire the stress state of the basement, the influence on the motion state of the mud-rock flow after the basement stress sensor is arranged is considered. The second sensor and the main river water tank are optimally designed as follows:
the optimized second sensor is composed of a stress area and a flange plate, and the stress surface is level to the top surface of the flange plate. The tank bottom surface of main river basin is equipped with the mounting hole that is used for installing the second sensor. The diameter of the mounting hole is slightly larger than that of the flange plate, and the thickness of the mounting hole is equal to that of the flange plate. The circumferential edge of the mounting hole is provided with a step for supporting the second sensor. A gap is reserved between the mounting hole and the flange plate, and a layer of waterproof material is coated on the gap.
Based on the mud stone inflow governing river process experiment measuring system, the invention also provides a mud stone inflow governing river motion process experiment measuring method, which is applied to the system and comprises the following steps:
the process that the mud stone flows into the main river to reach the opposite bank is divided into a plurality of time intervals delta tn；
Measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough and moving in the main river in each time interval through the image collector
Measuring the mixed flow base pressure P at said different locations in each time interval by each said second sensorn,m；
Measuring the mixed flow depth h at said different positions in each time interval by each of said first sensorsn,m；
Actual average flow velocity of debris flow flowing through outlet end of branch trench conveying trough in same time interval
And the mixed flow depth h of the outlet end of the branch channel conveying grooven,1Calculating the flow Q of the debris flow entering the main river in the time intervaln pieces；
By the base pressure P of the mixed flow at the same position in each of said same time intervalsn,mAnd mixed stream depth hn,mCalculating the mixed flow density rho at the same position in the time intervaln,m；
By the mixed stream density ρ at different positions in each same time intervaln,mAnd the solid phase bulk density ρ of the debris flowsTo calculate the mixed flow volume concentration C at that location within the time intervaln,m；
Measuring the flow rate Q of the main river water flow in each time interval by a third sensor in the tailing pond devicen mainThrough Qn mainThe width B of the main river channel and the depth of the main river current obtained by the image collector opposite to the branch channel are used for back calculating the flow velocity v of the main river currentn main；
Flow rate Q of main river water flow passing through same time intervaln mainMain river flow velocity vn mainAnd the flow rate Q of the debris flow entering the main rivern piecesVelocity of mud-rock flow
To calculate the momentum ratio R of the main supporting ditch in the time interval when the mud-rock inflow sink reaches the opposite bank of the main rivern；
Measuring the change of morphological parameters of the mudstone flowing into the main river in each time interval; the shape parameters at least comprise stacking length, stacking width and deflection angle;
and analyzing the evolution characteristics of the mud-rock flow in the converging river process by an analysis device according to the actual average flow velocity, the mixed flow base pressure and the morphological characteristic parameters in each time interval.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
step S1, early preparation
Designing the density of a debris flow sample according to an experimental research target, obtaining particle characteristic data of the dry soil sample through a preliminary experiment, and determining the proportion of the dry soil sample and water materials meeting the density of the debris flow sample according to the density and the dosage of the debris flow sample; preparing samples according to a proportion, and uniformly stirring to form a debris flow sample;
Opening the gate to make the sample flow out, calculating the n time interval of debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove in the frame rate analysis mode according to the formula 1 by the motion images of the image collectors when the sample flows through the outletSaid actual average flow velocity
Formula 1:
wherein ,
-said actual average flow velocity m/s of the debris flow through the outlet end of said branch trench trough during the nth time interval;
Δtn-the nth time interval, s, during which the debris flow passes through the outlet of said lateral trough;
the movement displacement m of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet of the branch trench conveying groove in the L-nth time interval is determined by analyzing the images acquired by the image acquisition device;
Measuring the debris flow depth h at the outlet of the branch trench conveying trough by a first sensorn,1Calculating the debris flow Q entering the main river in the nth time interval according to the formula 2n pieces；
Formula 2:
wherein ,Qn pieces-the flow rate of the debris flow into the main river, m, in the nth time interval3/s；
b-the width of the branch trench conveying groove, m;
hn,1-measuring the debris flow depth m at the outlet of the lateral trough conveyor trough by a first sensor in an nth time interval;
Acquiring on-way pressure change data (P) of the sample in-sink main river during the movement process from the second sensorn,m，Δtn)；
Calculating the density rho of the mixed flow in the main river water tank according to the formula 3, the formula 4 and the formula 5 respectivelyn,mMixed flow volume concentration Cn,mThe input-sink angle deflection rate delta;
formula 3:
formula 4:
formula 5:
wherein ,ρn,m-density of mixed flow of debris flow in kg/m at different positions in the nth time interval3；
Pn,m-mudslide base pressure at different positions within the nth time interval;
hn,m-mixed stream depth at different positions in the nth time interval; m is 1, 2, 3, 4, which represents the sensors arranged at different positions in the nth time interval; g is the acceleration of gravity, m/s2Taking 9.8;
beta-the included angle between the bottom of the main river water tank and the ground is 1.8 degrees;
Cn,m-the volumetric concentration of the mixed stream at different positions in the nth time interval;
ρfdensity of clear water stream kg/m3Taking 1000;
ρssolid density of mud-rock flow, kg/m32650 is taken;
θnsample entry into main river n delta tnWhen mud and stones flow into the accumulation body of the main river, the deflection angle and degree of the accumulation body relative to the central line are adjusted;
θn-1sample entry into afflux Main river (n-1) DeltatnWhile the mud-rock flows into the accumulation body of the main river at a deflection angle relative to the central lineDegree, degree;
step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the main supporting ditch in the mud-rock flow-in and convergence processn
The third sensor in the tailings pond changes the reading, and the water level of the tailings pond is recorded as the initial water level H when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet of the branch trench conveying groove0After the sample enters the main river, reading the change reading of the third sensor and recording the water level time change sequence (H) in the tailing pondn，Δtn). Acquiring images of the main river flow by using an image acquisition device positioned opposite to the branch trench, and measuring the depth change (I) of the main river flow by using frame rate analysis softwaren，Δtn)；
Calculating the main river flow Q in the process of mud stone flowing into the main river according to the formulas 6 and 7n main
Formula 6: Δ H1＝H1-H0，ΔH2＝H2-H1…ΔHn＝Hn-Hn-1
Formula 7:
calculating the main river flow velocity v in the nth time interval according to the formula 8n main；
Formula 8:
wherein, a is the length of the tailing pond and m;
k is the width of the tailing pond, m;
b, width of the main river trough, m;
calculating the momentum ratio R of the main channel in the nth time interval in the process that the mudstone inflow convergence reaches the main river to the bank according to the formula 9n：
Formula 9:
wherein ,RnThe flow quantity and the main flow of the branch trench mudstone in the nth time interval in the process that the mudstone flows into the main river to be opposite to the bankThe ratio of river momentum;
Qn mainFlow rate of main river stream m in nth time interval3/s；
vn main-the velocity of the main river flow in the nth time interval, m/s.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional structure diagram of an experimental measurement system for the evolution of the mudstone inflow convergence main river course;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the experimental measurement system for the river course evolution of mudstone flowing into the river;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the base stress sensor arrangement of the main river basin bottom of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the movement of the mudstone flowing into the main river along the course of the river;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of a second sensor installation of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In the embodiments, only certain exemplary embodiments are described briefly. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, an experimental measurement system for a mud-rock inflow-convergence main river motion process comprises:
the debris flow formation device 1 includes a hopper 11, a branch trench conveyance groove 12, and a support 13, the hopper 11 communicates with an inlet end of the branch trench conveyance groove 12, a gate 111 is provided at a junction of the hopper 11 and the inlet end of the branch trench conveyance groove 12, and the gate 111 is electrically connected to the analysis device 5. The top of the branch trench conveying groove 12 is connected to the bracket 13 through a hinge; the outlet end of the branch canal conveying trough 12 is connected with the main river trough 21 through a rotating pin, and the slope of the branch canal conveying trough is allowed to change.
The main river water flow conveying device 2 comprises a main river water tank 21 and a water supply tank 22, wherein a grid baffle 221 is arranged at a water inlet of the water supply tank 21, and a water outlet of the water supply tank is a right-angle triangular weir 222 and is connected with the main river water tank 21. The main river tank 21 includes side plates 211 at both sides and a bottom plate 212. Preferably, the two side plates 211 of the main river channel 21 are made of transparent materials, so as to facilitate observation and image acquisition of the mud stone flowing-in and converging process in the main river channel. Each side plate 211 can be provided with a grid to facilitate the analysis and calculation of the interaction parameters in the process of mud-rock flow-in and flow-out.
And the tailing pond device 3 is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank 21. In order to ensure the stability of the water surface of the tailing pond, a grid baffle plate 31 is arranged at the rear half part of the tailing pond.
A measuring device 4 including an image collector 41, a first sensor 42, a second sensor 43, and a third sensor 44; the second sensor 43 is arranged on the bottom surface of the main river channel 21, the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the position of the outlet end of the branch channel conveying channel 12 at intervals of the same distance; each of the first sensors 42 is disposed directly above the second sensor 43 and perpendicular to the bottom surface of the second sensor 43. Two image collectors 41, one of which is arranged right above the main river channel 21; the other is arranged right opposite to the outlet end of the branch canal conveying groove 12 to measure the flow depth change of the main river. A third sensor 44 is located within the tailings pond apparatus 3.
The analyzer 5 is electrically connected to the image acquiring unit 41, the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43, and the third sensor 44. The device is used for receiving the data collected by the image collector 41, the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43 and the third sensor 44, and analyzing and processing the received data to calculate and analyze the evolution characteristics of the movement process of the mudstone flowing into the river. As shown in fig. 4, for example, the characteristics of the mixed flow fluid during the inflow of debris into the merging river, the evolution characteristics of the motion characteristic parameters, and the momentum ratio characteristics of the debris flow and the water flow during the inflow are determined.
In this embodiment, the functions of the analysis device 5 may be realized by one device or may be realized by different devices. For example, the analysis device 5 may include a collecting unit 51 for receiving data collected by the first sensor 42, the second sensor 43, and the third sensor 44 and sending the data to the analysis unit 52, and an analysis unit 52. The analysis unit 52 is used for receiving the data of the acquisition unit 51 and the image acquisition unit 41 and performing analysis and calculation.
In this embodiment, the hopper 11 has a length of 50cm, a width of 50cm, a height of 60cm, and an inclination angle of the bottom of 45 °. The height of the controllable opening of the gate 111 is 0-20 cm, and the supply of debris flow and the flow rate are controlled. The branch trench conveying groove 12 is 20cm wide in width, 20cm high in height and 100cm long in effective length. The width of the main river channel 21 is 40cm, the inner height is 30cm, and the effective length is 2500 cm. The water supply tank 22 is 100cm long, 60cm wide and 40cm high. The width of the grid baffle arranged in the grid is 60cm, and the height of the grid baffle is 40 cm. The bottom of the triangular weir is 15cm away from the bottom of the main river water tank 21. The tailing pond of the tailing pond device 3 is 100cm long, 100cm wide and 70cm high, and the internal grid baffle is arranged on the side far away from the main river channel 21 and 70cm far away from the outlet of the main river channel 21. The slope of the branch trench conveying groove 12 is 12 degrees. The main river channel 21 has a slope of 1.8 °.
As shown in fig. 3, in the present embodiment, the image collector 41 adopts a high-definition camera, and preferably, the frame rate is 50 frames, and includes two high-definition cameras. As shown in fig. 5, the first sensor 42 is an ultrasonic ranging sensor, and has 4 sets, and the sound wave generating heads are perpendicular to the bottom surface of the second sensor 43. Preferably, NWJ-70 is used, and the frequency is 50 Hz. The problem of conventional laser range finding sensor in the dynamometry process because of liquid transparency and liquid level reflection lead to the measured data inaccurate is solved. The second sensor 43 adopts a substrate stress sensor and comprises 4 groups of piezoresistive pressure sensors JHBM, the stress detection surfaces face to the right upper side, the effective stress surface of the second sensor 43 is a circular surface with the diameter of 2cm, and the outer diameter of the external flange plate is 0.4 cm. The 4 groups of substrate stress sensors are sequentially arranged at the bottom of the main river channel at the outlet of the branch channel conveying channel at the same interval. The third sensor 44 is a laser level gauge, preferably, an ODSL-30.
In the embodiment, the characteristics of the mixed flow fluid and the evolution parameters of the motion characteristics of the mud stone flowing into the confluence river during the motion process are measured. The experimental measurement system is implemented by utilizing the movement process experiment of the mud stone flowing into the main river, and the measured characteristics and movement parameters of the inflow-confluence mixed flow are delta tn0.5s is the interval time.
The specific method comprises the following steps:
step S1, early preparation
According to the research objective of the experiment, the concentration of the debris flow sample in the experiment is designed to be 2.14 multiplied by 103kg/m3. The experimental soil sample is directly sampled, dried and sieved by adopting a Tibet Tianmo ditch debris flow, and the maximum particle size of the sample soil sample is 2cm (D)maxLess than or equal to 2 cm). To make the density of a debris flow sample be 2.14 multiplied by 103kg/m3The sample volume is 20L, and the mass fraction of water required for preparation is as follows: the mass fraction of solid is 1: 7. And (3) loading the prepared debris flow sample into a hopper 11. The gradient of the conveying branch groove conveying trough 12 is adjusted to be 12 degrees.
Step S2, measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet of the branch trench conveying groove
And after the debris flow sample is uniformly stirred, starting the data acquisition unit, the analysis unit and the water supply device.
Opening the gate 111 to make the sample flow out, obtaining the motion image of the debris flow sample passing through the outlet section from the image collector 41, and calculating the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow passing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough 12 according to formula 1 by frame rate analysis software (Prinnacle Studio)
The specific data are shown in Table 1.
Measuring the debris flow depth h at the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove 12 by an ultrasonic distance measuring sensorn,1Calculating the debris flow Q entering the main river in the nth time interval according to the formula 2n piecesThe specific data are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 debris flow sample motion data calculation table
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
Acquiring on-way pressure change data (P) of a sample in-sink main river during movement from a substrate stress sensorn,m，Δtn) The specific data are shown in tables 2, 3 and 4;
Calculating the mixed flow density rho in the main river channel 21 according to the formulas 3, 4 and 5n,mMixed flow volume concentration Cn,mAnd an in-out angle deflection rate δ.
TABLE 2 debris flow samples into Hui-Zhi-Hui river motion evolution characteristic parameters (2# sensor point location)
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
TABLE 3 debris flow samples into Hui-Zhi-Hui river course evolution characteristic parameters (3# sensor point location)
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
TABLE 4 debris flow samples into Hui-Zhi-Hui river course evolution characteristic parameters (4# sensor point location)
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
TABLE 5 influx Angle deflection Rate
| n(s) | Deflection angle (°) | Angle of incidence and convergence rate |
| 0.5 | - | - |
| 1.0 | - | - |
| 1.5 | - | - |
| 2.0 | 12 | - |
| 2.5 | 16 | 0.333 |
| 3.0 | 21 | 0.313 |
| 3.5 | 27 | 0.286 |
| 4.0 | 34 | 0.259 |
| 4.5 | 37 | 0.088 |
| 5.0 | 40 | 0.081 |
| 5.5 | 42 | 0.050 |
| 6.0 | 44 | 0.048 |
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
Step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the main supporting ditch in the mud-rock flow-in and convergence processn
The third sensor 44 in the tailing pond device 3 changes the reading, and the water level of the tailing pond when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove 12 is recorded as the initial water level H0After the sample enters the main river, the change reading of the third sensor 44 is read, and the water level time change sequence (H) in the tailing pond device 3 is recordedn，Δtn). The image collector 41 opposite to the branch trench conveying trough 12 is used for obtaining the image of the main river flow, and the frame rate analysis software is used for measuring the water depth change (I) of the main river flown，Δtn)。
Calculating mud stone inflow into the converging river according to the formulas 6 and 7Main river flow Q in the processn main
Calculating the main river flow velocity v in the nth time interval according to the formula 8n main. Further, the momentum ratio R of the main supporting ditch in the nth time interval in the process that the mud stone inflow confluence reaches the main river to the bank is calculated according to the formula 9n。
TABLE 6 variation of momentum of main ditch in the process of mud-rock flow-in and convergence
Note: the experiment lasts for 6s
The specific data are shown in Table 6.
Claims (9)
1. A mud stone flows into and converges owner river motion process experiment measurement system which characterized in that includes:
the debris flow forming device (1) comprises a hopper (11), a branch trench conveying groove (12) and a support (13), wherein the hopper (11) is communicated with the inlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12), a gate (111) is arranged at the joint of the hopper (11) and the inlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12), and the gate (111) is electrically connected with an analysis device (5);
the main river water flow conveying device (2) comprises a main river water tank (21) and a water supply pool (22), wherein a grid baffle (221) is arranged at a water inlet of the water supply pool (21), and a water outlet is a right-angle triangular weir (222) and is connected with the main river water tank (21); the main river water tank (21) comprises two side plates (211) and a bottom plate (212);
the tailing pond device (3) is arranged at the outlet of the main river water tank (21);
a measuring device (4) comprising an image acquisition device (41), a first sensor (42), a second sensor (43) and a third sensor (44); the second sensor (43) is arranged at the bottom surface of the main river channel (21), the stress detection surface of the second sensor faces to the right upper side, and the second sensor is sequentially arranged at the position of the outlet end of the branch channel conveying channel (12) at intervals of the same distance; each first sensor (42) is arranged right above the second sensor (43) and is vertical to the bottom surface of the second sensor (43); two image collectors (41), wherein one of the two image collectors is arranged right above the main river water tank (21); the other is arranged right opposite to the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying groove (12) to measure the flow depth change of the main river; the third sensor (44) is positioned above the tailing pond device (3);
the analysis device (5) is electrically connected with the image collector (41), the first sensor (42), the second sensor (43) and the third sensor (44); the device is used for receiving data collected by the image collector (41), the first sensor (42), the second sensor (43) and the third sensor (44), and analyzing and processing the received data to calculate and analyze the evolution characteristics of the movement process of the mudstone flowing into the river.
2. The experimental measurement system for the movement process of mud-rock inflow collection rivers according to claim 1, characterized in that the top of the branch trench conveying trough (12) is hinged on a bracket (13); the outlet end of the branch ditch conveying trough (12) is hinged with the main river trough (21) so as to change the gradient of the branch ditch conveying trough (12).
3. The experimental measurement system for the movement process of the mudstone flowing into the main river according to the claim 1, characterized in that the two side plates (211) of the main river channel (21) are made of transparent material; each side plate (211) is also provided with a grid.
4. The experimental measurement system for the movement process of mud-rock inflow-gathering rivers according to claim 1, characterized in that a grid baffle is arranged at the rear half part of the tailing pond device (3).
5. The experimental measurement system for the mud-rock inflow governing river motion process is characterized in that the analysis device (5) comprises an acquisition unit (51) and an analysis unit (52), wherein the acquisition unit is used for receiving data collected by the first sensor (42), the second sensor (43) and the third sensor (44) and sending the data to the analysis unit (52); the analysis unit (52) is used for receiving the data of the acquisition unit (51) and the image acquisition unit (41) and carrying out analysis and calculation.
6. The experimental measurement system for the mud-rock inflow convergence river motion process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second sensor (43) comprises a force-bearing area and a flange plate, and the force-bearing surface of the second sensor (43) is level with the top surface of the flange plate; the bottom surface of the main river water tank (21) is provided with a mounting hole for mounting the second sensor (43), the thickness of the mounting hole is the same as that of the flange plate, and the circumferential edge of the mounting hole is provided with a step for supporting the second sensor (43); a gap is reserved between the mounting hole and the flange plate, and a layer of waterproof material is coated on the gap.
7. The experimental measurement system for the mud stone inflow governing river motion process is characterized in that the image collector (41) adopts a high-definition camera;
the first sensor (42) adopts ultrasonic ranging sensors, 4 groups are provided, and the sound wave generating heads are all vertical to the bottom surface of the second sensor (43);
the second sensor (43) adopts substrate stress sensors and comprises 4 groups of piezoresistive pressure sensors JHBM, the stress detection surfaces face right above, the effective stress surface of the second sensor (43) is a circular surface with the diameter of 2cm, the outer diameter of an external flange plate is 0.4cm, and the 4 groups of substrate stress sensors are sequentially arranged at the bottom of the main river channel (21) at the outlet end of the branch channel conveying groove (12) at the same interval;
the third sensor (44) adopts a laser water level meter, and a probe is vertical to the bottom surface of the tailing pond device (3).
8. A method for measuring and calculating a mud stone inflow governing river movement process experiment, which is characterized in that the mud stone inflow governing river movement process experiment measuring system of any one of claims 1 to 7 is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps:
the process that the mud stone flows into the sink (21) of the main river to be landed is divided into a plurality of time intervals delta tn；
Measuring the actual average flow speed of the debris flow flowing through the outlet of the branch canal conveying trough (12) and moving in the main river in each time interval by the image collector (41)
Measuring the mixed flow base pressure P at different positions in each time interval by each of said second sensors (43)n,m；
Measuring the mixed flow depth h at different positions in time intervals by means of said first sensors (42)n,m；
Actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough (12) in the same time interval
And the mixed flow depth h of the outlet end of the branch channel conveying groove (12)n,1Calculating the mud-rock flow Q entering the main river water tank (21) in the time intervaln pieces；
By the base pressure P of the mixed flow at the same position in each of the same time intervalsn,mAnd mixed stream depth hn,mCalculating the mixed flow density rho at the same position in the time intervaln,m；
By the mixed stream density ρ at different positions in each same time intervaln,mAnd the solid phase bulk density ρ of the debris flowsTo calculate the mixed flow volume concentration C at that location within the time intervaln,m；
Measuring the flow rate Q of the main river water flow in each time interval by means of a third sensor (44) in the tailings pond device (3)n mainThrough Qn mainThe width B of the main river water channel (21) and the main river water flow depth obtained by the image collector (41) opposite to the branch channel conveying channel (12) are used for back calculating the main river water flow velocity vn main；
Flow rate Q of main river water flow passing through same time intervaln mainMain river flow velocity vn mainAnd the flow rate Q of the debris flow entering the main rivern piecesVelocity of mud-rock flow
To calculate the momentum ratio R of the main supporting ditch in the time interval when the mud-rock inflow sink reaches the opposite bank of the main rivern；
Measuring the change of morphological parameters of the mudstone flowing into the main river in each time interval; the shape parameters at least comprise stacking length, stacking width and deflection angle;
and the analysis device analyzes the evolution characteristics of the mud stone flowing into the converging river according to the actual average flow speed, the mixed flow base pressure and the morphological characteristic parameters in each time interval.
9. The experimental measurement and calculation method for the movement process of the mud stone flowing into the river according to claim 8, wherein the method comprises the following specific steps:
step S1, early preparation
Designing the density of a debris flow sample according to an experimental research target, obtaining particle characteristic data of the dry soil sample through a preliminary experiment, and determining the proportion of the dry soil sample and water materials meeting the density of the debris flow sample according to the density and the dosage of the debris flow sample; preparing samples according to a proportion, and uniformly stirring to form a debris flow sample;
step 2, measuring the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12)
Opening a gate (111) to make the sample flow out, calculating the actual average flow velocity of the debris flow flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12) in the nth time interval according to the formula 1 by each image collector (41) through the frame rate analysis mode according to the obtained motion image of the sample flowing through the outlet
Formula 1:
wherein ,
-the flow of debris during the nth time intervalThe actual average flow velocity at the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough (12), m/s;
Δtn-the n-th time interval, s, during which the debris flow flows through the outlet end of said branch trench conveyor trough (12);
the movement displacement m of the debris flow sample flowing through the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12) in the L-nth time interval is determined by analyzing images acquired by the image acquisition device;
step 3, measuring the debris flow sample flow Q of the afflux main rivern pieces
The debris flow depth h of the outlet end of the branch trench conveying trough (12) is measured by a first sensor (42)n,1Calculating the debris flow Q entering the main river water tank (21) in the nth time interval according to the formula 2n pieces：
Formula 2:
wherein ,Qn pieces-the flow rate of the debris flowing into the main river, m, in the nth time interval3/s；
b-the width of the branch trench conveying groove (12), m;
hn,1-the first sensor measures the depth, m, of the debris flow at the outlet end of the lateral trough conveyor (12) during the nth time interval;
step 4, measuring stress variation data (P)n,m，Δtn)
Acquiring on-way pressure change data (P) of the sample in-sink main river during the movement process from the second sensorn,m，Δtn)；
Step 5, calculating the delta t of the debris flow samplenEvolving characteristic parameters for an entry process of a time interval
Calculating the density rho of the mixed flow in the main river according to the formula 3, the formula 4 and the formula 5 respectivelyn,mMixed flow volume concentration Cn,mAnd the convergence angle deflection rate δ:
formula 3:
formula 4:
formula 5:
wherein ,ρn,m-density of mixed flow of debris flow in kg/m at different positions in the nth time interval3；
Pn,m-mudslide base pressure at different positions within the nth time interval;
hn,m-mixed stream depth at different positions in the nth time interval; m is 1, 2, 3, 4, which represents the sensors arranged at different positions in the nth time interval; g is the acceleration of gravity, m/s2Taking 9.8;
beta-the included angle between the bottom of the main river water tank and the ground is 1.8 degrees;
Cn,m-the volumetric concentration of the mixed stream at different positions in the nth time interval;
ρfdensity of clear water stream kg/m3Taking 1000;
ρssolid density of mud-rock flow, kg/m32650 is taken;
θnsample entry into main river n delta tnWhen mud and stones flow into the accumulation body of the main river, the deflection angle and degree of the accumulation body relative to the central line are adjusted;
θn-1sample entry into afflux Main river (n-1) DeltatnWhen mud and stones flow into the accumulation body of the main river, the deflection angle and degree of the accumulation body relative to the central line are adjusted;
step 6, calculating the change R of the momentum ratio of the main supporting ditch in the mud-rock flow-in and convergence processn
The third sensor (44) in the tailing pond device (3) changes the reading, and the water level of the tailing pond device (3) when the debris flow sample reaches the outlet end of the branch trench conveying groove (12) is recorded as the initial water level H0After the sample enters the main river water tank (21), reading the change reading of the third sensor (44) and recording the water level time change sequence (H) in the tailing pond device (3)n，Δtn) (ii) a By means of a conveyor located in a branch trenchAn image collector (41) opposite to the groove (12) obtains images of the main river flow, and frame rate analysis software is utilized to measure the water depth change (I) of the main river flown，Δtn)；
Calculating the main river flow Q in the process of mud stone flowing into the main river according to the formulas 6 and 7n main：
Formula 6: Δ H1＝H1-H0，ΔH2＝H2-H1…ΔHn＝Hn-Hn-1
Formula 7:
calculating the main river flow velocity v in the nth time interval according to the formula 8n main：
Formula 8:
wherein, a is the length of the tailing pond and m;
k is the width of the tailing pond, m;
b, width of the main river trough, m;
calculating the momentum ratio R of the main channel in the nth time interval in the process that the mudstone inflow convergence reaches the main river to the bank according to the formula 9n：
Formula 9:
wherein ,RnThe ratio of the flow quantity of the branch trench mudstone to the momentum of the main river in the nth time interval in the process that the mudstone flows into the main river to reach the opposite bank;
Qn mainFlow rate of main river stream m in nth time interval3/s；
vn main-the velocity of the main river flow in the nth time interval, m/s.
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