CN112471479A - 一种以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备的调味基料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备的调味基料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及海产品加工副产品综合利用技术领域,具体涉及一种以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,包括如下步骤:1)向鱼类蒸煮液中添加酒精,至酒精的体积分数为55~85%;2)将添加酒精后的溶液体系充分混合,静置和/或离心,分为最上层清液,中间油层和下层沉淀,取所述上层清液;3)在所述上层清液中接种酵母菌对所述上层清液进行脱腥处理。本发明以鱼类蒸煮液生产海鲜调味基料,工艺简单,成本低,以鱼类蒸煮液为原料不仅可以变废为宝,还可以减少水资源污染,且制得的产品风味独特且营养丰富,有较好的市场前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及海产品加工副产品综合利用技术领域,尤其涉及一种以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备的调味基料及其制备方法。
背景技术
我国东临西太平洋,鱼类资源丰富,其中鱼罐头是主要的鱼类加工产品。蒸煮是鱼罐头主要的环节之一,经过蒸煮后,鱼肉汁液会流失在蒸煮液中,每生产1吨鱼肉,将产生3吨左右蒸煮液,上述蒸煮液有机物含量高,腥味重,一些企业将蒸煮液作为废液直接倾倒流失,既造成资源的巨大浪费,又造成严重的环境污染问题。现有技术中关于蒸煮液的处理主要是将其酶解或进行其他处理后制备成调味料,但是由于鱼类蒸煮液腥味大、蛋白质和氨基酸类的含量丰富,将其制备成口味良好的调味基料存在非常大的困难。而且,由于蒸煮液中的重金属离子浓度较高,现有技术在制备调味料的过程中通常需要通过专门的步骤对重金属离子进行脱除,制备步骤复杂。
发明内容
针对现有技术在以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的过程中存在的各种问题,本申请提供一种步骤简单、制备得到的调味基料味道理想的制造方法,本发明所述方法包括如下步骤:
1)向鱼类蒸煮液中添加酒精,至酒精的体积分数为55~85%;
2)将添加酒精后的溶液体系充分混合,静置和/或离心,分为最上层清液,中间油层和下层沉淀,取所述上层清液;
3)在所述上层清液中接种酵母菌对所述上层清液进行脱腥处理。
本发明首次发现,通过在鱼类蒸煮液中添加酒精至上述体积分数,可巧妙地将蒸煮液分为三层,通过进一步地分析发现,上层清液中主要为小分子肽和氨基酸类,中间油层主要为油脂类,下层沉淀主要为鱼胶蛋白类。向上层清液中添加酵母对其进行发酵,可去除其中的腥味物质,有利于得到风味理想的调味基料。由于同时实现了鱼胶蛋白的分离,不需要再采用酶对鱼胶蛋白类物质进行酶解,可避免酶解过程中经常出现的苦肽味,有利于得到风味理想的调味基料,同时鱼胶蛋白通过提取和精制可制备其他蛋白类产品,而且通过本发明的方法处理后上清液中的重金属离子的含量明显降低,不需要再进行专门的操作去除重金属离子。
本发明所述鱼类蒸煮液为鱼罐头、鱼排加工过程中产生的蒸煮废液。
优选的,所述充分混合的具体操作为对所述溶液体系进行超声处理,超声处理的过程中调整混合液的温度为35~45℃,超声的功率为200~600W,超声的时间为30~60min。通过上述处理,可实现上清液中腥味物质的去除,有利于制备得到风味良好的调味料。
优选的,超声完毕后将所述混合液在室温下静置10~14h然后进行离心处理。通过上述静置,有利于溶液充分地分层。
优选的,向所述蒸煮液中添加酒精之前去除其中的沉淀和漂浮物。去除沉淀和漂浮物对鱼类蒸煮液进行初步的预处理,有利于后续的顺利分层。
优选的,在所述上层清液中接种酵母菌的具体操作包括如下步骤:
A、对所述上层清液进行减压浓缩,使乙醇全部挥发且其电导率值不高于35mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
B、向减压浓缩液中加入酵母菌,发酵后离心去除菌体,得脱腥增香液;
C、将所述脱腥增香液在80-85℃下真空减压浓缩至固形物含量为30-40%,得海鲜调味基料。
本发明发现,当浓缩液的电导率高于35mS/cm将会抑制酵母的生长,影响脱腥和呈香物质的产生,控制电导率在上述范围有利于酵母菌的生长和发酵。在酵母发酵并离心去菌体后,无任何酵母发酵带来的异味,并有清香的味道产生,最后将脱腥增得的液体在上述条件下进行浓缩,不仅可达到浓缩的目的,还可以使发酵过程中产生的乙醇挥发,去除令人不愉悦的乙醇气味,同时使脱腥增香液中自身的氨基和羰基发生美拉德反应,使其味道更鲜美,口味醇厚。
优选的,所述酵母菌为酿造复合功能菌、葡萄酒活性干酵母、黄酒高活性干酵母或果酒活性干酵母。
更进一步优选的,所述酵母菌为果酒活性干酵母。经试验发现果酒活性干酵母对减压浓缩液的脱腥增香效果最好。
优选的,所述活性干酵母的添加量为0.1-0.75‰。该添加量明显低于现有技术。现有技术在制备调味基料的过程中通常不会去除鱼胶蛋白,本发明发现鱼胶蛋白的粘度较大会阻碍酵母的生长,去除了大分子鱼胶蛋白之后剩余的小分子可以直接作为酵母的营养物质,在酵母添加量较少的情况下即可实现对蒸煮液的理想处理。
优选的,所述发酵的条件为在25-35℃,100~150r/min的条件下发酵6~10h。在上述条件下进行发酵对于保证调味基料的口味具有重要的作用。
优选的,所述减压浓缩的条件为真空度-0.08~-0.1Mpa,温度为50~70℃。该条件既能使乙醇快速挥发又不破坏活性成分。
优选的,所述鱼类蒸煮液的化学需氧量为110000~120000mg/L、氨氮为550~650mg/L、总氮的含量为11000~12000mg/L。
优选的,所述蒸煮液为鲣鱼蒸煮液。
本发明另一目的是保护本发明所述方法制备得到的调味基料。
本发明的最后一个目的是保护包括本发明所述调味基料的调味料。
本发明具有如下有益效果:
1)本发明通过醇对鱼类蒸煮液进行调整,将鱼类蒸煮液分为上层清液、中间油层和下层蛋白层,既可进一步地分离得到鱼油、鱼胶蛋白,还可对上层清液进行进一步处理得调味基料,且有利于去除蒸煮液的腥味和重金属离子。
2)针对于本发明得到的鱼类蒸煮液的上清液,本发明进一步对以其为原料制备调味基料的方法进行了优化,通过选择恰当的工艺以及恰当的酵母菌和恰当的发酵工艺,制备得到了风味理想的调味基料。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所述方法处理后蒸煮液的分层图片;
图2为实施例和对比例的电子鼻图谱。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。、
实施例中涉及的鲣鱼蒸煮液的化学需氧量为116000mg/L、氨氮为590mg/L、总氮的含量为11700mg/L
所述酿造复合功能菌和黄酒高活性干酵母,购自安琪酵母股份有限公司;71B酵母(果酒活性干酵母),购自烟台曼森商贸有限公司。
实施例1
本实施例涉及一种鱼类蒸煮液制备调味料的方法,包括如下步骤:
1)收集鲣鱼蒸煮和喷淋过程中产生的蒸煮废弃液经300目过滤网去除沉淀和其他杂质后作为原料20L;
2)向原料加入50L的95%乙醇溶液,至酒精的体积分数为55%,静止过夜后使用卧式离心机离心,转速为5000rpm,时间为10min,分为3层,为上层清液,中间油层和下层沉淀,收集上清液(其示意图如图1);
3)将蒸煮液上清液真空减压浓缩至15L左右,使全部的乙醇挥发完全并使其电导率值为16mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
4)向减压浓缩液中加入7.5g酿造复合功能菌,在30℃,130r/min的条件下发酵8h,离心去除菌体后得脱腥增香液;
5)将脱腥增香液置于85℃下真空减压浓缩2h,使其固形物含量为35%,得鲣鱼蒸煮液海鲜调味基料。
实施例2
本实施例涉及一种鱼类蒸煮液制备调味料的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)收集鲣鱼蒸煮和喷淋过程中产生的废弃液经300目过滤网去除杂质后作为原料20L;
(2)向原料调加入50L的95%乙醇溶液,至酒精的体积分数为55%,静止过夜后使用卧式离心机离心,转速为5000rpm,时间为10min,收集上清液既得蒸煮液上清液;分为3层,为上层清液,
中间油层和下层沉淀,收集上清液;
(3)将蒸煮液上清液真空减压浓缩至15L左右,使全部的乙醇挥发完全并使其电导率值为25mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
(4)向减压浓缩液中加入7.5g黄酒高活性干酵母,在28℃,130r/min的条件下发酵8h,离心去除菌体后得脱腥增香液;
(5)将脱腥增香液置于85℃下真空减压浓缩2h,使其固形物含量为35%,得鲣鱼蒸煮液海鲜调味基料。
实施例3
本实施例涉及一种鱼类蒸煮液制备调味料的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)收集鲣鱼蒸煮和喷淋过程中产生的废弃液经300目过滤网去除杂质后作为原料20L;
(2)向原料加入50L的95%乙醇溶液,至酒精的体积分数为75%,静止过夜后使用卧式离心机离心,转速为5000rpm,时间为10min,收集上清液既得蒸煮液上清液;分为3层,为上层清液,
中间油层和下层沉淀,收集上清液;
(3)将蒸煮液上清液真空减压浓缩至15L左右,使全部的乙醇挥发完全并使其电导率值为16mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
(4)向减压浓缩液中加入7.5g71B酵母,在35℃,130r/min的条件下发酵8h,离心去除菌体后得脱腥增香液;
(5)将脱腥增香液置于85℃下真空减压浓缩2h,使其固形物含量为35%,得鲣鱼蒸煮液海鲜调味基料。
实施例4
本实施例涉及一种鱼类蒸煮液制备调味料的方法,与实施例3相比,其区别在于,所述71B酵母发酵的条件具体为在35℃,130r/min发酵时间24h。
对比例1
本实例不对蒸煮液通过酒精进行分层处理,直接离心后取上清液,包括如下步骤:
1)收集鲣鱼蒸煮和喷淋过程中产生的废弃液经300目过滤网去除杂质后作为原料20L;
2)将原料使用卧式离心机离心,转速为5000rpm,时间为10min,收集上清液既得蒸煮液上清液;
3)将蒸煮液上清液真空减压浓缩至15L左右,使全部的乙醇挥发完全并使其电导率值为12mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
4)向减压浓缩液中加入7.5g黄酒高活性干酵母,在35℃,130r/min的条件下发酵8h,离心去除菌体后得脱腥增香液;
5)将脱腥增香液置于85℃下真空减压浓缩2h,使其固形物含量为35%,得鲣鱼蒸煮液海鲜调味基料。
实验例
本实验例涉及对制备得到的调味基料的风味进行测试的相关实验。
一、感官评价
评价方法和打分标准:根据NYT1710-2009 5.1,取至少3个包装的样品,各搅拌混匀后适量倒入洁净的直径为10cm的瓷盘或白色搪瓷平盘中,嗅其气味、品尝其滋味及观察色泽、形态。打分标准如表1:
表1
参评人员:20人。
评价结果:
表2不同酵母发酵脱腥产品感官评分结果
色泽 | 香气 | 滋味 | 总体可接受度 | |
实施例1 | 8.40±0.40<sup>a</sup> | 7.13±0.23<sup>a</sup> | 8.13±0.23<sup>a</sup> | 7.81±0.12<sup>a</sup> |
实施例2 | 7.56±0.22<sup>a</sup> | 6.86±0.23<sup>a</sup> | 7.34±0.31<sup>a</sup> | 7.29±0.08<sup>a</sup> |
实施例3 | 9.20±0.38<sup>c</sup> | 9.60±0.15<sup>c</sup> | 8.92±0.10<sup>c</sup> | 9.05±0.13<sup>c</sup> |
实施例4 | 2.11±0.23<sup>b</sup> | 1.01±0.06<sup>b</sup> | 4.21±0.11<sup>b</sup> | 3.22±0.18<sup>b</sup> |
对比例1 | 1.34±0.40<sup>a</sup> | 2.54±0.23<sup>a</sup> | 2.53±0.23<sup>a</sup> | 2.81±0.12<sup>a</sup> |
二、电子鼻分析
根据样品顶空挥发物通过传感器的电阻值G1与基准气体通过传感器的电阻值G0的比值而进行数据处理和模式识别。传感器阵列由10个金属氧化物传感器组成:1号传感器W1C对芳香成分灵敏;2号传感器W5S对氮氧化合物很灵敏,灵敏度大;3号传感器W3C对氨水、芳香成分灵敏;4号传感器W6S对氢气有选择性;5号传感器W5C对烷烃芳香成分灵敏;6号传感器W1S对甲烷灵敏;7号传感器W1W对硫化物灵敏;8号传感器W2S对乙醇灵敏;9号传感器W2W对芳香成分、有机硫化物灵敏;10号传感器W3S对烷烃灵敏。
实施将5mL的发酵浓缩液置于离心管中,密封,室温静置40min,使管中样品与气体部分达到一个相的平衡,采用顶空吸气法进行电子鼻检测,每组均3个平行。测定条件为:传感器清洗时间100s,归零时间10s,样品准备时间5s,样品测试时间150s,400mL/min。为保证数据的稳定性和精确性,经预实验选取测定过程中144-146s的数据用于后续分析。
将实施例和对比例样品进行电子鼻分析,如图2所示,对比例1和实施例4中传感器2、7、9的响应值较大,结合感官评定,传感器7的响应值越大,发酵液风味越不易接受。实施例3中传感器7的响应值最小,这与感官评定结果相同。
三、氨基酸分析
采用Aminosys A200自动氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸组成测定,具体步骤如下:
称取适量的样品(使试样中蛋白质含量在20-30mg范围内),置于安培瓶中,加入10-15mL 6mol/L(内含5‰巯基乙醇)的HCl,充氮气封管。110℃水解22h后取出冷却,将水解液定容至50mL,吸取水解液1mL于旋蒸瓶旋蒸至干,再加3~5滴超纯水继续旋蒸以排酸,共加三次,最后旋蒸至干,最后用2mL浓度为0.02mol/L的HCl复溶,复溶后用0.22μm水系滤膜过滤至液相瓶作为待测液。
分析结果如表1:
注:同一列上表字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同表示差异不显著(P>0.0
表3样品氨基酸分析结果
虽然,上文中已经用一般性说明、具体实施方式及试验,对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之作一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
1)向鱼类蒸煮液中添加酒精,至酒精的体积分数为55~85%;
2)将添加酒精后的溶液体系充分混合,静置和/或离心,分为最上层清液,中间油层和下层沉淀,取所述上层清液;
3)在所述上层清液中接种酵母菌对所述上层清液进行脱腥处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,所述充分混合的具体操作为对所述溶液体系进行超声处理,超声处理的过程中调整混合液的温度为35~45℃,超声的功率为200~600W,超声的时间为30~60min。
3.根据权利要求2所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,超声完毕后将所述混合液在室温下静置10~14h然后进行离心处理;
和/或,向所述蒸煮液中添加酒精之前去除其中的沉淀和漂浮物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,在所述上层清液中接种酵母菌的具体操作包括如下步骤:
A、对所述上层清液进行减压浓缩,使乙醇全部挥发且其电导率值不高于35mS/cm,得减压浓缩液;
B、向减压浓缩液中加入酵母菌,发酵后离心去除菌体,得脱腥增香液;
C、将所述脱腥增香液在80~85℃下真空减压浓缩至固形物含量为30~40%,得海鲜调味基料。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,所述酵母菌为酿造复合功能菌、葡萄酒活性干酵母、黄酒高活性干酵母或果酒活性干酵母。
6.根据权利要求5所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,所述活性干酵母的添加量为0.1-0.75‰;
和/或,所述发酵的条件为在25-35℃,100~150r/min的条件下发酵6~10h。
7.根据权利要求4所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1)中减压浓缩的条件为真空度-0.08~-0.1Mpa,温度为50~70℃。
8.根据权利要求1~7任一项所述的以鱼类蒸煮液为原料制备调味基料的方法,其特征在于,所述鱼类蒸煮液的化学需氧量为110000~120000mg/L、氨氮为550~650mg/L、总氮的含量为11000~12000mg/L;优选的,所述鱼类蒸煮液为鲣鱼蒸煮液。
9.权利要求1~8任一项所述方法制备得到的调味基料。
10.一种包括权利要求9所述调味基料的调味料。
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