CN112602835A - 一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂、制备及其使用方法 - Google Patents
一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂、制备及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，包括使用在肉牛不同育肥阶段的以下配方：健胃补脾方；促消化吸收方；调节脂水代谢方；强身健体方；制备方法包括将各原料按照配比采集，经洗净、晒干、粉碎后，过筛，得中药粉；以水作为溶剂，采用微波辅助法提取，药液经浓缩、干燥后即得精制中药粉；获得的中药粉加入辅料搅拌均匀后，揉制成小颗粒，低温保存备用；使用方法为：将饲料添加剂颗粒随精料一起饲喂，先精料后粗料；根据不同的育肥时期采用不同的配方，在屠宰前第10天停止使用；本发明饲料添加剂具有天然、绿色、无污染、成本低、制备简单、效果好、见效快的特点，加快长速、改善肉质、服用方便、价格便宜、制备简单、安全高效等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料添加剂和肉牛养殖技术领域，特别涉及一种提高肉牛育肥性能的中西结合复合型饲料添加剂、制备及其使用方法。
背景技术
发展肉牛养殖是我国农业产业结构调整的优先方向，也是满足人民日益增长的牛肉消费需求的主要举措。育肥是肉牛养殖过程中非常关键的环节，育肥性能的高低不仅决定了肉牛养殖效益的高低，也决定了牛肉品质的优劣。因此，提高肉牛育肥性能是肉牛养殖的关键和核心技术。
提高肉牛育肥性能需要从以下几个方面入手：(1)健胃补脾，提高肉牛采食量，只有吃得进，才能长得快；(2)调节机体消化吸收功能，提高饲料转化率和饲料报酬，从而提高肉牛生长发育速度；(3)调节脂水代谢，减少脂肪沉积，降低牛肉含水量，提高屠宰性能，改善牛肉品质；(4)强身健体，提高机体免疫力，既可以提高肉牛生长速度，又可以减少药物使用，降低饲养成本。
为获取最大效益，养殖业主往往采用抗生素或者激素来提高肉牛育肥性能，不但干扰了肉牛正常的生理状态，也极大降低了牛肉的品质，危害消费者健康。随着国家对肉牛养殖用药的逐步规范以及消费者健康意识的不断提高，抗生素或激素很有可能退出肉牛育肥环节，生产实践迫切需要寻找提高肉牛育肥性能新的替代产品。
中草药是经过我国人民长期生产实践中证明了的具有重要生物功能活性的天然物质，具有来源广泛，成本低，效果可靠，无耐药性等特点和优势，但也存在见效慢的不足；同时，一些结构清楚，功能明确，效果明显，安全无害的化学物质被国家列入兽用促生长制剂名单，这些化学物质具见效快的特点和优势，但往往作用单一，容易造成机体各部分功能缺乏整体协调。利用中西结合技术，开发以中草药为主要成分的中西结合类复合型饲料添加剂，应用于提高肉牛育肥性能，既符合国家中医药产业政策和饲料添加剂“禁抗”政策，也是肉牛养殖行业的现实需求，必将成为今后提高肉牛生产性能的主打产品。
基于以上背景，本发明旨在提供一种能对肉牛具有健胃补脾、促进消化吸收、调节脂水代谢、强身健体的中西结合类复合型饲料添加剂制备及其使用方法，为提高我国牛肉养殖效益提供技术支持。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种对肉牛具有健胃补脾、促进消化吸收、调节脂水代谢、强身健体的中西结合类复合型饲料添加剂、制备及其使用方法，以提高肉牛的机体健康水平，提高育肥性能和牛肉品质，从而增加养殖效益。
本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，该饲料添加剂包括使用在肉牛不同育肥阶段的以下配方：
(1)健胃补脾方：陈皮、党参、木香、大枣、白术、苍术、补骨脂、葛根、豇豆根、山药；
(2)促消化吸收方：山楂、鸡内金、槟榔、厚朴、枳壳、香砂、乌药、酸枣仁、炒扁豆、炒麦芽；
(3)调节脂水代谢方：金樱子、杜仲、麻黄、蒲公英、薏米、牛膝、亚麻籽、甘草、茯苓、大腹皮；
(4)强身健体方：当归、党参、黄芪、枸杞、仙茅、黄精、肉桂、山茱萸、制首乌、刺五加、白花蛇舌草、干地黄。
本发明的进一步技术方案是：所述健胃补脾方包括：陈皮50-60g、党参30-40g、木香25-30g、大枣60-80g、白术45-60g、苍术25-30g、补骨脂20-30g、葛根50-60g、豇豆根40-50g、山药60-80g。
本发明的进一步技术方案是：所述促消化吸收方包括：山楂35-50g、鸡内金30-40g、槟榔30-40g、厚朴40-50g、枳壳35-40g、香砂25-35g、乌药20-30g、酸枣仁30-40g、炒扁豆40-50g、炒麦芽50-80g。
本发明的进一步技术方案是：所述调节脂水代谢方包括：金樱子30-40g、杜仲40-50g、麻黄20-30g、蒲公英30-40g、薏米30-40g、牛膝30-40g、亚麻籽40-50g、甘草30-40g、茯苓30-40g、大腹皮40-50g。
本发明的进一步技术方案是：所述强身健体方包括：当归40-50g、党参30-40g、黄芪50-60g、枸杞30-40g、仙茅30-40g、黄精50-60g、肉桂30-40g、山茱萸30-40g、制首乌40-50g、刺五加30-40g、白花蛇舌草50-60g、干地黄30-40g。
本发明的进一步技术方案是：所述肉牛不同育肥阶段为断奶(4-5月龄)至出栏(18-24月龄)。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂的制备方法，该制备方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、将各原料按照配比采集，经洗净、晒干、粉碎后，过80-100目筛，得中药粉；
步骤二、以水作为溶剂，采用微波辅助法提取，微波功率520-550W，料液比1∶10-15，温度保持在60-65℃，微波震荡30-40min，药液经浓缩、干燥后即得精制中药粉；
步骤三、获得的中药粉加入0.2-0.25倍量的蜂蜜、0.15-0.2倍量的山茶油、0.2-0.4g二氢砒啶、1.5-2.5g谷丙胺、1.5-2.5g盐酸半胱胺、1.0-2.0g氯化钙，搅拌均匀后，揉制成直径为0.2-0.25cm的小颗粒，低温保存备用。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂的使用方法，该使用方法为：
(1)将饲料添加剂颗粒随精料一起饲喂，先精料后粗料；
(2)断奶后，自犊牛正常采食时始，用强身健体方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；停喂强身健体方1周后，用健胃补脾方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；停喂健胃补脾方1周后，用促消化吸收方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；
(3)12-13月龄时，重复步骤(2)，喂食量增加至每天400-500g；
(4)出栏前2个月起，每天2次饲喂调节脂水代谢方300-400g，屠宰前第10天停止使用。
本发明中所采用的中草药主要功能如下：
陈皮：理气健脾，燥湿化痰，用于脾胃气滞，消化不良，胸闷腹胀，食少吐泻，咳嗽痰多。
党参：补中益气，生津止渴，用于脾胃虚弱，气血两亏，体倦无力，食少，口渴，久泻，脱肛。
木香：行气止痛，健脾消食，用于脘腹胀痛，嗳吐泄泻，食积不消、不思饮食。
大枣：补中益气，健脾和胃，养血安神，用于脾虚食少，脾胃虚损，抵抗力低下。
白术：健脾益气，燥湿利水，止汗，安胎。用于脾虚食少，腹胀泄泻，水肿，自汗。
苍术：燥湿健脾，祛风散寒，明目，辟秽。用于湿阻中焦，脘腹胀满，泄泻，水肿，风寒感冒，眼目昏涩。
补骨脂：补肾壮阳，固精缩尿，温脾止泻，用于治疗脾肾阳虚引起的泄泻。
葛根：解肌退热，生津止渴，升阳止泻，用于表证发热，热病口渴，阴虚消渴，热泻热痢，脾虚泄泻。
豇豆根：健脾益气，消食，用于食积，脾胃虚弱，淋浊，痔血。
山药：益气养阴，补益脾肺，补肾固精，用于脾虚食少、大便溏泄，肺虚咳喘，遗精尿频，阴虚消渴。
山楂：消食健胃，行气散瘀，化浊降脂。用于食积，胃烷胀满，泻痢腹痛，泻痢不爽。
鸡内金：健胃消食，用于食积不消，呕吐泻痢，胆胀胁痛。
槟榔：杀虫，消积，行气，利水，用于绦虫病、蛔虫病、姜片虫病，虫积腹痛，积滞泻痢，里急后重，水肿。
厚朴：行气化湿、温中止痛、降逆平喘，用于湿滞伤中，脘痞吐泻，食积气滞，腹胀便秘，湿阻中焦。
枳壳：理气宽中，行滞消胀，用于治疗胸胁气滞，胀满疼痛，食积不化，痰饮内停。
香砂：化湿开胃、温脾止泻、理气安胎，用于湿浊中阻、脘痞不饥、脾胃虚寒、呕吐泄泻。
乌药：行气止痛，温肾散寒，用于寒凝气滞，胸腹胀痛，气逆喘急，膀胱虚冷，遗尿尿频。
酸枣仁：养心补肝，宁心安神，敛汗，生津，用于虚烦不眠，惊悸多梦，体虚多汗，津伤口渴。
炒扁豆；健脾和中，消暑化湿，益气，用于暑湿吐泻，脾虚呕逆，食少久泄，水停消渴。
炒麦芽：行气消食，健脾开胃，用于食积不消，脘腹胀痛，脾虚食少，乳汗郁积。
金樱子：固精缩尿，固崩止带，涩肠止泻，用于遗精滑精，遗尿尿频，崩漏带下，久泻久痢。
杜仲：补益肝肾，强筋壮骨，调理冲任，用于治疗肾阳虚引起的腰脊酸痛或软无力，小便余沥。
麻黄：发汗解表，宣肺平喘、利水消肿，用于风寒表实证，胸闷喘咳，风水浮肿，风湿痹痛，风寒感冒。
蒲公英：清热解毒，消肿散结，利尿通淋，用于目赤，咽痛，肺痈，肠痈，湿热黄疸，热淋涩痛。
薏米：清热利湿，健脾止泻，除风湿，利小便，益肺排脓，用于湿痹，水肿，肺萎肺痈，咳吐脓血，脾虚泄泻。
牛膝：逐瘀通经，补肝肾，强筋骨，利尿通淋，引血下行，用于腰膝酸痛，筋骨无力，淋证，水肿。
亚麻籽：平肝，顺气，通肠，解毒止痛，用于麻风，皮肤痒疹，脱发，大便干燥。
甘草：补脾益气，祛痰止咳，缓急止痛，清热解毒，调和诸药，用于脾胃气虚，倦怠乏力，痈疽疮疡、咽喉肿痛，气喘咳嗽，调和药物烈性。
茯苓：利水渗湿，健脾，宁心，安神，用于小便不利，水肿胀满，痰饮眩悸，脾虚食少，便溏泄泻，心神不安。
大腹皮：下气宽中，行水消肿，用于湿阻气滞，胸腹胀闷，大便不爽，水肿胀满，小便不利。
当归：补血养血，活血通经，润肠通便，用于血虚萎黄，虚寒腹痛，肠燥便秘。
党参：补中益气，健脾益肺，生津，用于脾胃虚弱，气血两亏，体倦无力，食少，口渴，久泻，脱肛，改善微循环，增强造血功能。
黄芪：补气固表，利尿，生肌，增强机体免疫力，用于气虚乏力，久泻脱肛，自汗，水肿，免疫力低下。
枸杞：滋肾，润肺，补肝，明目，用于肝肾阴亏，腰膝酸软，虚劳咳嗽，消渴。
仙茅；温肾阳壮，祛除寒湿，用于阳萎精冷，脘腹冷痛，腰膝酸痛，筋骨软弱。
黄精：补气养阴，健脾，润肺，益肾，用于脾胃气虚，体倦乏力，胃阴不足，口干食少，肺虚燥咳，内热消渴。
肉桂：补火助阳，引火归元，散寒止痛，温通经脉，用于腰膝冷痛，肾虚作喘，虚阳上浮，心腹冷痛，虚寒吐泻，上热下寒。
山茱萸：补益肝肾，收涩固脱，用于腰膝酸痛，阳痿遗精，大汗虚脱，内热消渴。
制首乌:补肝肾，益精血，强筋骨，补益精血，润肠通便，用于精血亏虚，腰膝酸软，肢体麻木，崩漏带下，肠燥便秘。
刺五加：益气健脾，补肾安神，用于脾肾阳虚，体虚乏力，食欲不振，腰膝酸痛。
白花蛇舌草：清热解毒，利湿通淋，用于肺热喘咳，咽喉肿痛，肠痈，热淋涩痛，水肿，痢疾，肠炎，湿热黄疸。
干地黄：清热凉血，养阴生津，用于热人营血，温毒发斑，热病伤阴，知绛烦渴，津伤便秘，咽喉肿痛。
所采用的主要化学物质功能如下：
二氢砒啶：抑制脂类化合物的过氧化过程，形成肝保护层；保护饲料中油脂及维生素VA、胡萝卜素不被氧化；增强小肠的肌电活动，减缓小肠食糜后移，促进小肠消化吸收，提高饲料利用率；改变血清中的激素水平，促进生长发育；增强免疫功能。
谷丙胺：保护胃粘膜，促进胃内粘膜组织新生，改善胃内环境，促进胃溃疡组织愈合；刺激胆汁分泌，促进非依赖性胆汁分泌，促进肌间脂肪沉积。
盐酸半胱胺：刺激垂体，激活神经内分泌轴，提高内源性生长激素水平，从而提高肉牛生长发育速度，提高饲料报酬；提高瘦肉率，改善胴体品质，提高净肉率。
氯化钙：补钙剂，提高维生素D利用效率，促进骨骼发育；预防血钙降低而引起的机体异常。
本发明的有益效果：本发明的中西结合复合型肉牛育肥饲料添加剂具有天然、绿色、无污染、成本低、制备简单、效果好、见效快的特点，通过健胃补脾、提高肉牛采食量，调节机体消化吸收功能、提高饲料转化率和饲料报酬，调节脂水代谢、减少脂肪沉积、降低牛肉含水量、提高屠宰性能，强身健体、提高机体免疫力等手段提高肉牛生长速度，改善牛肉品质，应用效果在生产实践中得到了验证；采用本发明的使用方法可增强肉牛的食欲，促进消化吸收，调节脂水代谢，提高机体免疫力，具有加快长速、改善肉质、服用方便、价格便宜、制备简单、安全高效等优点。
具体实施方式
以下通过特定的具体实例说明本发明的实施方式，本领域技术人员可由本说明书所揭露的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点与功效。本发明还可以通过另外不同的具体实施方式加以实施或应用，本说明书中的各项细节也可以基于不同观点与应用，在没有背离本发明的精神下进行各种修饰或改变。
实施例一：
选择6月龄断奶的健康安格斯杂交犊公牛60头，随机分为试验组和对照组，每组30头，正常采食后进行试验。
对照组按照养殖场原有配方日粮和模式进行饲喂和管理，试验组在对照组原有配方日粮和模式的基础上，补充本发明的中西结合类复合型添加剂。试验组添加剂使用方案如下：
(1)将饲料添加剂颗粒随精料一起饲喂，先精料后粗料；
(2)强身健体方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次100g；停喂强身健体方1周后，用健胃补脾方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次100g；停喂健胃补脾方1周后，用促消化吸收方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次100g。
(3)12-13月龄时，重复步骤(2)，但喂食量增加至每天400g。
(4)第18月龄起，每天2次饲喂调节脂水代谢方400g，屠宰前第10天停止使用。
(5)第22月龄时屠宰，对应用效果进行综合分析。
应用效果：
试验组较对照组：干物质采食量增加约18.5％，体重增加约21.7％，日增重平均增加为635g；试验牛被毛光亮，健康活泼，皮肤柔润，肌肉饱满，对照组和试验组均无牛只死亡。
屠宰性能方面，试验牛的屠宰率增加约19.4％，牛油减少约15.7％，脂肪颜色淡黄，牛肉含水率下降约8.3％，牛肉颜色深红，大理石纹明显，柔嫩多汁，风味浓郁。采用以上中草药添加剂配方，每头牛增加饲养成本约1050元，扣除成本后增加经济回报约1560元，应用效果十分明显。
实施例二：
选择5月龄断奶的西门塔尔杂交犊公牛76头，随机分为试验组和对照组，每组38头，正常采食后进行试验。
对照组按照养殖场原有配方日粮和模式进行饲喂和管理，试验组在对照组原有配方日粮和模式的基础上，补充本发明的中西结合类复合型添加剂。试验组添加剂使用方案如下：
(1)将饲料添加剂颗粒随精料一起饲喂，先精料后粗料；
(2)强身健体方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次150g；停喂强身健体方1周后，用健胃补脾方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次150g；停喂健胃补脾方1周后，用促消化吸收方饲喂15天，早晚各1次，每次150g。
(3)12-13月龄时，重复步骤(2)，但喂食量增加至每天500g。
(4)第18月龄起，每天2次饲喂调节脂水代谢方500g，屠宰前第10天停止使用。
(5)第24月龄时屠宰，对饲用效果进行综合分析。
应用效果：
试验组较对照组：干物质采食量增加约21.5％，体重增加约25.6％，日增重平均增加为881g；试验牛被毛光亮，健康活泼，皮肤柔润，肌肉饱满，对照组死亡2头，试验组无死亡现象。
屠宰性能方面，试验牛的屠宰率增加约21.7％，牛油减少约14.9％，脂肪颜色淡黄，牛肉含水率下降约9.6％，牛肉颜色鲜红，大理石纹明显，柔嫩多汁，风味浓郁。采用以上中草药添加剂配方，每头牛增加饲养成本约1280元，扣除成本后增加经济回报约1880元，应用效果非常明显。
实施方式只是对本专利的示例性进行说明，并不限定它的保护范围和所使用的肉牛品种和地域，对其进行调整视为对本专利的等同替换，都在本专利的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：该饲料添加剂包括使用在肉牛不同育肥阶段的以下配方：
健胃补脾方：陈皮、党参、木香、大枣、白术、苍术、补骨脂、葛根、豇豆根、山药；
促消化吸收方：山楂、鸡内金、槟榔、厚朴、枳壳、香砂、乌药、酸枣仁、炒扁豆、炒麦芽；
调节脂水代谢方：金樱子、杜仲、麻黄、蒲公英、薏米、牛膝、亚麻籽、甘草、茯苓、大腹皮；
强身健体方：当归、党参、黄芪、枸杞、仙茅、黄精、肉桂、山茱萸、制首乌、刺五加、白花蛇舌草、干地黄。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述健胃补脾方包括：陈皮50-60g、党参30-40g、木香25-30g、大枣60-80g、白术45-60g、苍术25-30g、补骨脂20-30g、葛根50-60g、豇豆根40-50g、山药60-80g。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述促消化吸收方包括：山楂35-50g、鸡内金30-40g、槟榔30-40g、厚朴40-50g、枳壳35-40g、香砂25-35g、乌药20-30g、酸枣仁30-40g、炒扁豆40-50g、炒麦芽50-80g。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述调节脂水代谢方包括：金樱子30-40g、杜仲40-50g、麻黄20-30g、蒲公英30-40g、薏米30-40g、牛膝30-40g、亚麻籽40-50g、甘草30-40g、茯苓30-40g、大腹皮40-50g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述强身健体方包括：当归40-50g、党参30-40g、黄芪50-60g、枸杞30-40g、仙茅30-40g、黄精50-60g、肉桂30-40g、山茱萸30-40g、制首乌40-50g、刺五加30-40g、白花蛇舌草50-60g、干地黄30-40g。
6.根据权利要求1-5任意一项所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述肉牛不同育肥阶段为断奶(4-5月龄)至出栏(18-24月龄)。
7.根据权利要求1-6任意一项所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：该制备方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、将各原料按照配比采集，经洗净、晒干、粉碎后，过80-100目筛，得中药粉；
步骤二、以水作为溶剂，采用微波辅助法提取，微波功率520-550W，料液比1∶10-15，温度保持在60-65℃，微波震荡30-40min，药液经浓缩、干燥后即得精制中药粉；
步骤三、获得的中药粉加入辅料搅拌均匀后，揉制成直径为0.2-0.25cm的小颗粒，低温保存备用。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤三中辅料包括：0.2-0.25倍量的蜂蜜、0.15-0.2倍量的山茶油、0.2-0.4g二氢砒啶、1.5-2.5g谷丙胺、1.5-2.5g盐酸半胱胺以及1.0-2.0g氯化钙。
9.根据权利要求1-6任意一项所述的一种提高肉牛育肥性能的饲料添加剂的使用方法，其特征在于：该使用方法为：
(1)将饲料添加剂颗粒随精料一起饲喂，先精料后粗料；
(2)断奶后，自犊牛正常采食时始，用强身健体方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；停喂强身健体方1周后，用健胃补脾方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；停喂健胃补脾方1周后，用促消化吸收方饲喂15-20天，每天2次共200-250g；
(3)12-13月龄时，重复步骤(2)，喂食量增加至每天400-500g；
(4)出栏前2个月起，每天2次饲喂调节脂水代谢方300-400g，屠宰前第10天停止使用。
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