CN112673892A - Rack type cultivation technology for northern mushroom - Google Patents
Rack type cultivation technology for northern mushroom Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a northern mushroom shelf type cultivation technology, which comprises the following steps: selecting time A: generally, 11-12 months are selected for inoculation, the temperature in the north is cooler, the activities of mixed fungi are less, the pollution rate can be reduced, meanwhile, the room temperature is easy to control during fungus growing, the fungus growing is facilitated, the fruiting time is in spring, summer and autumn of the second year, the quality of the mushrooms growing in spring and autumn is good, and the summer is slightly poor. According to the method, the time selection, the strain determination, the culture material rotation, the field selection, the mushroom shed building, the mushroom bag production, the mushroom production management, the mushroom harvesting management and the mushroom bag damping and water replenishing are matched for use, so that the production quality of the northern mushrooms is greatly improved, the problem that the northern mushrooms are low in production benefit due to the fact that the yield can only be simply improved and the quality of the northern mushrooms cannot be greatly improved while the yield is improved when the northern mushrooms are produced by adopting a traditional cultivation mode is solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of northern mushroom cultivation, in particular to a northern mushroom rack type cultivation technology.
Background
The mushroom has the morphological characteristics that the fruiting body is medium and large, the diameter of the pileus is 3-10cm, the mushroom is near kidney or shellfish, the mushroom is semi-fleshy and is slightly tough, the surface is dry and has fine villi, dark brown, cinnamon or red brown, the edge is thin and light in color, the mushroom is smooth and has light split petals, the later-stage surface is near smooth and has more villi at the base, the mushroom flesh is tough and has light to white color, the later color is deep and 0.15cm thick, the mushroom folds are emitted from the base which is similar to handle-shaped and are radial, white, milk yellow to brown gray and slightly dense and have the width of 0.7cm, the fold edge is zigzag, the spores are printed with white color, the spores are smooth and colorless, the shape is near spherical to wide oval, and the diameter is 3-4.5 mu m multiplied by 2-3.5 mu m, when the existing northern mushroom is produced by adopting the traditional cultivation mode, the yield can only be simply improved, and the quality of the northern mushroom cannot be, bringing great economic loss to growers.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a northern mushroom rack type cultivation technology, which has the advantage of improving the production quality and solves the problem that northern mushrooms are low in production benefit because the yield can be simply improved and the quality of the northern mushrooms cannot be greatly improved while the yield is improved when the northern mushrooms are produced by adopting a traditional cultivation mode.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the northern mushroom rack type cultivation technology comprises the following steps:
selecting time A: generally, 11-12 months are selected for inoculation, the temperature in the north is cooler, the activities of mixed fungi are less, the pollution rate can be reduced, meanwhile, the room temperature is easy to control during fungus growing, the fungus growing is facilitated, the fruiting time is in spring, summer and autumn of the second year, the quality of the mushrooms growing in spring and autumn is good, and the summer is slightly poor;
b, determining a strain: the proper strains are the key for successful cultivation, the strains are selected according to the sales way, cultivation time and climate conditions, and the activity of the strains is strong enough to ensure the yield and quality of the mushrooms and achieve the aim of high income;
c, culture material selection: the culture material for producing the mushroom in north mainly comprises 78% of broadleaf forest wood chips, 20% of wheat bran, 1% of gypsum and brown sugar respectively, and 60% -70% of basswood and birch hard wood chips in wood chip materials, so that the culture material has sufficient nutrition and is beneficial to fruiting after a few tides, and 30% -40% of poplar and willow soft wood chips;
d, selecting a field and building a mushroom shed: the mushroom producing place in the north is a three-dimensional layered mushroom shed, so that a proper place is selected, the framed mushroom shed is built, and in order to ensure the yield and the quality of mushroom production, the mushroom shed is built by selecting a place which has sufficient sunlight, is warm in winter and cool in summer, has dry ground, good ventilation, convenient traffic, environment sanitation, close to a water source and good drainage;
setting up a fruiting shed: 1.9-2.1 m in height in the shed, 1-1.1 m in spacing between upright posts of the mushroom shed, firm burying, 80 cm in width of a single frame, 85 cm in middle walkway, 50-60 cm in walkway at the edge of the shed, 25-35 cm in layer height, 10cm in bottom layer from the ground, four thin rods across each layer at intervals of 25 cm, arranging two rows of mushroom bags, combining every two frames into a mushroom shed, covering the shed with a plastic film, and firmly binding the plastic film by using a rope to prevent the plastic film from being blown through strong wind;
e, producing a fungus bag:
mixing materials: the method comprises the steps of fully and uniformly mixing required raw material (sawdust, wheat bran and gypsum) dry materials according to a proportion, dissolving brown sugar in water, pouring the proportioned water into the materials, pouring the water while stirring, repeatedly stirring for a plurality of times to ensure that the materials at the upper part, the lower part and the left part are dry and wet uniformly and the agglomerated materials are scattered, flexibly controlling the water content of the compost, and correspondingly adjusting the proportioned water content, wherein the water content of the compost generally reaches 55-60 percent, and the water content of the compost can be controlled to be as hard and soft as wood, the thickness and the fineness of sawdust particles, the water content of wood matrix, the size and the size of air humidity, the ground surface condition of the mixed materials and other different environments
And (3) sterilization: putting the mixed materials into a bag with the length of 55 cm and the width of 15.5 cm, and then putting the bagged materials into a sterilization pot for sterilization, wherein the method comprises the steps of firstly heating to 90 ℃ by strong fire, then opening cold air holes, discharging for about 10 minutes, exhausting cold air, closing the cold air holes, continuously heating to 100 ℃, and keeping for 12-14 hours;
inoculation: the sterilized fungus bags are moved into an inoculation chamber while the fungus bags are hot, whether holes are broken or not is checked (if the holes are broken and injected by using a rubberized fabric while the fungus bags are hot), after the fungus bags enter the inoculation chamber and are cooled for a certain time, required strains and inoculations are sterilized by using 75% alcohol and then are placed into the inoculation chamber, when the temperature of materials in the inoculation chamber is reduced to be below 30 ℃, medicine disinfection is carried out, the inoculation chamber is required to be sealed, after 3-4 hours, inoculators enter the inoculation chamber, and inoculation is carried out according to strict aseptic operation rules;
spawn running: placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room, controlling the temperature to be about 25 ℃, placing the fungus bags in a four-bag well shape, stacking for about 10 layers, preferably culturing on site, when hyphae germinate to about 5cm, turning the stacks for the first time, enabling fungus holes to be lateral, when the hyphae germinate to about 10cm, turning the stacks for the second time, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with three bags, increasing ventilation, puncturing holes in the hyphae germinate, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with two bags after the fungus bags are full, normally ventilating, normally turning the stacks for the second time, and checking on duty; selecting the polluted bags in time, puncturing the fungi bags, and discharging red water generated by spawn running;
entering a shed: the mushroom bags grow nutritionally for months, the normal condition of the mushroom bags reaches physiological maturity, but the time for putting the mushroom bags into the shed is not completely the same due to the influence of different factors such as environmental conditions, cultivation time, spawn running temperature and varieties, and the mushroom bags must be put into the shed under the following conditions:
1) the accumulated temperature of the fungus bag culture is required to be reached; 2) the fungus bag has good color conversion, and most of fungus bags are converted into brown; 3) the temperature is in a temperature range suitable for the growth of the mushrooms; in order to facilitate management and purchase, the mushroom bag shed needs to unify time, the mushroom bag shed is selected to be put in the shed in the morning and evening of a fine day, the mushroom bag shed is not put in the shed as much as possible when the noon temperature is high, the mushroom skin is damaged by high temperature, fruiting is delayed and reduced, the mushroom bag shed can not be cut in a rainy day, the surface layer of the mushroom bag is polluted by rain, even the mushroom bag is rotten, the mushroom bag is punctured at the edge, the mushroom bag is slightly vibrated at the edge, the edge is erected, the vibration needs to be determined according to the conditions of fungus growing and color changing of the mushroom bag, the;
f, fruiting management: after the fungus bags are put into a shed, when color conversion is completely finished, partial fungus sticks start to have diced mushrooms, the outer bags are taken off by a blade, the water retention film is kept intact, the temperature is increased by utilizing scattered light in the daytime, the film is lifted and ventilated in the sunset, water is sprayed at the same time, the temperature difference between day and night is increased, and mushroom buds are promoted to occur;
g, harvesting management: the frame type shiitake cultivation mainly aims at producing shiitake mushrooms, and the selling way is a fresh-keeping outlet, so when the shiitake mushrooms are mature for 5-6 minutes, have turned edges, do not open the mushrooms, have the diameter of mushroom caps of 4.5-6 cm, and need to be picked in time, sawdust at the root parts of mushroom feet can be taken down during picking, the mushroom feet can not be cut off, and the shiitake mushrooms after being picked can enter a fresh-keeping warehouse for preservation as soon as possible along with picking and grading:
h, fungus damping-off and water replenishing of the fungus bags: after the fungus bags grow, a large amount of water and nutrients are consumed, the weight is obviously reduced, the activity of hypha is weakened, the fungus bags enter a fungus killing stage, the residual mushroom stems and mixed fungi in the fungus bags need to be removed in the period, the ventilation is enhanced, the growth of the hypha is recovered, the nutrients are accumulated, the temperature difference is enlarged, the hypha kinking is promoted, the foundation is laid for the growth of mushroom buds of the next tide, and the fungus killing of the fungus bags is better embodied in three aspects:
1) the hypha at the mushroom picking position is recovered to be strong; 2) the fungus stick is firm and elastic; 3) the weight of the fungus bag reaches the standard; the fungus bags with laid down fungi need to be injected with water to prepare for fruiting, the water injection method has various methods, and the northern common method has two methods, namely a water injection method and a water immersion method: the water injection method comprises connecting a water injection needle joint with a rubber tube, connecting the rubber tube with a high-pressure sprayer or tap water or a water pump, inserting the water injection needle into the center of the fungus bag, and injecting water into the fungus bag by water pressure; the water immersion method is that a plurality of holes are punched in a fungus bag and moved into a pool, the fungus bag is stacked to 5-8 layers, then a wood board is laid on the fungus bag and pressed with stones or tied firmly by a stick, a water discharging pool is used for submerging a top bag for 7-8 cm, the shorter the water discharging time is, the better the water discharging time is, the water temperature in the pool is not more than 20 ℃, and cold water is replaced when the water temperature is more than 20 ℃; different water quantities are supplemented according to different periods, the water content during bag making is recovered by supplementing water for the first time, and is gradually reduced later, but attention is paid to water injection after fungus killing is finished, and the water injection quantity cannot be too much so as to prevent the bag from being rotten.
Preferably, in the step B, 808 and 9608 varieties and the No. 2 variety which faces the sun are mostly used in the north.
Preferably, the soft wood chips of the poplar and the willow selected in the step C are beneficial to early feeding of hyphae and pollution reduction, the hyphae are easy to grow due to the soft wood, early fruiting is facilitated, the wheat bran is fresh and free of mildew, and large bran pieces are preferred.
Preferably, the mushroom shed building requirement in the step D is that the mushroom shed can be lifted and covered for facilitating the adjustment of the temperature and humidity in the mushroom bed and the movement of films around the plastic shed.
Preferably, during the sterilization in the step E, the temperature is raised by strong fire, the temperature is kept by stable fire, the temperature in the pot is checked frequently, the cutting is not interrupted, and air leakage is prevented, so that incomplete sterilization is prevented.
Preferably, in the step E, when hyphae begin to kink to form primordia in the fermentation, the air temperature in the north is higher, and the bag is not moved as far as possible to prevent the primordia from being crushed to form rotten bags.
Preferably, the fungus bags are put on the shelf in the shed in the step E, two rows of fungus bags are arranged in parallel on each layer, the distance between the bags is 5-6 cm, and plastic films are covered on the fungus bags after the fungus bags are put in the shed to prevent rain.
Preferably, 10-12 mushroom buds are left in each bag in the fruiting management in the step F, deformity is removed, the mushroom buds are round, regular and thick, the mushroom buds are uniformly distributed and dispersed to form a lap shape as much as possible, the humidity in the shed is ensured to reach 85% -90%, and when the mushroom buds grow to be more than 2 cm, ventilation is enhanced, the temperature and the humidity are reduced, so that high-quality mushrooms are formed.
Preferably, when the fungus damping-off bags in the step H are soaked in water, a plurality of additional bags need to be soaked for standard so as to detect the water absorption capacity.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the method, the time selection, the strain determination, the culture material rotation, the field selection, the mushroom shed building, the mushroom bag production, the mushroom production management, the mushroom harvesting management and the mushroom bag damping and water replenishing are matched for use, so that the production quality of the northern mushrooms is greatly improved, the problem that the northern mushrooms are low in production benefit due to the fact that the yield can only be simply improved and the quality of the northern mushrooms cannot be greatly improved while the yield is improved when the northern mushrooms are produced by adopting a traditional cultivation mode is solved, and the method is worthy of popularization.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Please refer to the rack-type cultivation technique for north mushroom, which comprises the following steps:
selecting time A: generally, 11-12 months are selected for inoculation, the temperature in the north is cooler, the activities of mixed fungi are less, the pollution rate can be reduced, meanwhile, the room temperature is easy to control during fungus growing, the fungus growing is facilitated, the fruiting time is in spring, summer and autumn of the second year, the quality of the mushrooms growing in spring and autumn is good, and the summer is slightly poor;
b, determining a strain: the proper strains are the key for successful cultivation, the strains are selected according to the sales way, cultivation time and climate conditions, the vitality of the strains is necessarily strong so as to ensure the yield and quality of the shiitake mushrooms and achieve the purpose of high income, and in the step B, 808 and 9608 and No. 2 sun-exposed varieties are mostly used in the north;
c, culture material selection: the culture material for producing the mushrooms in the north mainly comprises 78% of broadleaf forest sawdust, 20% of wheat bran, 1% of gypsum and brown sugar, and 60% -70% of basswood and birch hard sawdust in wood sawdust materials, so that the culture material has sufficient nutrition and is beneficial to fruiting after a few tides, 30% -40% of soft poplar and willow sawdust, the soft poplar and willow sawdust selected in the step C is beneficial to early feeding of hyphae, pollution is reduced, soft woods are provided, the hyphae are easy to grow and beneficial to early fruiting, the wheat bran is fresh and free of mildew, and large bran is suitable for being used;
d, selecting a field and building a mushroom shed: the mushroom fruiting place in the north is a three-dimensional layered mushroom shed, so that a proper place is selected, the framed mushroom shed is built, in order to ensure the yield and the quality of fruiting, a place with sufficient sunlight, warm in winter and cool in summer, dry ground, good ventilation, convenient traffic, environment sanitation close to a water source and good drainage is selected to build the mushroom shed, and the mushroom shed is required to be lifted and covered in order to adjust the temperature and the humidity in a mushroom bed and move films around a plastic greenhouse;
setting up a fruiting shed: 1.9-2.1 m in height in the shed, 1-1.1 m in spacing between upright posts of the mushroom shed, firm burying, 80 cm in width of a single frame, 85 cm in middle walkway, 50-60 cm in walkway at the edge of the shed, 25-35 cm in layer height, 10cm in bottom layer from the ground, four thin rods across each layer at intervals of 25 cm, arranging two rows of mushroom bags, combining every two frames into a mushroom shed, covering the shed with a plastic film, and firmly binding the plastic film by using a rope to prevent the plastic film from being blown through strong wind;
e, producing a fungus bag:
mixing materials: the method comprises the steps of fully and uniformly mixing required raw material (sawdust, wheat bran and gypsum) dry materials according to a proportion, dissolving brown sugar in water, pouring the proportioned water into the materials, pouring the water while stirring, repeatedly stirring for a plurality of times to ensure that the materials at the upper part, the lower part and the left part are dry and wet uniformly and the agglomerated materials are scattered, flexibly controlling the water content of the compost, and correspondingly adjusting the proportioned water content, wherein the water content of the compost generally reaches 55-60 percent, and the water content of the compost can be controlled to be as hard and soft as wood, the thickness and the fineness of sawdust particles, the water content of wood matrix, the size and the size of air humidity, the ground surface condition of the mixed materials and other different environments
And (3) sterilization: putting the mixed materials into a bag with the length of 55 cm and the width of 15.5 cm, and then putting the bagged materials into a sterilization pot for sterilization, wherein the method comprises the steps of heating to 90 ℃ by strong fire, opening cold air holes, discharging for about 10 minutes, exhausting cold air, closing the cold air holes, continuously heating to 100 ℃, keeping for 12-14 hours, and in the sterilization in the step E, the temperature is raised by strong fire, the temperature is kept by stable fire, the temperature in the pot is always checked, the cut is not interrupted, the air leakage is prevented, and the incomplete sterilization is prevented;
inoculation: the sterilized fungus bags are moved into an inoculation chamber while the fungus bags are hot, whether holes are broken or not is checked (if the holes are broken and injected by using a rubberized fabric while the fungus bags are hot), after the fungus bags enter the inoculation chamber and are cooled for a certain time, required strains and inoculations are sterilized by using 75% alcohol and then are placed into the inoculation chamber, when the temperature of materials in the inoculation chamber is reduced to be below 30 ℃, medicine disinfection is carried out, the inoculation chamber is required to be sealed, after 3-4 hours, inoculators enter the inoculation chamber, and inoculation is carried out according to strict aseptic operation rules;
spawn running: placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room, controlling the temperature to be about 25 ℃, placing the fungus bags in a four-bag well shape, stacking for about 10 layers, preferably culturing on site, when hyphae germinate to about 5cm, turning the stacks for the first time, enabling fungus holes to be lateral, when the hyphae germinate to about 10cm, turning the stacks for the second time, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with three bags, increasing ventilation, puncturing holes in the hyphae germinate, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with two bags after the fungus bags are full, normally ventilating, normally turning the stacks for the second time, and checking on duty; selecting a polluted bag in time, pricking the bacteria bag to discharge red water generated by bacteria growth, and when hyphae begin to kink to form primordia in the bacteria growth in the step E, keeping the air temperature in the north relatively high, and avoiding moving the bag as much as possible to prevent the primordia from being crushed to form rotten bags;
entering a shed: the mushroom bags grow nutritionally for months, the normal condition of the mushroom bags reaches physiological maturity, but the time for putting the mushroom bags into the shed is not completely the same due to the influence of different factors such as environmental conditions, cultivation time, spawn running temperature and varieties, and the mushroom bags must be put into the shed under the following conditions:
1) the accumulated temperature of the fungus bag culture is required to be reached; 2) the fungus bag has good color conversion, and most of fungus bags are converted into brown; 3) the temperature is in a temperature range suitable for the growth of the mushrooms; in order to facilitate management and purchase, the mushroom bag shed needs to be unified in time, the mushroom bag shed is selected to be put in the shed in the morning and evening of a fine day, the mushroom bag shed is not put in the shed when the noon temperature is high, the mushroom skin is damaged due to high temperature, fruiting is delayed and reduced, the mushroom bag shed can not be cut in rainy days, the surface layer of the mushroom bag is polluted due to rain, even the mushroom bag is rotten, the edge of the mushroom bag is punctured and slightly vibrated, the edge of the mushroom bag is erected, the vibration is determined according to the condition of fungus developing and color changing of the mushroom bag, the fungus bag is harder and can vibrate a little bit after color changing, otherwise, the mushroom bag shed is put in the step E, each layer of the mushroom bag is arranged in two rows in parallel, the distance between the bags is;
f, fruiting management: after the fungus bags are put into the shed, when color conversion is completely finished, partial fungus sticks start to have diced mushrooms, the outer bags are taken off by blades, the water retention film is kept intact, the temperature is raised by utilizing scattered light in the daytime, the film is lifted and ventilated in the sunset, water is sprayed at the same time, the temperature difference between day and night is increased, and mushroom buds are promoted to occur, in the step F, 10-12 mushroom buds are left in each bag in the fruiting management, the deformity is removed, the mushroom buds are rounded and thick, the mushroom buds are uniformly distributed and dispersed, the overlap is formed as much as possible, the humidity in the shed is ensured to reach 85% -90%, when the mushroom buds grow to be more than 2 cm, the ventilation is enhanced, the temperature and the humidity are reduced, and the high-quality;
g, harvesting management: the frame type shiitake cultivation mainly aims at producing shiitake mushrooms, and the selling way is a fresh-keeping outlet, so when the shiitake mushrooms are mature for 5-6 minutes, have turned edges, do not open the mushrooms, have the diameter of mushroom caps of 4.5-6 cm, and need to be picked in time, sawdust at the root parts of mushroom feet can be taken down during picking, the mushroom feet can not be cut off, and the shiitake mushrooms after being picked can enter a fresh-keeping warehouse for preservation as soon as possible along with picking and grading:
h, fungus damping-off and water replenishing of the fungus bags: after the fungus bags grow, a large amount of water and nutrients are consumed, the weight is obviously reduced, the activity of hypha is weakened, the fungus bags enter a fungus killing stage, the residual mushroom stems and mixed fungi in the fungus bags need to be removed in the period, the ventilation is enhanced, the growth of the hypha is recovered, the nutrients are accumulated, the temperature difference is enlarged, the hypha kinking is promoted, the foundation is laid for the growth of mushroom buds of the next tide, and the fungus killing of the fungus bags is better embodied in three aspects:
1) the hypha at the mushroom picking position is recovered to be strong; 2) the fungus stick is firm and elastic; 3) the weight of the fungus bag reaches the standard; the fungus bags with laid down fungi need to be injected with water to prepare for fruiting, the water injection method has various methods, and the northern common method has two methods, namely a water injection method and a water immersion method: the water injection method comprises connecting a water injection needle joint with a rubber tube, connecting the rubber tube with a high-pressure sprayer or tap water or a water pump, inserting the water injection needle into the center of the fungus bag, and injecting water into the fungus bag by water pressure; the water immersion method is that a plurality of holes are punched in a fungus bag and moved into a pool, the fungus bag is stacked to 5-8 layers, then a wood board is laid on the fungus bag and pressed with stones or tied firmly by a stick, a water discharging pool is used for submerging a top bag for 7-8 cm, the shorter the water discharging time is, the better the water discharging time is, the water temperature in the pool is not more than 20 ℃, and cold water is replaced when the water temperature is more than 20 ℃; the water replenishing of the fungus bags needs to be performed according to different water amounts in different periods, the water content during bag making is recovered after the water replenishing for the first time, and is gradually reduced later, but the water is injected after fungus extinction, and the water injection amount cannot be too much so as to prevent the bags from being rotten; when the mushrooms in the mushroom bags are soaked in water and soaked in the water, a plurality of additional bags need to be soaked to be standard so as to detect the water absorption amount, and by setting time selection, strain determination, culture material rotation, field selection, mushroom shed building, mushroom bag production, mushroom fruiting management, harvesting management and mushroom bag fungus killing and water supplementing matching, the production quality of the mushrooms in the north is greatly improved, so that the mushrooms in the north have higher benefit, the problem that the mushrooms in the north have lower production benefit due to the fact that the mushrooms in the north can only simply improve the yield when being produced by adopting a traditional cultivation mode is solved, the quality of the mushrooms in the north can not be greatly improved while the yield is improved, and the problem that the mushrooms in the north have lower production benefit is solved, and the mushroom cultivation method is worthy of popularization.
In summary, the following steps: this northern mushroom shelf type cultivation technique, through setting up the time selection, the bacterial is confirmed, it is rotatory to cultivate the material, select the place and build the mushroom canopy, fungus bag production, go out the mushroom management, gather management and fungus bag rest the fungus and the cooperation of moisturizing is used, when having solved northern mushroom and adopting traditional cultivation mode production, because of can only simple increase of production, can not be when output improves, promote northern mushroom's quality by a wide margin to lead to northern mushroom to appear the lower problem of productivity effect, be worth promoting.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
1. The northern mushroom shelf type cultivation technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting time A: generally, 11-12 months are selected for inoculation, the temperature in the north is cooler, the activities of mixed fungi are less, the pollution rate can be reduced, meanwhile, the room temperature is easy to control during fungus growing, the fungus growing is facilitated, the fruiting time is in spring, summer and autumn of the second year, the quality of the mushrooms growing in spring and autumn is good, and the summer is slightly poor;
b, determining a strain: the proper strains are the key for successful cultivation, the strains are selected according to the sales way, cultivation time and climate conditions, and the activity of the strains is strong enough to ensure the yield and quality of the mushrooms and achieve the aim of high income;
c, culture material selection: the culture material for producing the mushroom in north mainly comprises 78% of broadleaf forest wood chips, 20% of wheat bran, 1% of gypsum and brown sugar respectively, and 60% -70% of basswood and birch hard wood chips in wood chip materials, so that the culture material has sufficient nutrition and is beneficial to fruiting after a few tides, and 30% -40% of poplar and willow soft wood chips;
d, selecting a field and building a mushroom shed: the mushroom producing place in the north is a three-dimensional layered mushroom shed, so that a proper place is selected, the framed mushroom shed is built, and in order to ensure the yield and the quality of mushroom production, the mushroom shed is built by selecting a place which has sufficient sunlight, is warm in winter and cool in summer, has dry ground, good ventilation, convenient traffic, environment sanitation, close to a water source and good drainage;
setting up a fruiting shed: 1.9-2.1 m in height in the shed, 1-1.1 m in spacing between upright posts of the mushroom shed, firm burying, 80 cm in width of a single frame, 85 cm in middle walkway, 50-60 cm in walkway at the edge of the shed, 25-35 cm in layer height, 10cm in bottom layer from the ground, four thin rods across each layer at intervals of 25 cm, arranging two rows of mushroom bags, combining every two frames into a mushroom shed, covering the shed with a plastic film, and firmly binding the plastic film by using a rope to prevent the plastic film from being blown through strong wind;
e, producing a fungus bag:
mixing materials: the method comprises the steps of fully and uniformly mixing required raw material (sawdust, wheat bran and gypsum) dry materials according to a proportion, dissolving brown sugar in water, pouring the proportioned water into the materials, pouring the water while stirring, repeatedly stirring for a plurality of times to ensure that the materials at the upper part, the lower part and the left part are dry and wet uniformly and the agglomerated materials are scattered, flexibly controlling the water content of the compost, and correspondingly adjusting the proportioned water content, wherein the water content of the compost generally reaches 55-60 percent, and the water content of the compost can be controlled to be as hard and soft as wood, the thickness and the fineness of sawdust particles, the water content of wood matrix, the size and the size of air humidity, the ground surface condition of the mixed materials and other different environments
And (3) sterilization: putting the mixed materials into a bag with the length of 55 cm and the width of 15.5 cm, and then putting the bagged materials into a sterilization pot for sterilization, wherein the method comprises the steps of firstly heating to 90 ℃ by strong fire, then opening cold air holes, discharging for about 10 minutes, exhausting cold air, closing the cold air holes, continuously heating to 100 ℃, and keeping for 12-14 hours;
inoculation: the sterilized fungus bags are moved into an inoculation chamber while the fungus bags are hot, whether holes are broken or not is checked (if the holes are broken and injected by using a rubberized fabric while the fungus bags are hot), after the fungus bags enter the inoculation chamber and are cooled for a certain time, required strains and inoculations are sterilized by using 75% alcohol and then are placed into the inoculation chamber, when the temperature of materials in the inoculation chamber is reduced to be below 30 ℃, medicine disinfection is carried out, the inoculation chamber is required to be sealed, after 3-4 hours, inoculators enter the inoculation chamber, and inoculation is carried out according to strict aseptic operation rules;
spawn running: placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room, controlling the temperature to be about 25 ℃, placing the fungus bags in a four-bag well shape, stacking for about 10 layers, preferably culturing on site, when hyphae germinate to about 5cm, turning the stacks for the first time, enabling fungus holes to be lateral, when the hyphae germinate to about 10cm, turning the stacks for the second time, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with three bags, increasing ventilation, puncturing holes in the hyphae germinate, placing the fungus bags in a well shape with two bags after the fungus bags are full, normally ventilating, normally turning the stacks for the second time, and checking on duty; selecting the polluted bags in time, puncturing the fungi bags, and discharging red water generated by spawn running;
entering a shed: the mushroom bags grow nutritionally for months, the normal condition of the mushroom bags reaches physiological maturity, but the time for putting the mushroom bags into the shed is not completely the same due to the influence of different factors such as environmental conditions, cultivation time, spawn running temperature and varieties, and the mushroom bags must be put into the shed under the following conditions:
1) the accumulated temperature of the fungus bag culture is required to be reached; 2) the fungus bag has good color conversion, and most of fungus bags are converted into brown; 3) the temperature is in a temperature range suitable for the growth of the mushrooms; in order to facilitate management and purchase, the mushroom bag shed needs to unify time, the mushroom bag shed is selected to be put in the shed in the morning and evening of a fine day, the mushroom bag shed is not put in the shed as much as possible when the noon temperature is high, the mushroom skin is damaged by high temperature, fruiting is delayed and reduced, the mushroom bag shed can not be cut in a rainy day, the surface layer of the mushroom bag is polluted by rain, even the mushroom bag is rotten, the mushroom bag is punctured at the edge, the mushroom bag is slightly vibrated at the edge, the edge is erected, the vibration needs to be determined according to the conditions of fungus growing and color changing of the mushroom bag, the;
f, fruiting management: after the fungus bags are put into a shed, when color conversion is completely finished, partial fungus sticks start to have diced mushrooms, the outer bags are taken off by a blade, the water retention film is kept intact, the temperature is increased by utilizing scattered light in the daytime, the film is lifted and ventilated in the sunset, water is sprayed at the same time, the temperature difference between day and night is increased, and mushroom buds are promoted to occur;
g, harvesting management: the frame type shiitake cultivation mainly aims at producing shiitake mushrooms, and the selling way is a fresh-keeping outlet, so when the shiitake mushrooms are mature for 5-6 minutes, have turned edges, do not open the mushrooms, have the diameter of mushroom caps of 4.5-6 cm, and need to be picked in time, sawdust at the root parts of mushroom feet can be taken down during picking, the mushroom feet can not be cut off, and the shiitake mushrooms after being picked can enter a fresh-keeping warehouse for preservation as soon as possible along with picking and grading:
h, fungus damping-off and water replenishing of the fungus bags: after the fungus bags grow, a large amount of water and nutrients are consumed, the weight is obviously reduced, the activity of hypha is weakened, the fungus bags enter a fungus killing stage, the residual mushroom stems and mixed fungi in the fungus bags need to be removed in the period, the ventilation is enhanced, the growth of the hypha is recovered, the nutrients are accumulated, the temperature difference is enlarged, the hypha kinking is promoted, the foundation is laid for the growth of mushroom buds of the next tide, and the fungus killing of the fungus bags is better embodied in three aspects:
1) the hypha at the mushroom picking position is recovered to be strong; 2) the fungus stick is firm and elastic; 3) the weight of the fungus bag reaches the standard; the fungus bags with laid down fungi need to be injected with water to prepare for fruiting, the water injection method has various methods, and the northern common method has two methods, namely a water injection method and a water immersion method: the water injection method comprises connecting a water injection needle joint with a rubber tube, connecting the rubber tube with a high-pressure sprayer or tap water or a water pump, inserting the water injection needle into the center of the fungus bag, and injecting water into the fungus bag by water pressure; the water immersion method is that a plurality of holes are punched in a fungus bag and moved into a pool, the fungus bag is stacked to 5-8 layers, then a wood board is laid on the fungus bag and pressed with stones or tied firmly by a stick, a water discharging pool is used for submerging a top bag for 7-8 cm, the shorter the water discharging time is, the better the water discharging time is, the water temperature in the pool is not more than 20 ℃, and cold water is replaced when the water temperature is more than 20 ℃; different water quantities are supplemented according to different periods, the water content during bag making is recovered by supplementing water for the first time, and is gradually reduced later, but attention is paid to water injection after fungus killing is finished, and the water injection quantity cannot be too much so as to prevent the bag from being rotten.
2. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: in the step B, 808 and 9608 varieties and the No. 2 variety facing the sun are mostly used in the north.
3. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and C, selecting soft wood chips of poplar and willow in the step C, so that hyphae can be eaten early, pollution is reduced, the hyphae are easy to grow due to the soft wood, early fruiting is facilitated, wheat bran is fresh and does not mildew, and large bran pieces are preferably used.
4. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and D, setting up a mushroom shed in the step D, wherein the mushroom shed can be lifted and covered in order to facilitate the adjustment of the temperature and humidity in the mushroom bed and the movement of films around the plastic shed.
5. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and E, during sterilization in the step E, vigorous fire heating and stable fire heat preservation are required, the temperature in the pot is checked frequently, the cutting is not interrupted, and air leakage is prevented, so that incomplete sterilization is prevented.
6. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and E, when hyphae begin to kink to form primordium in the step E, the air temperature in the north is higher, and the bag is not moved as far as possible to prevent the pressure loss of the primordium to form a rotten bag.
7. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and E, putting the fungus bags into the shed, putting the fungus bags on the shelf, arranging two rows of fungus bags in parallel on each layer, wherein the distance between the bags is 5-6 cm, and covering a plastic film after the fungus bags are put into the shed to prevent rain.
8. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and F, reserving 10-12 mushroom buds in each bag in the fruiting management, removing deformity, keeping round, thick and strong, uniformly distributing and evacuating, forming a lap shape as much as possible, ensuring that the humidity in the shed reaches 85% -90%, and enhancing ventilation and reducing the temperature and humidity when the mushroom buds grow to be more than 2 cm so as to form high-quality mushrooms.
9. The northern mushroom rack cultivation technique according to claim 1, wherein: and D, when the bacteria are killed and the water is soaked in the water in the bacteria bag in the step H, a plurality of additional bags need to be soaked for standard so as to detect the water absorption capacity.
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