CN112625174A - 一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物医药功能高分子聚合物材料技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物及其制备方法。
背景技术
口服给药具有使用方便、费用相对便宜、病人顺应性好等诸多优点,是一种更容易被病人接受的常规治疗方式。但是,口服给药过程受很多因素限制,导致药物在胃肠道中的生物利用度低,尤其是多数多肽类和蛋白类药物(如胰岛素),由于这类药物分子量较大、脂溶性较差、生物膜通透性低,而且胃肠道内存在大量肽水解酶和蛋白水解酶,药物口服容易发生首过效应而被分解消化,因而多肽和蛋白类药物的口服治疗应用仍然面临巨大挑战。
两亲性共聚物能够在水溶液中自组装形成具有核-壳结构的聚合物胶束,该聚合物胶束具有较小的粒径、较低的临界胶束浓度、较大的药物增溶空间和结构稳定性较好等优点,将其用于口服给药载体,不仅能为药物包载提供一定体积的稳定空间,还能作为一个特殊的传输工具直接把药物送到特定的组织或器官,发挥药理作用。
含pH敏感性单体的两亲性聚合物胶束作为口服药物载体,可以根据环境pH值的不同来控制药物释放速率,pH敏感聚合物一般含有可离子化的基团,随着pH值的不同,可离子化基团的离子化能力发生改变,当达到其等电点(pKa)时,这种变化非常明显,比如聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)等含有羧基酸的聚合物,其pKa值为5.0~6.5,当环境pH值小于pKa值时,羧基去离子化,大于pKa值时,羧基发生解离亲水性增加;而人体胃肠道pH值存在较大差异,这类pH响应聚合物胶束可保持其结构在胃部环境(pH=1.0~2.5)稳定,减少药物在胃部的释放,当到达肠道部位(pH=5.1~7.8)时,胶束结构发生改变,药物慢慢地被释放出来,因此可用于肠道药物释放的输送体系。
但是,含pH敏感性单体的两亲性聚合物胶束在给药时,无法同时克服药物在胃部易降解、在肠道吸收度低等障碍。
因此,如何提供一种能够同时克服药物在胃部易降解、在肠道吸收度低等障碍的pH响应性两亲性共聚物是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物及其制备方法,以解决现有技术中的不足。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物,结构式为:
其中,x为20-50,y为50-80。
本发明的有益效果在于,本发明pH响应性两亲性共聚物能够在水中自组装形成胶束,该胶束具有较好的pH敏感性和较低临界胶束浓度,可用于多肽或蛋白类口服治疗应用的药物传输体系。
进一步,上述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的数均分子量为8500-12000,聚合物分散性指数(PDI)为1.3-1.5。
一种如上述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)
将甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂加入溶剂中,升温搅拌反应,降至室温后加入石油醚中沉淀出反应物,然后真空干燥,得到两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA);
(2)制备pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)
将两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)溶于二氯甲烷中,用冰盐浴冷却后加入三氟乙酸,继续搅拌后移至室温反应,除去二氯甲烷后加入正戊烷中沉淀出反应物,然后真空干燥,即得pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)。
本发明的有益效果在于,首先由亲水性的甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和疏水性的甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯采用可逆加成断裂链转移自由基活性聚合方法(RAFT)制备两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA),然后经过酸解反应制得pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA),本发明制备方法操作简单,反应条件温和,催化剂用量少,产品质量优良。
进一步,上述步骤(1)中,甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂的摩尔比为(20-50):(50-80):(0.5-1):(0.05-0.1);更进一步,RAFT试剂为S-正十二烷基-S′-(2-甲基-2-丙酸基)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT);引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN);溶剂为甲苯。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯为聚合单体;RAFT试剂能够产生新的活性自由基;引发剂能够促进聚合反应;溶剂的作用是溶解反应原料和反应产物,为反应提供适宜的环境。
进一步,上述步骤(1)中,升温搅拌反应的温度为65-75℃,速度为15-25r/min,时间为18-24h,条件为无氧。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在65℃下进行分解,升温是为了让AIBN分解开始反应;搅拌是为了让反应更加充分均匀。
进一步,上述步骤(1)中,石油醚的温度为(-5)-0℃,加入量为甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂质量之和的10-15倍。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,石油醚的作用是沉淀反应产物。
进一步,上述步骤(2)中,两亲性共聚物、二氯甲烷和三氟乙酸的摩尔比为1:(50-80):(30-100)。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,两亲性共聚物是反应原料,二氯甲烷是溶剂,三氟乙酸能够同时脱除叔丁基和叔丁氧羰基。
进一步,上述步骤(2)中,冷却至(-5)-0℃;继续搅拌的速度为15-25r/min,时间为25-35min;室温反应的时间为12-24h。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,在冷却条件下搅拌是为了防止体系开始反应,然后移入室温开始反应。
进一步,上述步骤(2)中,正戊烷的温度为(-5)-0℃,加入量为两亲性共聚物质量的10-15倍。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,正戊烷的作用是沉淀反应产物。
进一步,上述步骤(1)和步骤(2)中,真空干燥的温度均为45-50℃,时间均为24-36h。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于,真空干燥的的作用是快速干燥产物,方便进行下一步操作。
经由上述的技术方案可知,与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果如下:
将本发明pH响应性两亲性共聚物和胰岛素药物在溶液中溶解形成混合溶液,再透析制得粒径为700~850nm的纳米胶束,结果显示,该纳米胶束具有较好pH敏感性和较低临界胶束浓度,可用于多肽或蛋白类药物口服治疗应用的药物传输体系。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1为实施例1-3中pH响应性两亲性共聚物的合成路线;
图2为实施例1中pH响应性两亲性共聚物的核磁氢谱,溶剂为氘代氯仿(CDCl3);
图3为实施例1中pH响应性两亲性共聚物的核磁氢谱,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(d-DMSO);
图4为实施例1中pH响应性两亲性共聚物的红外谱图。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
pH响应性两亲性共聚物,结构式为:
其中,x为50,y为50;pH响应性两亲性共聚物的数均分子量为8500-12000,聚合物分散性指数为1.32。
上述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,合成路线如图1所示,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)
取50mL的干燥茄形瓶,依次加入RAFT试剂S-正十二烷基-S′-(2-甲基-2-丙酸基)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT,364.6mg,1mmol)、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN,164.2mg,0.1mmol)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA,2.423mL,20mmol)、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(tBMA,12.72mL,80mmol)和15mL溶剂甲苯,搅拌5min后用液氮进行3次冷冻-抽气-通气-升温循环,在氩气保护下、70℃油浴中以20r/min的速度搅拌反应24h;反应结束后冷却至室温,加入30mL四氢呋喃搅拌溶解聚合物,溶解后缓慢滴加到10倍聚合物质量的0℃石油醚中沉淀,减压抽滤后加入四氢呋喃溶解,再缓慢滴加到10倍聚合物质量的0℃石油醚中沉淀,重复沉淀三次后,在45℃下真空干燥24h,得到两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA);
(2)制备pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)
取50mL的干燥圆底烧瓶置于冰盐浴中,加入2.8g两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)和15mL二氯甲烷,磁力搅拌20min后,缓慢滴入7.4mL三氟乙酸,滴加完后在0℃下以20r/min的速度继续搅拌30min,再移至室温下反应18h,旋转蒸发除去二氯甲烷后加入10mL四氢呋喃使聚合物溶解,缓慢滴加到10倍两亲性聚合物质量的0℃正戊烷中沉淀,减压抽滤后在45℃真空干燥24h,即得pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)。
实施例2
pH响应性两亲性共聚物,结构式为:
其中,x为35,y为70;pH响应性两亲性共聚物的数均分子量为8500-12000,聚合物分散性指数为1.35。
上述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,合成路线如图1所示,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)
取50mL的干燥茄形瓶,依次加入RAFT试剂S-正十二烷基-S′-(2-甲基-2-丙酸基)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT,364.6mg,1mmol)、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN,164.2mg,0.1mmol)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA,4.24mL,35mmol)、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(tBMA,11.134mL,70mmol)和15mL甲苯,搅拌5min后用液氮进行3次冷冻-抽气-通气-升温循环,在氩气保护下、65℃油浴中以15r/min的速度搅拌反应18h;反应结束后,冷却至室温,加入30mL四氢呋喃搅拌溶解聚合物,溶解后缓慢滴加到12倍聚合物质量的-5℃石油醚中沉淀,减压抽滤后加入四氢呋喃溶解,再缓慢滴加到12倍聚合物质量的-5℃石油醚中沉淀,重复沉淀三次后,在45℃下真空干燥24h,得到两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA);
(2)制备pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)
取50mL的干燥圆底烧瓶置于冰盐浴中,加入2.6g两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)和15mL二氯甲烷,磁力搅拌20min后,缓慢滴入5.9mL三氟乙酸,滴加完后在-5℃下以15r/min的速度继续搅拌25min,再移至常温下反应12h,旋转蒸发除去二氯甲烷后加入10mL四氢呋喃使聚合物溶解,缓慢滴加到12倍两亲性聚合物质量的-5℃正戊烷中沉淀,减压抽滤后在48℃下真空干燥30h,即得pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)。
实施例3
pH响应性两亲性共聚物,结构式为:
其中,x为20,y为80;pH响应性两亲性共聚物的数均分子量为8500-12000,聚合物分散性指数为1.27。
上述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,合成路线如图1所示,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)
取50mL的干燥茄形瓶,依次加入RAFT试剂S-正十二烷基-S′-(2-甲基-2-丙酸基)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT,364.6mg,1mmol)、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN,164.2mg,0.1mmol)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA,6.06mL,50mmol)、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(tBMA,7.95mL,50mmol)和15mL甲苯,搅拌5min后用液氮进行3次冷冻-抽气-通气-升温循环,在氩气保护下、75℃油浴中以25r/min的速度搅拌反应24h;反应结束后冷却至室温,加入30mL四氢呋喃搅拌溶解聚合物,溶解后缓慢滴加到15倍聚合物质量的0℃石油醚中沉淀,减压抽滤后加入四氢呋喃溶解,再缓慢滴加到15倍聚合物质量的0℃石油醚中沉淀,重复沉淀三次后,在45℃下真空干燥24h,得到两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA);
(2)制备pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)
取50mL的干燥圆底烧瓶置于冰盐浴中,加入2.5g两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)和15mL二氯甲烷,磁力搅拌20min后,缓慢滴入5.2mL三氟乙酸,滴加完后在0℃下以25r/min的速度继续搅拌35min,再移至常温下反应24h,旋转蒸发除去二氯甲烷后加入10mL四氢呋喃使聚合物溶解,缓慢滴加到15倍两亲性聚合物质量的0℃正戊烷中沉淀,减压抽滤后在50℃下真空干燥36h,即得pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)。
实施例4
取实施例1制得的pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA),分为三份,将第一份溶于氘代氯仿(CDCl3),进行核磁共振,得到如图2所示的核磁氢谱;将第二份溶于氘代二甲基亚砜(d-DMSO),进行核磁共振,得到如图3所示的核磁氢谱;将第三份加入红外光谱仪,得到如图4所示的红外谱图。
由图2可知,两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)上的特征氢均已出峰,0.8-1.2和1.7-2.0ppm是甲基丙烯酸酯主链上甲基和亚甲基的质子峰,1.42ppm是甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯的叔丁基的特征质子峰,4.12和3.86ppm对应于甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯的两个亚甲基,说明两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-tBMA)合成成功。
由图3可知,pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)上的特征氢均已出峰,12.3ppm为甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯的叔丁基水解后生成的羧基的质子峰,说明聚合物水解成功。
由图4可知,聚合物在3442cm-1,2931cm-1,1688cm-1,1268cm-1,1165cm-1处存在特征峰,其中,1688cm-1为C=O羰基峰,1165cm-1处为C-O-C单键伸缩振动峰,3442cm-1为羟基伸缩振动峰,2931cm-1为亚甲基振动峰,1268cm-1为-C-O-C伸缩振动峰,说明pH响应性两亲性共聚物P(HEMA-co-MAA)合成成功。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (10)
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物,其特征在于,所述pH响应性两亲性共聚物的数均分子量为8500-12000,聚合物分散性指数为1.3-1.5。
3.一种如权利要求1所述的pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备两亲性共聚物
将甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂加入溶剂中,升温搅拌反应,降至室温后加入石油醚中沉淀出反应物,然后真空干燥,得到两亲性共聚物;
(2)制备pH响应性两亲性共聚物
将两亲性共聚物溶于二氯甲烷中,用冰盐浴冷却后加入三氟乙酸,继续搅拌后移至室温反应,除去二氯甲烷后加入正戊烷中沉淀出反应物,然后真空干燥,即得所述pH响应性两亲性共聚物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂的摩尔比为(20-50):(50-80):(0.5-1):(0.05-0.1);
所述RAFT试剂为S-正十二烷基-S′-(2-甲基-2-丙酸基)三硫代碳酸酯;
所述引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈;
所述溶剂为甲苯。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述升温搅拌反应的温度为65-75℃,速度为15-25r/min,时间为18-24h,条件为无氧。
6.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述石油醚的温度为(-5)-0℃,加入量为甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、RAFT试剂和引发剂质量之和的10-15倍。
7.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述两亲性共聚物、二氯甲烷和三氟乙酸的摩尔比为1:(50-80):(30-100)。
8.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述冷却至(-5)-0℃;
所述继续搅拌的速度为15-25r/min,时间为25-35min;
所述室温反应的时间为12-24h。
9.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述正戊烷的温度为(-5)-0℃,加入量为两亲性共聚物质量的10-15倍。
10.根据权利要求3所述的一种pH响应性两亲性共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中,所述真空干燥的温度均为45-50℃,时间均为24-36h。
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