CN112544817A

CN112544817A - Formula for adding grass meal into chicken basic feed

Info

Publication number: CN112544817A
Application number: CN202011389368.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 姚红艳; 欧德渊; 杨梨英; 杨恋; 唐芳; 李佳艾
Original assignee: Guizhou University
Current assignee: Guizhou University
Priority date: 2020-12-02
Filing date: 2020-12-02
Publication date: 2021-03-26

Abstract

The invention relates to a formula for adding grass meal into a chicken basic feed, which consists of 80-98% of basic daily ration and 2-20% of forage grass. According to the invention, a certain amount of perilla, chicory and Chinese cabbage grass meal are respectively added into the daily ration of the broiler, the influence of different varieties of grass meal on the production performance of the broiler is discussed through a feeding test, and meanwhile, the influence of the three grass meal on the meat quality of the broiler is discussed through the measurement of the muscle quality of the broiler and the contents of relevant flavor substances such as inosinic acid, cholesterol, fatty acid and the like in meat, so that a theoretical basis and a test basis are provided for seeking a large-scale breeding mode of optimum forage grass for livestock breeding.

Description

Formula for adding grass meal into chicken basic feed

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of chicken feed, in particular to a formula for adding grass meal into a chicken basic feed.

Background

With the rapid development of Chinese economy and the continuous improvement of living standard of people, the requirements of people on meat and meat products are changed all the time, the change from quantity type to quality type gradually, and the delicious taste also becomes the continuous pursuit target of people, and especially the attention is paid more and more to the safety, nutrition, taste and flavor of the meat and meat products. The white meat represents that chicken is another important meat source except pork in life of people in China, contains rich protein, low-content cholesterol and higher unsaturated fatty acid, becomes an important part of daily consumption of common people, and the requirement of people on the quality of meat is continuously improved. However, with the breeding of broiler breeds, the growth speed of chicken is greatly improved, and the increase of yield and the decrease of meat quality become the contradictions of attention of people. Most of the fast-growing broilers in the current market are fast-growing broilers, the growth period is short, the slaughtering is early, the production cost is low, and the meat quality is poor. In order to improve the meat quality, the influence of different daily ration compositions on the meat quality of the broiler chickens is researched, so that livestock products with good nutrition, good taste, safety, greenness and no harm are produced, and the development of the animal husbandry is promoted.

Perilla frutescens (Perilla frutescens), also known as Perilla frutescens, etc., are the only annual herbaceous plant of Perilla genus of Labiatae family, and have a special aroma. Mainly produced in the central and south regions such as northwest China, southeast Asia, Taiwan China, Jiangxi China, Hunan and the like, and Himalayan regions. Dill is planted in all parts of the country, and wild plants are found in villages or roadside roads in the southern provinces of the Yangtze river. Perilla frutescens is precious in each part, has various nutritional ingredients and health care effects, is a food rich in nutrition, is a traditional Chinese medicine with good curative effect, and is an economic plant with various purposes (Buchenguang, etc., 2007). Perilla frutescens as a medicine is loaded in Bencao gang mu (Lison, 2013) of saint Li Shizhen of Ming Dynasty, has a cultivation history of nearly 2000 years in China, is mainly used for medicine, oil, spice, food and the like, and is a whole plant which can be used as both medicine and food. In recent years, perilla has become a multipurpose economic plant which is concerned with the world because of containing various active substances and nutrient components.

The perilla leaf volatile oil, the flavone, the polyphenol and other active substances have the effects of inhibiting bacteria, resisting inflammation, dispelling cold, relieving cough, eliminating phlegm, enhancing immunity, delaying senility, inhibiting tumors and the like, have great application in the aspect of medicine (Lishan san and the like, 2018; Zhang Weiming and the like, 2009), and have development and utilization values. Researches of Liu Xiaoqin and the like (2001) and Jiang Hongyao and the like (2011) find that the perilla leaf volatile oil has the effects of killing and inhibiting trichophyton rubrum, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and the like. The perilla leaf contains various amino acids, contains various vitamins, vegetable proteins, trace elements and other nutrients, is rich in alpha-linolenic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids, and can be applied to the nutrition industry. The perilla extract serving as a novel feed additive has the function similar to antibiotics, is low in toxicity and is safer and more effective than the antibiotics, and the perilla extract can be added into feed to enhance the immunity of animals, improve the production performance of the animals and improve the meat quality, so that the perilla extract has a wide application value in livestock and poultry, aquaculture and feed industry (Lepeng and the like, 2010; Panconxia and the like, 2011). The addition of a proper amount of perilla seed oil in the feed has the effect of promoting the primary growth performance of eggs within a certain range, the average daily gain is obviously improved, the feed-weight ratio is reduced, but the excessive growth rate is reduced (Huahuilin and the like, 2020).

Chicory (Cichorium Intybus L.), which is otherwise known as endive, casini, Mingmu vegetable, coffee grass, is an excellent broadleaf forage grass. It is edible or medicinal. Is commonly used as leaf vegetables in Europe for eating, contains sugar, phenols, flavonoids, coumarin and other components, has high medical value, and can reduce blood sugar, reduce blood fat, protect liver and resist bacteria (Wang Ruo nan et al, 2018; Jihuiwu et al, 2018). Chicory has the advantages of excellent quality, high protein content, complete amino acid types and the like, can promote the improvement of the quality of livestock and poultry meat, can enhance the physique of livestock and poultry, and is high-quality forage grass (Hu Yong et al, 2020) with good development prospect. Chicory added in certain proportion to feed has the effect of improving the slaughtering performance and meat quality of poultry (Zhang Jiahong et al, 2013). Chicory has the advantages of extremely strong adaptability, high nutrition, high yield, good palatability and the like, and is one of the most economic plants in the world today (Liangxiaoyu, etc. 2015).

Cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), ancient famous woad, also known as yellow bud, cabbage, etc., is a one-two-year-old herb plant produced from green leaves, which is classified into Chinese cabbage and pakchoi. The Chinese cabbage is native to the coast of the mediterranean and China, is widely distributed in various provinces of China, is the vegetable crop with the widest distribution, the largest cultivation area and the highest yield in China, is also one of important vegetables which are eaten by people in daily life, and is the head of various vegetables in China.

Chinese cabbage has a long history of cultivation, and the word of Chinese cabbage appears in the book Shuijian vegetable of Chinese cabbage of Xian-Shi due to its name in Yangweili. The cabbage is not like the Chinese cabbage in common speaking, and the Chinese cabbage is rich in nutrition, contains rich crude fiber, B vitamins, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, trace elements, zinc and the like, and is not contraindicated for all diseases. According to incomplete statistics, the seeding area of Chinese cabbage in 2004 is 262.2 ten thousand hectares, which accounts for 14.9% of the seeding area of vegetables, and the yield accounts for 18.3% of the total yield of vegetables in China (Huiwei et al, 2007). Therefore, the Chinese cabbage occupies a great position in the vegetable market supply in China.

In order to make up for the reduction of meat quality caused by intensive breeding production conditions, increase the economic benefit of broiler breeding, promote the sustainable development of breeding and develop new feed raw material resources, the invention respectively adds a certain amount of perilla frutescens, chicory and Chinese cabbage grass meal into K9 broiler ration, discusses the influence of grass meal of different varieties on the production performance of K9 broiler through breeding tests, and simultaneously discusses the influence of the three grass meal on the broiler meat quality through the measurement of broiler muscle quality and related flavor substance content in meat (inosinic acid, cholesterol, fatty acid and the like), thereby providing theoretical basis and experimental basis for seeking a large-scale breeding mode of optimum forage grass livestock.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a formula for adding grass meal into a chicken basic feed.

The formula for adding the grass meal into the chicken basic feed comprises 80-98% of basic daily ration and 2-20% of forage grass.

Preferably, the formula disclosed by the invention consists of 85-96% of basic daily ration and 4-15% of forage grass.

Further preferably, the formula of the invention consists of 95% of basic daily ration and 5% of forage grass.

The basic ration consists of 50-75% of corn, 18-30% of soybean meal, 2-5% of soybean oil, 0.3-1.2% of stone powder, 0.2-0.4% of salt, 0.2-0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2-6% of premix.

Preferably, the basic ration consists of 60-70% of corn, 20-28% of soybean meal, 3-4% of soybean oil, 0.5-1.0% of stone powder, 0.25-0.3.5% of salt, 0.3-0.6% of calcium hydrophosphate and 3-5% of premix.

Further preferably, the basic ration consists of 66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix.

The forage grass is one or a combination of more of perilla grass powder, chicory powder and Chinese cabbage grass powder.

Further, the formula of the invention consists of 95% of basic daily ration and 5% of chicory powder.

Furthermore, the formula of the invention consists of 95 percent of basic ration and 5 percent of perilla grass powder.

Furthermore, the formula of the invention consists of 95 percent of basic daily ration and 5 percent of Chinese cabbage grass meal.

The premixed grain is directly purchased in the market.

Has the advantages that:

compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. the invention proves that the grass meal with different proportions is added into the daily ration to feed the broilers through experimental demonstration, and comprehensive analysis shows that the addition amount of the three kinds of grass meal is optimal to be 5%, so that the production performance, slaughtering performance and meat quality of the broilers are improved.

2. The invention proves that the growth performance of hens and cocks is improved by adding 5% of perilla herb powder into the daily ration through experimental demonstration; the 5% perilla herb powder group and the 5% chicory herb powder group respectively improve the dressing percentage, the half-evisceration rate and the full-evisceration rate of the cocks and the hens; simultaneously, the material weight ratio is reduced; 5% chicory powder has a great influence on the cock meat. The 5% perilla herb powder has obvious influence on the content of the inosinic acid and the content of the fatty acid in the hen, and the 5% chicory herb powder has obvious influence on the content of the inosinic acid in the cock.

3. The experimental examples prove that 5% of perilla herb powder has obvious influence on the blood biochemical indexes of hens, and 5% of chicory powder has obvious influence on the blood biochemical indexes of cocks.

4. According to the invention, a certain amount of perilla, chicory and Chinese cabbage grass meal are respectively added into the daily ration of the broiler, the influence of grass meal of different varieties on the production performance of the broiler is discussed through a feeding test, and the influence of the three grass meals on the meat quality of the broiler is discussed through the measurement of the meat quality and the content of related flavor substances in meat (inosinic acid, cholesterol, fatty acid and the like), so that a theoretical basis and a test basis are provided for seeking a large-scale breeding mode of optimum forage grass for livestock breeding.

Drawings

FIG. 1 standard curve and chromatogram for inosinic acid content in muscle.

FIG. 2 standard curve for determination of cholesterol level in muscle.

FIG. 3 standard curve for determination of cholesterol level in muscle.

Figure 4 effect of three forage grasses on hen cholesterol levels (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)).

Figure 5 effect of three forage grasses on the cholesterol level of rooster (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant difference (P < 0.05)).

Figure 6 effect of three forage grasses on the inosinic acid content of hens (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant difference (P < 0.05)).

Figure 7 effect of three forage grasses on the inosinic acid content of cocks (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant difference (P < 0.05)).

Figure 8 effect of three forage grasses on fatty acid content in hens (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant difference (P < 0.05)).

Figure 9 effect of three forage grasses on the fatty acid content of rooster (note: different lower case letters in the figure indicate significant difference (P < 0.05)).

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention will be further specifically described below by way of specific examples.

Example 1

95% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate, 4% of premix compound) and 5% of chicory powder.

Example 2

95% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 5% of perilla grass powder.

Example 3

95% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 5% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 4

95% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 5% of chicory powder.

Example 5

95% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix) and 5% of perilla grass powder.

Example 6

95% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 5% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 7

95% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 5% of chicory powder.

Example 8

95% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 5% of perilla grass powder.

Example 9

95% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 5% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 10

97% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 3% of chicory powder.

Example 11

97% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 3% of perilla grass powder.

Example 12

97% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 3% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 12

97% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 3% of chicory powder.

Example 14

97% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 3% of perilla grass powder.

Example 15

97% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 3% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 16

97% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 3% of chicory powder.

Example 17

97% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix) and 3% of perilla grass powder.

Example 18

97% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 3% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 19

93% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 7% of chicory powder.

Example 20

93% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 7% of perilla grass powder.

Example 21

93% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 7% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 22

93% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 7% of chicory powder.

Example 23

93% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 7% of perilla grass powder.

Example 24

93% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 7% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 25

93% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 7% of chicory powder.

Example 26

93% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 7% of perilla grass powder.

Example 27

96% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 4% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 28

96% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 4% of chicory powder.

Example 29

96% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 4% of perilla grass powder.

Example 30

96% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 4% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 31

96% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 4% of chicory powder.

Example 32

96% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 4% of perilla grass powder.

Example 33

96% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 4% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 34

96% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 4% of chicory powder.

Example 35

96% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 4% of perilla grass powder.

Example 36

Example 37

94% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 6% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 38

94% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 6% of chicory powder.

Example 39

94% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 6% of perilla grass powder.

Example 40

94% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 6% of Chinese cabbage powder.

EXAMPLE 41

94% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 6% of chicory powder.

Example 42

94% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix) and 6% of perilla grass powder.

Example 43

94% of basic ration (65.3% of corn, 30% of soybean meal, 2% of soybean oil, 0.3% of stone powder, 0.2% of salt, 0.2% of calcium hydrophosphate and 2% of premix), and 6% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 44

94% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 6% of chicory powder.

Example 45

94% of basic ration (58% of corn, 28.6% of soybean meal, 5% of soybean oil, 1.2% of stone powder, 0.4% of salt, 0.8% of calcium hydrophosphate and 6% of premix), and 6% of perilla grass powder.

Example 46

Example 47

85% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 15% of chicory powder.

Example 48

85% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 15% of perilla grass powder.

Example 49

85% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 15% of Chinese cabbage powder.

Example 50

98% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 2% of chicory powder.

Example 51

98% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 2% of perilla grass powder.

Example 52

98% of basic ration (66.9% of corn, 24% of soybean meal, 3.5% of soybean oil, 0.8% of stone powder, 0.3% of salt, 0.5% of calcium hydrophosphate and 4% of premix), and 2% of Chinese cabbage powder.

To further verify the effectiveness of the present invention, the inventors performed a series of tests, as follows:

1. test materials and methods

1.1 test animals

160 healthy K9 broilers aged 50 days were provided by Guiyang Huifeng poultry farming. After the broiler is taken out of the shell, the broiler is immunized according to a conventional immunization program (1-day-old inoculation Marek's vaccine, 5-7-day-old inoculation of Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccine, 12-14-day-old inoculation of bursa of fabricius vaccine, 20-23-day-old inoculation of Newcastle disease chicken infectious bronchitis vaccine, 28-30-day-old inoculation of avian influenza vaccine, and 50-day-old inoculation of Newcastle disease vaccine).

During the test period, each group independently feeds, takes food and drinks freely, and carries out daily management according to the conventional management form of a chicken farm, and the feeding conditions of all groups of chickens in the test are kept consistent.

1.2 test materials and feeding apparatus

Three kinds of forage grass (each kind of forage grass for the test is purchased from the same Taobao trade company in a unified way and is dried, crushed and processed into perilla grass powder, chicory grass powder and cabbages grass powder) are used for feeding the test chickens, and a plurality of feeding devices (purchased from Guiyang Yifeng poultry farming companies) such as chicken cages, plastic nets, feed buckets (feed troughs) and buckets are used. The production flow of the processed grass meal is as follows:

1.3 major drugs and instruments

(1) The instrument equipment comprises: the main instruments used include an Agilent1100 high performance liquid chromatograph (Agilent corporation, USA), a Multiskan Go full-wavelength microplate reader, a C-LM3B digital display muscle tenderness tester, an OPTO-STAR flesh color tester, a TAS-986FG9 atomic absorption spectrophotometer, a pH tester, an L530 centrifuge, and the like.

(2) Test reagents: the test reagents used in the test process mainly comprise chicken cholesterol enzyme-linked immunoassay kit provided by Jianglai Biotechnology Ltd, 6% perchloric acid, 0.5mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate, methanol (chromatogram purity), and 30% hydrogen peroxide (H)₂O₂) 1mol/L of K₂CO₃、10％Na₂SO₃6mol/L HCl, 2mg/mL inosinic acid standard mother liquor, 12% KOH, etc.

1.4 basic daily ration

The basic daily ration is corn-soybean meal type, and is prepared according to Chinese chicken feeding standard 2004 (NY/T33-2004), and the composition and the nutritional level of the basic daily ration are shown in the following table.

TABLE 1 basal diet ingredient composition and nutritional level

2. General description of the test site

The research area is located in the flower stream area (E:106 degrees 27 '-106 degrees 52', N:26 degrees 11 '-26 degrees 34') of Guiyang city at an altitude of 1100 m. The climate belongs to subtropical humid and mild climate, the rainfall is abundant, the annual rainfall is 1178.3mm, the climate is mainly concentrated in 5-8 months, the climate accounts for 62.4% of annual rainfall, the annual average temperature is 14.9 ℃, the annual average temperature is 3.8 ℃ in 1 month, and the annual average temperature is 23.3 ℃ in 7 months (China meteorological data network; http:// data. cma. cn /).

2.1 design of the experiment

2.2 test screening of the amount of grass meal added

Test one was conducted at southern school animal hospital, university of Guizhou, in 2018, month 10 to 2019, month 1.

160 broilers (half of the males and females) were divided into ten groups of 16 chickens each, on the principle that the initial weight difference was not significant. The group 1 is a control group, basic daily ration is fed, the groups 2-4 are perilla herb powder treatment groups, 3%, 5% and 7% of perilla herb powder is added into the daily ration to feed broiler chickens, the groups 5-7 are chicory herb powder treatment groups, 3%, 5% and 7% of chicory herb powder is added into the daily ration to feed the broiler chickens, the groups 8-10 are Chinese cabbage herb powder treatment groups, and 3%, 5% and 7% of Chinese cabbage herb powder is added into the daily ration to feed the broiler chickens. The test period was 3 months (90 d). The food intake was recorded daily, and after the test was completed, the weight was weighed one by one, and the weight after the test was recorded. While 10 chickens (half of a cock and a mother) close to the average body weight were slaughtered per group for the determination of slaughter performance. The test result provides a basis for selecting the addition amount in the subsequent test.

2.3 testing the influence of two or three forage grasses on the meat quality of broiler chickens

Experiment two was conducted in southern school animal hospital, Guizhou university, between 3 months in 2019 and 8 months in 2019.

160 broilers (half of the males and females) were divided into 8 groups of 20 chickens per group on the basis of the principle that the initial weight difference was not significant. The group 1 to the group 2 are respectively a hen and a cock control group (A1, A2) and basic ration for feeding, the group 3 to the group 4 are respectively a hen and a cock perilla grass powder treatment group (B1, B2), 5% perilla grass powder added ration is fed to the broilers, the group 5 to the group 6 are respectively a hen and a cock chicory grass powder treatment group (C1, C2), 5% chicory powder added ration is fed to the broilers, the group 7 to the group 8 are respectively a hen and a cock cabbage grass powder treatment group (D1, D2), and 5% cabbage grass powder added ration is fed to the broilers. The test period was 3 months (90 d). The food intake was recorded daily, and after the test was completed, the weight was weighed one by one, and the weight after the test was recorded. While 10 chickens (half of a cock and a mother) close to the average body weight were slaughtered per group for the determination of slaughter performance.

2.4 test records

According to the test design and the feeding management requirements, recording the initial weight, the weight (once weighing in 7 days) and the basic daily ration feeding amount of each test group formally tested chicken flock, and calculating the daily gain and the feed-weight ratio of the chicken flocks.

2.5 sample Collection

After the test period (90 days) was completed, 10 chickens (half of the male and half of the female) were randomly selected from each group, and after fasting for 12 hours, the live weight was weighed, the carotid artery was bled and slaughtered, specific viscera were retained, weighed, and relevant slaughter performance index data was recorded. And cutting part of fresh meat samples for measuring indexes such as pH value, shearing force, inosinic acid, conventional muscle meat quality and the like, putting all test samples in a foam box, adding an ice bag for low-temperature storage, and taking the foam box back to a laboratory.

2.6 index measurement and method

2.6.1 determination of chicken growth performance index and method thereof

The growth performance and incidence of the chickens are determined according to the standard of agricultural industry Standard of the people's republic of China (NY/T823-2004).

(1) The final weight is: the weight of the test chicken living body after fasting for 12 hours before slaughtering was directly weighed by an electronic scale and recorded as a terminal weight, and the unit thereof was expressed in kilograms (g).

(2) Daily Gain (ADG): daily gain (end-initial weight) x 1000 ÷ 90d, units expressed in grams per day (g/d).

(3) Material weight ratio (F/G): the feed-to-feed ratio, i.e. the ratio of feed consumption to chicken gain weight (Skinner-Noble D et al, 2003).

I.e. the material weight ratio is total material consumption/volume (live weight + dead pan weight-total initial weight) (Wanglong et al, 2015)

2.6.2 chicken slaughter performance index determination method

The slaughter performance of chicken is determined according to the method of poultry production performance noun terminology and leg muscle measurement (NY/T823-2004) standard of agriculture industry of the people's republic of China (Chen widwei et al, 2006).

(1) Weighing the slaughtered precursor: the test chickens were weighed after 12h of fasting, units are given in g.

(2) Carcass weight (g): the weight of the chicken after neck bleeding, dehairing and removing horny layer, toe shell and beak shell of the chicken living after fasting for 12h is expressed by g.

Carcass ratio carcass weight/carcass weight × 100%

(3) Half dry weight (g): refers to the weight of the carcass after removal of the trachea, crop, esophagus, intestine, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, intragastric contents, reproductive organs and cuticle membrane, in g.

Half-open ratio is half-open weight/slaughter precursor weight × 100%

(4) Total open weight (g): the weight in g obtained after removing heart, liver, myogastric, glandular stomach, abdominal fat, lung, head and feet from the semi-bore.

The total evisceration rate is the total evisceration weight/slaughter precursor weight multiplied by 100 percent

(5) Breast muscle weight (g): the bilateral pectoral muscles were peeled off in one piece from the peeled carcass and weighed, in units of g.

The pectoral muscle rate is breast muscle weight/total weight of the chest × 100%

(6) Leg muscle weight (g): all leg muscles were removed from the carcass after removal of the bones of the legs, skin, subcutaneous fat on both sides and weighed, unit in g.

The rate of leg muscles is leg muscle weight/total bore weight × 100%

2.6.3 method for measuring muscle quality index

(1) Loss rate of cooking

The cooking loss rate is the percentage of the weight difference of the meat before and after heating to the weight of the meat before and after heating. Referring to the method of von constitutional theory (2009), taking about 15g of pectoral muscles with uniform size and thickness, removing surface fat and muscle membranes, weighing (recorded as M1), putting a meat sample into a plastic packaging bag, removing air, binding, putting into a 75 ℃ constant temperature water bath, taking out when the central temperature of the meat sample reaches 70 ℃, cooling to room temperature, and weighing again after a day (recorded as M2).

Namely, cooking loss ratio (%) (M1-M2) ÷ M1X 100

(2) Shear force

Removing fat and muscle membrane on the surface of leg muscle, avoiding tendon, slaughtering test chicken, taking meat sample with length of 4.0cm, width of 1.0cm and thickness of 0.5cm, measuring muscle shearing force with C-LM3B digital display muscle tenderness measuring instrument, cutting each meat sample for 3 times, and calculating average value. The unit is expressed in Kg.f (Caoweina et al, 2014).

(3) Color of meat

Pectoral muscle samples of similar quality and size were picked from the collected samples and each flesh sample was measured directly 3 times within 24h after slaughter using the OPTO-STAR flesh colour tester to assess the muscle colour with OPTO values, reference standard: the Opto-wert is preferably more than or equal to 63; good at 53 < Opto-wert < 63; opto-wert <53 is poor (Chenhao et al, 2017).

(4) pH value

Within 45min after slaughter, the pH was measured with a pH meter (PH-STAR, Matthaus, Germany), the probe was inserted at the same muscle site at a certain angle and stabilized for more than 15s, and the pH was recorded (shuting et al, 2018).

(5) Inosinic acid

The muscle inosinic acid content is determined by the method of the Wanghai et al (2013).

After slaughter, a portion of the muscle was quickly cut out and stored in an ice box and brought back, and inosinic acid (IMP) content was measured in mg/g using an Agilent1100 gas chromatograph instrument. The determination steps are as follows:

weighing about 1.25g of sample, putting the sample into a mortar for grinding, adding 2mL of 6% perchloric acid, homogenizing the sample by a high-speed homogenizer, centrifuging the homogenate at 6000r/min for 10min, taking supernatant, putting the supernatant into a 50mL centrifuge tube, adding 2mL of 6% perchloric acid into residue, shaking the supernatant for 5min, centrifuging the supernatant again, combining the supernatant and adjusting the pH to 7 by NaOH, transferring the mixture to a 25mL volumetric flask, shaking the volume uniformly, filtering the mixture by a needle filter, and using the mixture for HPLC analysis and determination. The standard curve and chromatogram of inosinic acid content in muscle are shown in FIG. 1.

(6) Cholesterol

The determination of the cholesterol content in the muscle is carried out in accordance with national food safety Standard, determination of cholesterol in food (GB 5009.128-2016) (yenxin, 2019).

0.5g of leg muscle and chest muscle of the same part of each test chicken are respectively taken and placed in a 10mL centrifuge tube, 3mL of 2:1 chloroform-methanol mixed solution is added, meat samples are firstly cut and uniformly homogenized for 1min, then 1mL of homogenate is added for 1min, then the homogenate is placed in a 3000r centrifuge for centrifugation for 10min, and the homogenate tube is washed. The supernatant of 2mL of the slurry was aspirated by a pipette and transferred to a 30mL centrifuge tube, and then evaporated to dryness in a fume hood in a water bath at 65 ℃. Adding 10mL of newly-prepared 12% KOH-ethanol solution into the residue, saponifying at 80 ℃ for 15min, then adding 5mL of distilled water, cooling to room temperature, then adding 10mL of hexane for saponification and extraction, standing for layering, taking 5mL of supernatant to a centrifuge tube, heating in a water bath in a ventilated kitchen at 65 ℃ to volatilize to 1mL, quickly taking 1uL, and carrying out muscle cholesterol content detection according to the operation flow of a Jianglai chicken Cholesterol (CH) enzyme-linked immunoassay kit, wherein the result unit is expressed by mmol/L. The standard curve for measuring the cholesterol content in muscle is shown in FIG. 2.

(7) Fatty acids

The determination of cholesterol content in muscle refers to national standard of people's republic of China meat and meat product fatty acid determination (GB/T9695.2-2008)

Cutting a meat sample from which fat on the surface of fat is peeled, putting the meat sample into a mortar, adding liquid nitrogen, grinding the meat sample, weighing 1g of the ground meat sample powder, putting the meat sample powder into a 100mL flask, adding 10mL0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide methanol solution and degreased zeolite, fixing a condensing tube on the flask, and refluxing in a water bath until oil drops disappear. The reflux speed is controlled to be one drop per 30-60 s, and usually 5-10 min is needed. Adding 12mL of boron trifluoride methanol solution into the boiling solution from the upper part of the condensation tube by using a pipette or an automatic liquid adder, and continuously boiling for 3 min. 10mL of isooctane was added through the upper portion of the condenser tube to stop heating, and the condenser tube was removed. Immediately, 20mL of saturated sodium chloride solution was added without cooling the flask. And (4) covering the bottle cap, and forcibly shaking for at least 15s to continue adding the saturated sodium chloride solution to the neck of the bottle. Sucking 1-2 mL of upper layer isooctane solution into a test tube, adding a proper amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate for dehydration, quickly taking 1uL to carry out muscle fatty acid content detection according to the operation flow of a Jianglai chicken Fatty Acid (FA) enzyme-linked immunoassay kit, wherein the unit of the result is expressed by mu mol/L. The standard curve for measuring the cholesterol content in muscle is shown in FIG. 3.

2.6.4 measurement of blood Biochemical indicators

After the test is finished, after fasting for 12 hours, collecting about 5mL of blood sample from the pterygoid vein by using a heparin sodium anticoagulation vacuum blood collection tube, marking and placing the blood sample into an ice box, standing for 15min, centrifuging the blood for 20min at 3800r/min, taking supernatant fluid, preparing plasma, and detecting biochemical indexes of the blood, including blood sugar (Glu), Albumin (ALB), Total Protein (TP), Globulin (GLO), white-to-globular ratio (A/G), Total Bilirubin (TBILI), aspartate transferase (AST) and alanine amino transaminase (ALT), by using a full-automatic biochemical analyzer.

2.7 economic benefit calculation

The economic benefit is calculated by referring to the methods of the literatures Chenpulqing (2019) and Liuyang (2018).

2.8 data processing and analysis

The original recorded data were processed in Excel 2007 and analyzed for variance using One-way ANOVA in SPSS17.0 statistical software (from IBM corporation), the significance of differences between different treatments was tested by Duncan's method for multiple comparisons, the analysis results are expressed as "mean. + -. standard deviation", and the significance of differences is expressed as "P < 0.05".

3. Results and analysis

3.1 screening of the addition amount of grass meal

3.1.1 Effect of grass meal with different proportions on broiler chicken production performance

As shown in table 2, the different proportional adding amounts of the perilla grass powder group and the chicory powder group respectively have obvious influence on the powder weight of the broiler chicken, wherein the 5% perilla grass powder group and the 3% chicory powder group have obvious difference (P <0.05) compared with the control group, the difference of the powder weight among the cabbages powder groups is not significant (P >0.05), but the 5% cabbages powder group has the largest powder weight; the daily gains of the perilla grass powder group, the chicory powder group and the cabbages powder group are respectively compared with a control group, and the differences of the 5 percent perilla grass powder group, the 3 percent chicory powder group and the 5 percent cabbages powder group are obvious (P is less than 0.05); the different proportional adding amounts of the three grass meal have no significant influence on the material weight ratio (P is more than 0.05), wherein the maximum reducing range of the material weight ratio is respectively 5% of perilla grass meal group, 5% of chicory grass meal group and 5% of Chinese cabbage grass meal group.

TABLE 2 influence of grass meal of different proportions on broiler productivity

Note: the difference is significant (P <0.05) as indicated by the different lower case letters in the table.

3.1.2 influence of grass meal with different proportions on slaughtering performance of broiler chickens

As shown in Table 3, the addition of the three grass powders in different proportions has a significant effect on the dressing percentage, the leg muscle rate and the breast muscle rate. Compared with the control group, the broiler chicken dressing percentage of the 5% perilla herb powder group and the 5% chicory herb powder group has obvious difference (P <0.05), the Chinese cabbage herb powder group has no obvious difference (P >0.05), but the dressing percentage of the 5% Chinese cabbage herb powder group is the maximum; the leg muscle rate of the 7% chicory powder group has obvious difference (P is less than 0.05) compared with that of a control group, the leg muscle rate of the perilla grass powder group and the Chinese cabbage grass powder group has no obvious difference (P is more than 0.05) compared with that of the control group, and the highest leg muscle rate is respectively 5% perilla grass powder group and 7% Chinese cabbage grass powder group; the pectoral muscle rate of the 3% perilla herb powder group has obvious difference (P <0.05) with that of a control group, the pectoral muscle rates of the chicory herb powder group and the bochoy herb powder group have no obvious difference (P >0.05) with that of the control group, and the highest pectoral muscle rates are respectively the 7% chicory herb powder group and the 5% bochoy herb powder group; the half-bore ratios and the full-bore ratios of the perilla grass powder group, the chicory powder group and the Chinese cabbage powder group are respectively compared with a control group, and have no obvious difference (P is more than 0.05), wherein the half-bore ratios of the 5% perilla grass powder group, the 5% chicory powder group and the 7% Chinese cabbage powder group are the largest, and the half-bore ratios of the 3% perilla grass powder group, the control group and the 7% Chinese cabbage powder group are the largest

The complete evisceration rate of the Chinese cabbage powder group is the largest.

TABLE 3 influence of grass meal of different proportions on slaughtering Performance of broiler chickens

3.1.3 influence of grass meal with different proportions on meat quality of broiler chickens

As shown in table 4, compared with the respective control groups of the perilla herb powder group and the chicory herb powder group, the minimum values of the cooking loss rate and the shearing force are respectively in the 5% perilla herb powder group and the 5% chicory herb powder group, the maximum values of the flesh colors are respectively in the 5% perilla herb powder group and the 5% chicory herb powder group, and the differences (P is less than 0.05) are significant compared with the control groups; the cooking loss rate of the 7% Chinese cabbage grass powder group is obviously different from that of a control group (P is less than 0.05); the shearing force of the 5% Chinese cabbage powder group is obviously different from that of a control group (P is less than 0.05); the flesh color of the 5% Chinese cabbage powder group is obviously different from that of the control group (P is less than 0.05); compared with the perilla herb powder group, the chicory herb powder group and the cabbages herb powder group, the pH value of each group has no significant difference (P is more than 0.05), and the pH values of the 5% perilla herb powder group, the 5% chicory herb powder group and the 3% cabbages herb powder group are maximum values respectively.

TABLE 4 influence of grass meal of different proportions on meat quality of broilers

3.2 Effect of three forage grasses on broiler growth Performance

As can be seen from tables 5 and 6, the addition of perilla, chicory and chinese cabbage powder to the ration had no significant effect on the final weights of the hens and the cocks (P >0.05), wherein the group B1 was the largest, the group a1 was the smallest and was 2.38kg and 2.09kg, the group B2 was the largest, and the group D2 was the smallest and was 2.55kg and 2.26kg, respectively; the daily gain is the largest in B1 group and B2 group, and respectively reaches 49.89g and 53.41g, the significant difference (P is less than 0.05) exists between B1 group and C1 group and A1 group and D1 group, and the daily gain is the smallest in A1 group; the B2 group and the C2 group have significant differences (P <0.05) with the A2 group and the D1 group, and the A2 group is the smallest. The feed weight ratio of each test group is lower than that of the control group, and the feed weight ratio of the hen group is respectively reduced by 1.94 (30.84%), 2.21 (35.15%), 0.93 (14.79%), and the feed weight ratio of the cock group is reduced by 0.57 (9.31%), 1.39 (22.71%), and 0.44 (7.19%).

TABLE 5 Effect of three forage grasses on hen growth Performance

TABLE 6 Effect of three forage grasses on rooster growth Performance

3.3 Effect of three forage grasses on slaughter Performance of broiler chickens

As can be seen from table 7, the dressing percentage of the C1 group was the largest, 90.71%, significantly higher than that of the a1 group (P <0.05), and not significantly different from those of the B1 and D1 groups (P > 0.05); the half-bore rate, full-bore rate, leg muscle rate and pectoral muscle rate differences were not significantly different between the groups (P >0.05), the highest were group C1, group C1, group B1 and group B1, 78.73%, 71.40%, 18.67% and 27.33%, respectively, and the lowest were group a1, 73.97%, 67.20%, 17.17% and 22.80%, respectively.

As seen from table 8, the dressing percentage of the B2 group was the largest, 92.65%, significantly higher than the a2 group (P <0.05), and not significantly different from the D2 group (P > 0.05); the half-bore rate of the B2 group was significantly higher than that of the A2 group (P <0.05), and was not significantly different from those of the C2 group and the D2 group (P >0.05), with the half-bore rate of the B2 group being the largest and 80.83%, and the A2 group being the smallest and 74.79%. The total smoothbore rate, leg muscle rate and chest muscle rate were not significantly different among the groups (P >0.05), with the maximum total smoothbore rate of 74.84% for group B2 and 67.17% for group a 2; the leg muscle rate and the pectoral muscle rate were the highest in group C2 and were 18.74% and 25.77%, respectively, the leg muscle rate was the lowest in group B2 and was 18.27%, and the pectoral muscle rate was the lowest in group a2 and was 24.41%.

TABLE 7 Effect of three forage grasses on slaughter Performance of hens

TABLE 8 Effect of three forage grasses on cock slaughter Performance

3.4 Effect of three forage grasses on meat quality of broiler chickens

As seen from Table 9, there was no significant difference in cooking loss rate and pH between groups of hens (P > 0.05). The cooking loss rate of the C1 group was the smallest and 22.31%, and the A1 group was the largest and 25.64%; the pH value is between 5.93 and 6.24, and the muscle belongs to high-quality muscle; the shear force of group C1 was significantly lower than that of group D1, with no significant difference (P >0.05) compared to groups a1 and B1, at least 2.04Kg · f for group C1 and at most 2.96Kg · f for group D1; the flesh colors of test groups B1, C1 and D1 were significantly different from those of group a1 (P <0.05), with group B1 being the highest and 62.43.

As is clear from Table 10, there was no significant difference in the cooking loss rate, shear force and meat color among the groups of the roosters (P > 0.05). The cooking loss rate of the B2 group is the smallest and is 21.89%, and the cooking loss rate of the D2 group is the largest and is 24.94%; the C2 group has the smallest shearing force of 2.63Kg & f, and the A2 group has the largest shearing force of 3.67Kg & f; the flesh color of the C2 group was the highest, and the flesh color of the D2 group was the lowest, and was 61.90 and 60.53, respectively; the pH value of the group C2 is obviously different from that of the group A2, but the pH value of each group is between 5.93 and 6.24, and the groups all belong to high-quality muscles.

TABLE 9 Effect of three forage grasses on hen meat quality

TABLE 10 Effect of three forage grasses on cock meat quality

3.5 Effect of three forage grasses on Cholesterol content of broiler chickens

Cholesterol is an important indicator of clinical biochemical examination. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the leg cholesterol level and the chest cholesterol level, both of which are the highest in group A1, were 3.90mmol/L and 3.85mmol/L, respectively, and the leg cholesterol level and the chest cholesterol level in group C1 were the lowest, were 3.39mmol/L and 3.46mmol/L, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups, whether the leg or chest muscles (P > 0.05).

As can be seen from FIG. 5, the cholesterol content in leg muscles of group B2 is significantly different from that of group D2, the cholesterol content in leg muscles of group B2 is the lowest and is 2.41mmol/L, and the cholesterol content in leg muscles of group D2 is the highest and is 4.29 mmol/L; there was no significant difference in thoracic muscle cholesterol levels between groups (P > 0.05).

3.6 Effect of three forage grasses on muscle flavor

3.6.1 Effect of three forage grasses on inosinic acid content of broiler chicken

Inosinic acid is the major material basis for measuring muscle umami. As can be seen from FIG. 6, the inosinic acid content was the greatest in group B1 and was 3.25mg/g and 3.28mg/g, respectively, and the inosinic acid content was the smallest in group A1 and was 2.42mg/g and 2.47mg/g, respectively, in both the leg muscles and the chest muscles. The leg inosinic acid content of the B1 group and the C1 group was significantly higher than that of the A1 group and the D1 group (P <0.05), and the chest inosinic acid content of the B1 group was significantly different from that of the A1 group and the D1 group (P <0.05), and was different from that of the C1 group but was not significant (P > 0.05).

As can be seen from FIG. 7, the amounts of inosinic acid in the leg and in the chest were the greatest in the group C2 and 3.12mg/g and 3.32mg/g, respectively, and the amount in the group A2 was the smallest in the group A2 and 2.32mg/g and 2.34mg/g, respectively. The content of the crural myoinosinic acid and the content of the thoracic myoinosinic acid in the C2 group are both significantly different from those in the A2 group and the D2 group (P <0.05), and are not significantly different from those in the B2 group (P > 0.05).

The inosinic acid content can be improved by feeding the daily ration added with the grass meal, and meanwhile, the inosinic acid content of the chest muscle is higher than that of the leg muscle in each group.

3.6.2 Effect of three forage grasses on fatty acid content of broiler chickens

Fatty acids release a large amount of energy and are one of the main energy sources of the body. As can be seen from FIG. 8, the leg fatty acid content and the chest fatty acid content were highest in the B1 group and were 765.6. mu. mol/L and 874.9. mu. mol/L, respectively, and the A1 group and the D1 group were lowest and were 609.4. mu. mol/L and 526.4. mu. mol/L, respectively. The leg muscle fatty acid content of group B1 was significantly different (P <0.05) compared to group D1.

As can be seen from FIG. 9, the content of fatty acid in leg muscles and the content of fatty acid in chest muscles are both highest in the D2 group and are 783.9. mu. mol/L and 826.7. mu. mol/L, respectively, the content of fatty acid in leg muscles in the B2 group is lowest and is 667.8. mu. mol/L, respectively, and the content of fatty acid in chest muscles in the A2 group is lowest and is 700.7. mu. mol/L. And neither the leg nor the chest muscles differed significantly between the groups (P > 0.05).

3.7 Effect of three forage grasses on blood biochemical index of broiler chicken

The dynamic change of animal blood biochemical index reflects the metabolism of animal body matter and animal health, and the total protein level reflects the nutrition of animal body (Zhu Ying et al, 2020; Song Jing et al, 2020). The results in Table 11 show significant differences in TP, GLO, ALT, Glu among the groups (P < 0.05). TP and GLO of the B1 group have significant difference (P <0.05) compared with that of the A1 group respectively, TP and GLO of the B1 group are the highest and are 60.43g/L and 43.17g/L respectively, and the lowest of the A1 group is 54.77g/L and 35.70g/L respectively; ALT and Glu of the B1 group were the lowest and 5.33U/L and 9.598mmol/L, respectively, and were significantly different from those of the D1 group (P <0.05), and D1 group was the highest and 8.00U/L and 12.58mmol/L, respectively; there was no significant difference in ALB, A/G, TBILI, AST among groups (P >0.05), with ALB being highest in the C1 group at 51.47G/L, TBILI being highest in the B1 group at 8.70. mu. mol/L, and AST being lowest in the B1 group at 176.30U/L.

Table 12 shows that there is significant difference in TP, AST, ALT, Glu among the groups (P < 0.05). The TP of the B2 group is the highest and is 60.63g/L, and the TP is remarkably different from that of the A2 group (P is less than 0.05); the AST and ALT in the C2 group are lowest and are 167.67U/L and 6.00U/L respectively, the AST in the C2 group has obvious difference (P <0.05) with the AST in the other three groups, and the ALT in the C2 group has obvious difference (P <0.05) with the ALT in the A2 group; the Glu concentration of the B2 group and the C2 group is the lowest, and both the Glu concentration and the Glu concentration are 11.03mmol/L and have significant difference with the Glu concentration of the D2 group (P < 0.05); there was no significant difference in ALB, GLO, A/G, TBILI between groups (P >0.05), with ALB, GLO and TBILI being highest in group C2 at 52.33g/L, 43.23g/L and 8.67. mu. mol/L, respectively.

TABLE 11 Effect of three forage grasses on the Biochemical index of hen blood

TABLE 12 Effect of three forage grasses on cock blood biochemical indices

3.8 economic benefit analysis

The labor cost and the material cost among all the groups are ignored, the feed consumption, the feed cost and the weight increment condition are recorded, and the economic benefit of the test is calculated. As can be seen from Table 13, the feed cost of group C is 22.21 yuan/group higher than that of the other three groups, and from the net profit, group B is the highest and 40.26 yuan/group and is 2.64 times higher than that of the control group, and the net profits of group C and group D are both higher than that of the control group, so that the test group can improve the economic benefit of cultivation.

TABLE 13 broiler economic impact analysis

4. Overview

4.1 Effect of three forage grasses on broiler growth Performance

The test results show that the daily gain of the test group is higher than that of the control group, the 5% perilla herb powder added group and the control group are obviously different (P <0.05) and are not obviously different (P >0.05) from the 5% chicory powder added group and the test group added with the 5% Chinese cabbage herb powder is higher than the control group but has no obvious difference (P >0.05) in the hen group and the cock group; the test groups all reduced the feed weight ratio of the hens and the cocks, and the reduction degree was the greatest in the 5% chicory powder group. Therefore, the daily gain of the broiler chickens can be improved and the feed-weight ratio is reduced by adding the grass meal into the daily ration.

The purple perilla contains multiple bioactive substances such as polyphenol, aldehydes and alcohols, and can promote intestinal health and improve digestion capacity, so that the growth speed of broiler chickens is increased (Wangxin and the like, 2019), and the Chengqiang and the like (2019) study shows that 0.25-1% of purple perilla leaf extract is added to Ningdu yellow chickens of 4-9 weeks old for daily ration, and the daily weight gain of the Ningdu yellow chickens can be improved, and the material weight ratio of the Ningdu yellow chickens can be reduced; people who decline Jun et al (2010) add 150mg/kg of perilla seed extract into the daily ration of the Everest broiler, and the daily gain of the Everest broiler can be obviously improved and the feed-weight ratio can be obviously reduced; the addition of 250mg/kg of perilla frutescens-oenothera odorata composite extract into daily ration obviously improves the growth speed of the broiler chickens, and can improve the production performance and the feeding benefit of the broiler chickens (Liu Guo Hua and the like, 2005), and the results of the previous researches and the results of the experiment on the daily weight gain and the material weight ratio of the broiler chickens by adding 5% of perilla frutescens powder are consistent.

The chicory contains nutrient components such as citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, rich amino acids and the like, and can have higher nutritional value. Researches of people such as Hu Yong Liang (2019) show that chicory can be used as a raw material protein source of high-quality feed for livestock and poultry, and the growth performance of local chickens can be improved by adding the chicory into the feed, so that the local chickens grow healthily; the addition of 1% inulin in the diet also has certain effect in improving the growth performance of broiler chicken, and can reduce the feed weight ratio (Weanecdou et al, 2013). Zhengminli et al (2018) added 5% chicory pulp in daily ration, found that the growth performance, slaughter performance and egg quality of Beijing oil chicken are improved to a certain extent, and the research is similar to the effect of the experiment on the growth performance of broiler chicken by adding 5% chicory powder.

The Chinese cabbage contains antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin C and selenium, and has the function of promoting the intestines and stomach. Research of Li Shao Yu et al (2000) shows that addition of vitamin E, riboflavin and vitamin C in daily ration is beneficial to improvement of broiler chicken production performance under high temperature environment but has no significant interaction. It has also been found that the addition of vitamin C and ascorbic acid to the ration increases body weight and reduces the feed-to-weight ratio, but the differences are not significant (Wenje, 1996; Wenje, 2000). The results are the same as the results of the influence of the Chinese cabbage grass meal on the broiler chickens in the test.

4.2 Effect of three forage grasses on slaughter Performance of broiler chickens

The test result shows that the slaughtering performance of the broiler chickens can be improved to different degrees by adding the grass powder into the daily ration, 5% of the chicory grass powder has the largest promotion effect on the slaughtering rate, the semi-smoldering rate and the full-smoldering rate of the hen, the 5% of the perilla grass powder test group has the largest promotion effect on the slaughtering rate, the semi-smoldering rate and the full-smoldering rate of the cock, and the Chinese cabbage grass powder test group also has a certain improvement effect on the slaughtering performance of the hen and the cock, but is not different from a control group; the three forage grass powders have no great influence on the leg muscle rate and the breast muscle rate of the hens and the cocks. Perilla frutescens and chicory are used as Chinese herbal medicines, contain chemical components such as flavone, terpenoids and organic acids, have the functions of resisting stress, enhancing the immunity of organisms and reducing serum cholesterol, and have the efficacy of inhibiting harmful bacteria and peroxide generation in intestines (Jia Jing et ai, 2016, Yuan Jia, 2017, Xuan Yao Mei et ai, 2009). The full bore cleaning rate and the dressing percentage of the broiler chicken can be obviously improved after the Liuyangxian and other (2008) syndrome excess is added into the feed of the broiler chicken; tangyanfei et al (2013) prove that after Chinese herbal medicines such as astragalus mongholicus, codonopsis pilosula, gardenia, angelica sinensis and the like are added into the feed of Guangxi partridge chickens, the breast muscle rate, the leg muscle rate and the total bore cleaning rate of the partridge chickens in the test group are higher than those in the control group, and have extremely obvious difference; huangyan (2018) uses compound Chinese herbal medicines containing astragalus and the like to feed silky black-bone chickens, and the results show that the full-bore rate, the half-bore rate, the pectoral muscle rate and the leg muscle rate of the silky black-bone chickens in a test group are obviously superior to those in a control group. The vitamin B2 in Chinese cabbage has effect in improving slaughtering performance of broiler chicken. The feed additive of 5.0mg/kg of vitamin B2 in Wangxin et al (2014) has obvious effect of improving the dressing percentage, the breast muscle rate and the leg muscle rate of the Wulong goose, and has little effect on the half-net-bore rate and the full-net-bore rate. The slaughtering performance of the broiler chickens is improved by adding the grass meal into the daily ration, but the results of the experiment are different from those obtained by researchers, and the difference is probably caused by different chicken varieties and different in-vivo metabolic capacities.

4.3 influence of three forage grasses on meat quality and flavor substances of broiler chicken

4.3.1 Effect of three forage grasses on meat quality of broiler chickens

The physical properties of muscle are properties reflecting the quality of meat, the evaluation indexes mainly comprise cooking loss rate, shearing force, meat color, pH value and the like, and the indexes reflect the edible value and the economic benefit of meat and meat products (Daxian et al, 2019).

After slaughtering, muscle can convert the muscle glycogen into lactic acid through anaerobic glycolysis, thereby causing the pH of the muscle to be reduced, and the reduction of the pH of the muscle can indirectly affect the meat color, the water drop loss, the concentration of soluble protein, the shelf life and the like, so the pH is an important index for judging the meat quality (tension, 2002). In the test, the pH value of each group of the hens is higher than that of the control group, but the difference is not obvious; the pH of the 5% chicory powder group in the rooster was significantly higher than the control group.

The lower the shearing force and the cooking loss rate, the better the meat quality is shown; the evaluation of flesh color mainly affects the apparent color of muscle, and when measured with an OPTO-STAR flesh color meter, flesh quality is poor when the measured value is less than 53, and flesh quality is excellent when the measured value is more than 63 (chenhao et al, 2017). The effect of the traditional Chinese medicine additive on the meat quality of the broiler chickens is researched by Lei Xiao Jun et al (2010), and the result shows that the traditional Chinese medicine additive can remarkably improve the meat color of the broiler chickens (P is less than 0.05) and improve the shearing force and the water loss rate to a certain extent. The results of the Yang Li Zhi and the like (2013) that vitamin C and vitamin E are added into daily ration to feed broiler chickens show that the addition of 200mg/kg of vitamin C and 200mg/kg of vitamin E has better effects of improving the muscle tenderness of broiler chickens of 0-3 weeks old and reducing the water holding capacity. The test result shows that 5% of perilla herb powder group and 5% of chicory herb powder group have obvious effect on the shearing force and the meat color of the hens; the test group added with grass meal improves the cooking loss rate of hens, the cooking loss rate of cocks, shearing force and meat color, but the difference is not significant (P is more than 0.05). The experiment shows that the addition of the perilla herb powder and the chicory powder in the experiment has great influence on the meat quality of the hens, and the meat color values of all groups of the hens and the cocks are 53-63, which shows that the meat quality is good.

4.3.2 Effect of three forage grasses on Cholesterol content of broiler chickens

Cholesterol is a polycyclic alcohol which is a component of animal body tissues, is a precursor of vitamin D, prostaglandin and an essential factor of a lipid transfer system in blood, but meat foods containing a small amount of cholesterol are preferred by consumers. Studies have shown that the amount of cholesterol in meat determines the nutritional value of the meat (Lough D S et al, 1992). In the experiment, the content of cholesterol is changed by adding grass meal, the chicory grass meal has obvious influence on the cholesterol of leg muscles and the cholesterol of chest muscles of hens and cocks respectively, the analysis is probably caused by the gender, and research results of Wujianping et al (2000) show that the genotype, the age and the gender have different degrees of influence on the cholesterol content of mutton. Similar to the test results.

4.3.3 Effect of three forage grasses on broiler flavor substances

The test result shows that the content of inosinic acid can be improved by adding the grass meal into the daily ration, but the content of inosinic acid in the perilla grass meal group is obviously higher than that in the control group, and the content of inosinic acid in the chest muscle is higher than that in the leg muscle regardless of the hen or the cock. Some researchers have measured the inosinic acid content in the muscle of pigs, chickens and other animals by thin layer chromatography and found that the variety, sex, age of day and tissue, etc., all had varying degrees of influence on the inosinic acid content (Davidek et al, 1967; Sushuzhen et al, 1987). Research shows that the inosinic acid content of the hens in the same variety is higher than that of the cocks (aged, 2013 and the like) among the different genders due to the difference of metabolic capability and physiological conditions in the cocks and the hens. Perilla frutescens and herba Cichorii contain flavonoids and fatty acids, and when flavonoids and safflower oil seed extract saponins are added into chicken daily ration, inosinic acid content in breast muscle can be increased, and chicken flavor can be improved (Du Ching et al, 2010).

The kind and composition of fatty acid are important chemical components that determine the physicochemical properties of fat tissue, affect the meat quality and flavor, can promote the metabolism of the organism and prevent cardiovascular diseases of the organism, and are one of the important indexes for evaluating the nutritional value of muscle (Qiu Yongsheng et al, 1996; Zhang Wensheng et al, 2000; Xuting Sheng et al, 1999; Chen Guo et al, 1999). Studies of Anemarrhena cardamomum et al (2017) find that saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid added into chest muscle and leg muscle of food feed have an improving effect, and the result is similar to the test result.

4.4 Effect of three forage grasses on biochemical index of blood of broiler chicken

Blood is an important component constituting the internal environment of an organism, plays an important role in maintaining the internal environment stability, has functions of transportation, body temperature regulation, buffering, nutrition, defense and the like (He Jian ping et al, 2001; Yang Xiu Ping et al, 2009), and animal blood physiological and biochemical indexes can accurately reflect the nutritional status, immune level and health status of the organism, and are generally relatively stable, but can change to a certain extent along with the change of the organism status (Zhang Chun et al, 2018). Studies of Chengrongqiang et al (2019) find that the biochemical indexes of blood of Ningdu yellow chicken added with 0.25-0.1% of perilla leaf extract in daily ration have no obvious change, are all in a normal range, do not influence the normal function of broiler chicken, and are similar to the test result.

The ALB and TP contents in the poultry blood reflect the strength of the metabolic capability of protein in an animal body and the nutritional status of the body, the increase of the TP content shows that the protein precipitation function of body tissues and the protein anabolism of the liver of the body are strengthened, and the increase of the ALB content shows that the immunity of the body is strengthened and the capability of digesting and absorbing the protein is strengthened. GLO is also called antibody, and is secreted mainly by B cells transformed into plasma cells and can reflect the immunity of the organism (Xianeshan et al, 2003; Chenli Long et al, 2010). Gaosware et al (2002) have studied that adding Chinese herbal feed additives to a ration can increase the TP, ALB and GLO content of fattening pigs at different stages. In the experiment, 5% of perilla herb powder, 5% of chicory powder and 5% of Chinese cabbage grass powder are added into the daily ration, so that the effects of increasing the TP, ALB and GLO contents of the hen and the cock are achieved, and the perilla herb powder, the chicory powder and the Chinese cabbage grass powder have the effects of promoting protein digestion and absorption and improving the immunity of the organism. Glu is an energy source for activities of cells of each tissue in an animal body, is an essential substance and is directly involved in metabolic processes in the body, so that Glu must be kept at a certain level to maintain normal needs of the body (Mgugi P K et al, 1989). The experiment has the effect of reducing the Glu concentration of hens and cocks by adding 5% of perilla herb powder and 5% of chicory powder into the daily ration, and the Glu of the experiment of the hens and the cocks of the group with the 5% of perilla herb powder is lower than that of the control group. The addition of 5% perilla grass powder and 5% chicory powder into the daily ration can improve the TP, ALB and GLO contents in blood and reduce the Glu concentration, which indicates that the perilla grass powder and the chicory powder can improve the liver function of broilers and promote the metabolism of nutrients in vivo, and is consistent with the research results of Lixiao and the like (2018) and Yingzhuixin and the like (2020).

The level of TBILI in the blood directly reflects the degree of liver damage or bile duct patency (shizulin et al, 2015). With the progress of research, it is found that TBILI is not only a metabolite of heme, but also has a strong antioxidant effect, is a natural physiological antioxidant in vivo, and a proper amount of TBILI has a good protective effect on cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and the like (Baranano D E et al, 2002; Tang Yongchun et al, 2016). In the experiment, after 5% of perilla herb powder and 5% of chicory powder are added into daily ration and fed, the TBILI content of the hen and the cock is increased, while the TBILI content of the hen and the cock with 5% of Chinese cabbage powder is lower than that of a control group, which indicates that the perilla herb powder and the chicory powder have the functions of protecting the liver and resisting oxidation, but no component influencing the TBILI content of blood exists in the Chinese cabbage powder.

Transaminase is an indispensable "catalyst" for the transfer of amino acids to keto acids in the normal functioning of this "chemical plant" of the liver, the most prominent of which are AST and ALT (liu ying et al, 2000). ALT is mainly distributed in the soluble fraction of the liver cytosol, AST is mainly distributed in the soluble fraction of the liver cytosol and in the mitochondria (the forest sea, 2020). Transaminase is mainly present in liver cells, and normally, the content of AST and ALT in blood is low, so that when the liver is injured, a large amount of AST and ALT can be released into blood, and the AST and ALT indexes in blood are increased, therefore, the content of transaminase such as AST and ALT is a main index reflecting the condition of liver injury (Yang Zhi, 2019; Madao Li et al, 2010; kang \25035;. Qin et al, 1996). In the test, 5% of perilla herb powder, 5% of chicory powder and 5% of Chinese cabbage grass powder are added into daily ration, compared with a control group, the AST in the blood of the hens, the AST and ALT in the blood of the cocks are in a descending trend, but the ALT of the hens in the group of 5% of Chinese cabbage grass powder is higher than that in the control group. The research of people who wish to Guoqiang, etc. (2005) finds that the addition of Chinese herbal medicine additives such as phellodendron, astragalus, acanthopanax, angelica, garlic, etc. in daily ration reduces the transaminase activity in the body of avicen broilers, which indicates that the Chinese herbal medicine additives can make the liver in a good state and improve the immune function and the health level of the broilers.

5. Conclusion

The three forage grass powders of purple perilla, chicory and Chinese cabbage are added into the daily ration, and have different degrees of influence on the growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and blood biochemical indexes of the broiler chicken.

(1) According to the first experiment, grass meal with different proportions is added into daily ration to feed broilers, and comprehensive analysis shows that the addition amount of the grass meal of the three kinds of forage is optimal to be 5%, and the influence on the production performance, slaughtering performance and meat quality of the broilers is the largest.

(2) The group of 5% of perilla herb powder added into the daily ration improves the growth performance of the hen and the cock; the 5% perilla herb powder group and the 5% chicory herb powder group respectively improve the dressing percentage, the half-evisceration rate and the full-evisceration rate of the cocks and the hens; simultaneously, the material weight ratio is reduced; 5% chicory powder has a great influence on the cock meat. The 5% perilla herb powder has obvious influence on the content of the inosinic acid and the content of the fatty acid in the hen, and the 5% chicory herb powder has obvious influence on the content of the inosinic acid in the cock.

(3) The 5% perilla herb powder group has obvious influence on the blood biochemical indexes of the hens, and the 5% chicory herb powder group has obvious influence on the blood biochemical indexes of the cocks.

While the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing by way of general description, specific embodiments and experiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain changes and modifications may be made therein based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.

Claims

1. A formula for adding grass meal into a chicken basic feed is characterized by comprising 80-98% of basic daily ration and 2-20% of forage grass.

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation consists of 85-96% basal ration, 4-15% forage.

3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the formulation consists of 95% basal diet, 5% forage.

4. The formulation according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the basic ration comprises 50 to 75% of corn, 18 to 30% of soybean meal, 2 to 5% of soybean oil, 0.3 to 1.2% of stone powder, 0.2 to 0.4% of salt, 0.2 to 0.8% of calcium hydrogen phosphate and 2 to 6% of premix.

5. The formula according to claim 4, wherein the basic ration comprises 60-70% of corn, 20-28% of soybean meal, 3-4% of soybean oil, 0.5-1.0% of stone powder, 0.25-0.35% of salt, 0.3-0.6% of calcium hydrogen phosphate and 3-5% of premix.

6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the basal ration consists of 66.9% corn, 24% soybean meal, 3.5% soybean oil, 0.8% stone flour, 0.3% salt, 0.5% calcium hydrogen phosphate, 4% premix.

7. The formula as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the forage grass is one or more of perilla grass powder, chicory grass powder and Chinese cabbage grass powder.

8. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the formulation consists of 95% basal ration, 5% chicory powder.

9. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the formulation consists of 95% basal ration, 5% perilla grass meal.

10. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the formulation consists of 95% basal ration, 5% chinese cabbage grass meal.