CN112715790A

CN112715790A - Feed for reducing overwintering and losing weight rate of grass carps and preparation method and breeding method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN112715790A
Application number: CN202110030148.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陈文典; 张璐; 刘梅; 张高明; 冯硕恒; 刘春强
Original assignee: Nanchang Tongwei Biotechnology Co ltd; Tongwei Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nanchang Tongwei Biotechnology Co ltd; Tongwei Co Ltd
Priority date: 2021-01-11
Filing date: 2021-01-11
Publication date: 2021-04-30

Abstract

The invention discloses a feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps, a preparation method and a breeding method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of freshwater fish breeding. The feed comprises soybean meal, rapeseed cakes, vinasse protein feed, fish meal and flour. Cassava, bran, rice bran, soybean oil, monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, lysine, methionine, choline chloride, L-carnitine hydrochloride, vitamin premix and trace element premix. The preparation method comprises the steps of weighing the raw materials in parts by mass, uniformly mixing, primarily crushing, secondarily and ultra-finely crushing, modulating and granulating. Aiming at the problem that the water temperature of grass carps is low in winter, the feed and the feeding method with different processing modes are selected according to the fish selling time, so that the weight loss of the grass carps in winter can be reduced.

Description

Feed for reducing overwintering and losing weight rate of grass carps and preparation method and breeding method thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of freshwater fish feeding, and particularly relates to a feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps, a preparation method thereof and a breeding method thereof.

Background

In China, beginning spring from 11 months to the second year, the water temperature of ponds in China, North China, east China and other areas is basically maintained at 0-15 ℃, and low-temperature wintering periods of about four months exist, when the water temperature is lower than 10 ℃, most fishes start to feed, and grass carp farmers also stop feeding successively.

During the period, some grass carp farmers sell fishes before the year, and some grass carp farmers select adult fish storage ponds to overwinter after waiting for the price rise of fishes after overwintering. When a farmer selects adult fish to be stored in a pond for overwintering, once the feed feeding is stopped, the condition that the weight of the grass carp loses can occur. Factors influencing the weight loss of the grass carps not only comprise air temperature and water temperature, but also relate to the type of the fed feed in the breeding process. According to survey reports, in northwest areas, the feed bait coefficient is low and the economic benefit is obvious before the fish selling time stops feeding the feed, but after the feed stops feeding, the weight loss rate of the grass carps is obviously increased along with the increase of the overwintering time, and the grass carps are seriously reduced in the spring of the next year. And farmers select sold fish before year, although the fat losing rate is not higher than that of the adult fish in a pond for overwintering, the problem of fat losing is solved if the breeding time is a period of winter before year.

Therefore, the market needs a feed and a cultivation method for reducing the fat loss rate of grass carps during the overwintering period.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps, a preparation method and a cultivation method thereof; the method can effectively reduce the fat loss rate of the overwintering grass carp, save the feeding cost and improve the breeding benefit of farmers.

The first purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps comprises the following components in parts by mass:

preferably at least one of normal pellet, buoyant expanded feed and raw pre-expanded pellet.

The second purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a preparation method of a feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps comprises the steps of weighing the raw materials in parts by mass, uniformly mixing, primarily crushing, secondarily and ultramicro-crushing, modulating and granulating.

When the feed is common granular material, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(1) weighing vitamin premix, microelement premix, monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, methionine, lysine, choline chloride and L-carnitine hydrochloride for premixing;

(2) weighing soybean meal, rapeseed cakes, vinasse protein feed, fish meal, flour, cassava, rice bran and bran, and mixing the raw materials mixed in the step (1) again;

(3) crushing the raw materials mixed in the step (2), and sieving the crushed raw materials with a sieve with the mesh not less than 80 meshes;

(4) mixing the crushed raw materials in the step (3) and spraying soybean oil;

(5) and (4) introducing steam into the mixed raw materials in the step (4) for tempering, extruding, granulating and drying.

When the feed is a floating expanded feed, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(4) introducing steam into the raw materials mixed in the step (3) for tempering until the water content of the raw materials is 25-27%, and performing puffing granulation, wherein the water content of the granulated raw materials is 21-24%; drying the puffed material at 90-100 deg.C;

(5) weighing soybean oil, spraying onto the dried raw materials, and cooling.

When the feed is a raw material pre-expanded granular material, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(1) mixing soybean meal, rapeseed cakes, vinasse protein feed and bran, puffing at the high temperature of 145 ℃ under 135 ℃, and cooling;

(2) weighing vitamin premix, microelement premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, methionine, lysine, choline chloride and L-carnitine hydrochloride, and mixing;

(3) weighing fish meal, flour, cassava and rice bran, mixing the raw materials subjected to puffing treatment in the step (1) and the raw materials in the step (2);

(4) crushing the raw materials mixed in the step (3), and sieving the crushed raw materials with a sieve with the mesh not less than 80 meshes;

(5) mixing the crushed raw materials in the step (4) and spraying soybean oil;

(6) and (4) introducing steam into the mixed raw materials in the step (5) for tempering, extruding and granulating at the temperature of 85-95 ℃, drying and cooling.

The third purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for breeding feed with the right of reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps comprises the following steps:

feeding once a day in the last ten days of 11 to 12 months, wherein the feeding amount is 0.2 to 0.35 percent of the weight of the grass carp every day.

Preferably, when pre-year fish sales are selected, the buoyant expanded feed is fed during the last ten days of months 11 to 12; when adult fish is selected to be stored in the pond for overwintering, feeding raw material pre-expanded granular materials in the last ten days of 11 to 12 months; stopping feeding from 12 middle months till the end of overwintering.

Preferably, the ammonia nitrogen content of the pond water is controlled to be less than 0.3mg/L, the nitrite content is controlled to be less than 0.1mg/L, the dissolved oxygen content is more than or equal to 4mg/L, and the pH value is 6.5-8.5.

The feed of the invention can meet the nutritional requirements of grass carp overwintering: the vitamin premix can improve the immunity and the anti-stress capability of the grass carp; the choline and the L-carnitine can promote the absorption and utilization of lipids in the feed by the grass carps, promote fat metabolism, prevent liver and gall comprehensive diseases of the grass carps and help the grass carps to successfully live through the winter; the cassava contains more amylopectin which is beneficial to the digestion and absorption of fishes, and can provide more energy for the overwintering grass carps.

Aiming at the problem that the water temperature of grass carps is low in winter, the feed and the feeding method with different processing modes are selected according to the fish selling time, so that the weight loss of the grass carps in winter can be reduced.

Detailed Description

The following specific examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the invention and practice it, but the examples are not intended to limit the invention. Other various modifications, substitutions and alterations of the above-described structures of the present invention will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the basic technical spirit of the invention as described herein.

The vitamin premix used in the invention is F11V vitamin premix for carnivorous fish provided by Tongwei animal nutrition feed company Limited; the microelement premix used is F29M premix for omnivorous fish provided by Touwei animal nutrition feed Co.

Example 1 preparation of Fish feed and Fish feeding

Preparation before cultivation

An aquaculture pond: the culture pond is an open type soil pond culture, the area of the pond is 5-20 mu, the water depth of the pond is about 1.5-2.0m, the middle of the pond is high, and the periphery is slightly low, so that the fish can be caught and the silt can be removed conveniently. A water inlet is preset at the position of an upper air inlet of the culture pond, which is 50cm away from the ground, and the diameter of the water inlet is 10-20cm, so that the water inlet is used for daily water inlet of the culture pond. 1 conventional batch feeder is arranged at a position 2-5m away from the water inlet, and a micropore oxygenation disc is arranged near a batch feeding area. 1 impeller type aerator with the power of 1.5-3kw is arranged every 3-5 mu, and 1 waterwheel aerator is respectively arranged at four corners of the pond.

Water quality management:

the culture water quality is regulated and controlled by regularly utilizing bacteria and algae products, and because grass carp is mostly cultured in an open type soil pond, the range of harmful substances and dissolved oxygen in water body needs to be controlled: the ammonia nitrogen content is less than 0.3mg/L, the nitrite content is less than 0.1mg/L, the dissolved oxygen content is more than or equal to 4mg/L, and the pH value is 6.5-8.5.

Weighing the raw materials according to the formula in the table 1, and preparing: four feed categories of floating expanded feed, sinking expanded feed, raw material pre-expanded granular feed and common granular feed with different processes are as follows:

common granular materials:

(1) weighing vitamin premix, trace element premix, monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, methionine, lysine, choline chloride and L-carnitine hydrochloride in corresponding amounts, and feeding the mixture into a premix mixer for premixing for 210 seconds.

(2) Weighing corresponding amounts of soybean meal, rapeseed cakes, vinasse protein feed, fish meal, flour, cassava, rice bran and bran, putting the raw materials mixed in the step (1) into a mixing bin, and fully mixing for 120 seconds.

(3) And (3) crushing the raw materials mixed in the step (2) in a conventional crusher, and then crushing in an ultrafine crusher until the crushing fineness reaches 95% and the crushed raw materials pass through a 80-mesh screen.

(4) And (4) putting the crushed raw materials in the step (3) into a secondary mixer together, fully mixing, and spraying the soybean oil at the same time, wherein the mixing time is 120-150 seconds.

(5) And (4) putting the mixed raw materials in the step (4) into a tempering demodulator for tempering, introducing 100-105 ℃ saturated steam, tempering for 10min, then carrying out extrusion granulation at 85-95 ℃ by using a pellet feed granulator, and drying the granulated feed in a drum dryer for 10 min.

(6) The dried feed is cooled and bagged, and the average grain size of the finally formed feed is 5mm (+ -5%).

Floating expanded material:

(4) Putting the mixed raw materials in the step (3) into a tempering demodulator for tempering, introducing water vapor, performing puffing granulation at the tempering temperature of 110-130 ℃, wherein the water content of the materials is in the range of 25-27%, and the water content of the materials after puffing is 21-24%; drying the puffed material at 90-100 deg.C.

(5) Then weighing corresponding amount of soybean oil, spraying the soybean oil on the dried feed, cooling, bagging, and finally forming the feed with the particle size of 5mm (+/-5%).

Sinking expanded material:

(4) And (4) putting the mixed raw materials in the step (3) into a tempering demodulator for tempering, introducing steam for tempering, wherein the tempering temperature is 105-115 ℃, the water content of the materials is within the range of 26-30%, and the water content of the extruded materials is less than or equal to 26%. And slowly baking the puffed material at 90 ℃ for 40 minutes.

(5) Then weighing soybean oil with corresponding amount, spraying the soybean oil on the dried feed, cooling and bagging. The final pellet size was 5mm (+ -5%).

Pre-puffing a granular material as a raw material:

(1) mixing soybean meal, rapeseed cake, vinasse protein feed and bran, puffing at the high temperature of 135-plus-145 ℃, and cooling.

(2) Weighing vitamin premix, trace element premix, monocalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, methionine, lysine, choline chloride and L-carnitine hydrochloride in corresponding amounts, and feeding the vitamin premix, the trace element premix, the monocalcium phosphate, the sodium chloride, the methionine, the lysine, the choline chloride and the L-carnitine hydrochloride into a premix mixer for premixing, wherein the mixing time is 210 seconds.

(3) Weighing corresponding amount of fish meal, flour, cassava and rice bran, putting the raw materials puffed in the step (1) and the raw materials puffed in the step (2) into a mixing bin, and fully mixing for 120 seconds.

(4) And (4) crushing the raw materials mixed in the step (3) in a conventional crusher, and then crushing in an ultrafine crusher until the crushing fineness reaches 95% and the crushed raw materials pass through a 80-mesh screen.

(5) And (4) putting the crushed raw materials in the step (4) into a secondary mixer together, fully mixing, and spraying the soybean oil at the same time, wherein the mixing time is 120-150 seconds.

(6) And (3) putting the mixed raw materials in the step (5) into a tempering demodulator for tempering, introducing 100-105 ℃ saturated steam, tempering for 10min, then carrying out extrusion granulation at 85-95 ℃ by using a pellet feed granulator, and drying the granulated feed in a drum dryer for 10 min.

(7) The dried feed is cooled and bagged, and the particle size of the finally formed feed is 5mm (+ -5%).

TABLE 1

Feed components	Mass portion of
		Soybean meal	250
Rapeseed meal	150
		Vegetable cake	80
Vinasse protein feed	60
		Fish meal	60
Flour	60
		Cassava	80
Bran	20
		Rice bran	150
Soybean oil	20
		Calcium dihydrogen phosphate	20
Sodium chloride	3
		Lysine	3
Methionine	3
		Choline chloride	3
L-carnitine hydrochloride	1.5
		Vitamin premix	1.5
Trace element premix	20

Preparing a test grass carp from the same pond, dividing the grass carp into four test groups, wherein each group comprises 3 net cages, the number of the grass carps in each net cage is 108 +/-3, the weight of each tail is 1005 +/-7 g, temporarily culturing is carried out for 15 days, and a feeding test is formally started after 8 days of domestication of the esophagus; the specification of the net cage is 6m multiplied by 2 m.

The feed feeding strategy is as follows:

1) before 11 months, feeding according to a normal feeding rhythm, wherein the feeding frequency is generally 2-4, and the feeding time is 8 in the morning: 00-18 pm: 00, the specific feeding frequency can be adjusted according to the water temperature, the season and the fish body size. For example, the feeding can be stopped in heavy rain on the day of summer. And (3) before 11 months, feeding by mixing with floating expanded materials and common granules as auxiliary materials, wherein the matching ratio of the floating expanded materials to the granules is 7: 3.

feeding the grass carp for 4 times a day under the condition of proper temperature (the water temperature is 22-28 ℃) before the fish body specification is 500 g/tail, wherein the feeding amount is 2% -3% of the weight of the grass carp; after the fish body specification is 500 g/tail, feeding for 3 times a day, wherein the feeding amount is 2-3% of the weight of the fish body;

the water temperature is 15-22 ℃, the fish can be fed for 2-3 times every day, and the feeding amount is 1% -2% of the weight of the fish;

the water temperature is lower than 15 ℃, the feeding is carried out for 1 time every day, and the feeding amount is about 0.5 percent of the weight of the fish.

2) After 11 months, feeding the grass carps in an early overwintering period (namely 11 months to the last ten days of 12 months) in a manner that the feeding amount is 0.2-0.35% of the weight of the grass carps and the feeding is stopped in the overwintering period (namely 12 months to 3 months).

As shown in Table 2, the weight average of the grass carp bodies of each test group was reduced from the initial weight average at the early overwintering feeding stage, and the fat loss rates of the grass carps fed with the normal pellet feed, the floating expanded feed, the sinking expanded feed and the pre-expanded pellet feed were 7.60%, 6.81%, 8.88% and 8.40%, respectively. Wherein, the grass carp fat loss rate of the feeding of the floating expanded feed group is the lowest, and the grass carp fat loss rate of the feeding of the sinking expanded feed group is the highest.

In the winter period, the weight of the grass carps in each experimental group is further reduced, and the fat loss rates of the grass carps fed with the common granular feed, the floating expanded feed, the sinking expanded feed and the raw material pre-expanded granular feed are respectively 4.65%, 8.91%, 5.31% and 3.27%. Wherein, the grass carp fat loss rate of the pre-expanded granular feed fed with the raw materials is the lowest, and the grass carp fat loss rate of the pre-expanded granular feed fed with the floating expanded feed is the highest.

After the whole overwintering is finished, the weight loss rates of the grass carp fed with the common granular material, the floating expanded material, the sinking expanded material and the raw material pre-expanded granular material are respectively 12.25%, 15.72%, 14.19% and 11.67%. Wherein, the grass carp fat loss rate of the floating expanded material is the highest, and the grass carp fat loss rate of the pre-expanded granular material is the lowest.

TABLE 2 grass carp condition of losing weight table

Example 2-5 Fish feed expansion test

In order to verify whether the feeds with different proportions have the same effect, the feed proportions used in examples 3-5 are weighed according to the table 3, and the feeding method and the preparation method of the feed are the same as those of example 1; examples 2 and 3 are floating expanded materials; examples 4 and 5 are raw pre-expanded pellets. The cultivation results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

As shown in Table 4, the fat loss rates at the early winter stage and the winter stage of examples 2 to 5 were not significantly different from those of example 1.

Claims

1. The feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of the grass carps is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:

2. the feed for reducing the fat loss rate of grass carps during wintering according to claim 1, wherein the feed is at least one of common granulated feed, floating expanded feed and raw pre-expanded granulated feed.

3. The method for preparing the feed for reducing the fat loss rate of the grass carps during the wintering according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the raw materials are weighed according to parts by mass, uniformly mixed and primarily crushed, and then secondarily subjected to superfine crushing, blending and pelleting.

4. The method for preparing feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps according to claim 3, wherein when the feed is common granular feed, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(4) mixing the crushed raw materials in the step (3) and spraying soybean oil;

5. The method for preparing feed for reducing the fat loss rate of grass carps during wintering according to claim 3, wherein when the feed is a floating expanded feed, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(5) weighing soybean oil, spraying onto the dried raw materials, and cooling.

6. The method for preparing the feed for reducing the fat loss rate of grass carps during overwintering according to claim 3, wherein when the feed is a raw material pre-expanded granular material, the preparation method comprises the following steps:

(5) mixing the crushed raw materials in the step (4) and spraying soybean oil;

7. The use method of the feed for reducing the overwintering and fat loss rate of grass carps as claimed in claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the feed is fed once a day in the last ten days from 11 months to 12 months, and the feeding amount is 0.2-0.35% of the weight of the grass carps per day.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the feeding of the feed for reducing the fat loss rate of grass carp during the last 11 to 12 months is performed when pre-year-old fish is selected.

9. The method for feeding fodder to reduce the fat loss rate of grass carp during overwintering as claimed in claim 7, wherein when adult fish is selected for storage in pond for overwintering, the raw material pre-expanded granules are fed during the last ten days of 11 to 12 months; stopping feeding from 12 middle months till the end of overwintering.

10. The method for raising grass carp with feed for reducing fat loss rate during overwintering as claimed in claim 7, wherein the ammonia nitrogen content of the pond water is controlled to be less than 0.3mg/L, the nitrite content is controlled to be less than 0.1mg/L, the dissolved oxygen content is controlled to be not less than 4mg/L, and the pH value is 6.5-8.5.