CN112449976A - Plant configuration method for near-natural community construction of surface mine and industrial waste site - Google Patents
Plant configuration method for near-natural community construction of surface mine and industrial waste site Download PDFInfo
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- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a plant configuration method for constructing near-natural communities in surface mines and industrial waste sites, which mainly comprises the following steps: step a, investigating the site conditions of the recovery area, and investigating the natural conditions and the site conditions of the recovery area; b, vegetation investigation and target plant screening; step c, configuring a target community; and d, planting mode/spray seeding. The method mainly solves the problems of high maintenance cost, single species configuration, poor landscape harmony, long natural succession period, easy vegetation degradation and the like in the ecological restoration engineering of the existing open mines and industrial waste sites, and the plant community constructed by the method has the following characteristics: the adaptability on the species level is strong, and the growth is rapid; the structure is complete and the succession is continuous on a community level; the species are rich and the functions are complex on the ecological system level; the landscape level structure is coordinated and the layout is continuous, and the purpose of quickly and efficiently constructing stable near-natural plant communities on surface mines and industrial waste sites can be realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a plant configuration method for constructing a near-natural community in a surface mine and an industrial waste site.
Background
The plant configuration plays a key role in ecological restoration of surface mines and industrial waste sites, especially under the requirement of advocating the concept of near-natural restoration. Whether the configuration of the plants is scientific and reasonable determines the short-term effect and the long-term benefit of ecological restoration. At present, technologies in the aspect of plant configuration in ecological restoration of surface mines and industrial waste sites are relatively lacking, for example, species with strong stress resistance, barren resistance and water and soil conservation function are selected in multiple ways in the aspect of species selection, and long-term adaptability and invasion risk of the plants are not considered sufficiently; in terms of functions, plants with water and soil conservation functions and nitrogen fixation functions are selected more, and the functions of pollen transmission, seed transmission, biodiversity increase and the like of the plants are considered less; on the aspect of planting structure, based on pursuit of short-term re-greening effect, the method generally refers to configuration methods and planting forms of urban landscaping, and the planting is mostly carried out in a continuous or row mode, and the consideration on species configuration characteristics of natural vegetation is less; in terms of benefits, the prior art mostly considers the short-term re-green effect and has insufficient consideration on the continuous succession of communities and the long-term development of ecosystems.
Due to the lack of a strong operation guidance technical method for the structure and function configuration of plants, most of the existing ecological restoration projects of surface mines and industrial waste sites have the defects of high maintenance cost, single species configuration, incompatibility with surrounding landscapes, long natural succession period, easy degradation of communities, risk of invasion of foreign species, high maintenance cost after greening, unstable recovery effect and poor continuity, and cannot meet the requirements of near-natural community construction.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a plant configuration method for constructing a near-natural community of a surface mine and an industrial waste site, which constructs a near-natural community which has less investment, quick response, near nature and capability of succession by optimally designing plant species selection, a species configuration mode and a planting mode so as to realize the purposes of stability, sustainability and less or no management of an ecological restoration effect and solve the problems of high maintenance cost, slow effect, single vegetation, easiness in degradation, inconsistent landscape and the like in the construction of the plant community of the surface mine and the industrial waste site.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a plant configuration method for constructing near-natural communities in surface mines and industrial waste sites is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step a, investigating the site conditions of the recovery area, and investigating the natural conditions and the site conditions of the recovery area;
b, vegetation investigation and target plant screening;
step c, configuring a target community;
and d, planting mode/spray seeding.
Preferably, the investigation of the natural conditions of the restoration area in the step a comprises the investigation of the altitude, the landform and the position condition to determine a final restoration mode; the investigation of the conditions of the restoration area includes the investigation of the slope, the direction of the slope, the microtopography, the soil and the growth of the plants so as to determine the available engineering techniques, such as soil-covering planting, spray seeding, ecological bags, the construction of planting grooves and the cutting of auxiliary planting facilities of planting holes.
Preferably, the specific operation steps of the step b are as follows:
b1, respectively carrying out vegetation investigation on the representative areas of the recovery area and the surrounding natural group vegetation, listing respective dominant species, sub-dominant species and common species by taking the life forms of the species as main basis, and analyzing the common species inside and outside the recovery area and the distribution conditions thereof;
step b2, selecting the standby plant species from the above species according to the following priority conditions:
firstly, seedlings of plant species are easy to obtain;
second, barren resistance, strong drought resistance and extensive management;
thirdly, the plant root system is developed and the expansion capability is strong;
the green period of the plant is long and the self-reproduction ability is strong;
b3, classifying the standby plant species screened in the step b2 according to ecological functions;
and b4, determining a target community type according to the characteristics of the recovery area and the surrounding natural community type, configuring the plants conforming to the step b3 according to an arbor-shrub grass structure, an arbor-shrub vine structure, a shrub grass structure and a shrub vine structure, ensuring that each configuration structure is mainly water and soil conservation species and has varieties of pollen source plants/fruit source plants, leguminous plants/nitrogen fixation plants and the like.
Preferably, the step c specifically includes the following steps:
step c1, determining community species: taking pioneer plants in the recovery area as species at the early stage of the succession, taking species of natural communities around the recovery area as species at the later stage of the succession, and according to the species at the early stage of the succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; meanwhile, the method is selected according to the type of a target community, the types of arbors are more than or equal to 2, the types of shrubs are more than or equal to 3, the types of vines/climbing plants are more than or equal to 2, and the types of herbaceous plants are more than or equal to 3;
step c2, grouping matrix type planting design:
when an arbor exists in a target community, more than two kinds of arbors are selected as community frameworks, the community frameworks are designed at an interval of 3-4m, different arbors are sequentially planted, the arbors are in a triangle shape transversely and longitudinally, more than 2 different bushes are sequentially selected and planted around the arbors by taking the arbors as centers, the interval between shrubs and arbors is designed to be 0.5m, the arbors and the shrubs form a group, and the configuration of the tree species of the group is in a matrix form;
when the target community is a shrub community, more than 3 shrubs are selected, groups are constructed according to the form that more than 2 shrubs are sequentially matched, the distance between the shrubs is designed to be 0.5m, the group distance is designed to be 2m-2.5m, the groups are in a delta shape in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction, and the plants of the groups are configured in a matrix form;
step c3, spray seeding and vertical climbing:
when the gradient of the recovery area is more than 25 degrees and no soil is available or no soil covering condition exists, the prepared mixed seeds and the planting substrate can be mixed and sprayed to the recovery area by adopting a spray-seeding technology; the mixed seeds are configured as follows: according to the species at the early stage of succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; the species of shrubs is more than or equal to 3, the species of vines/climbing plants is more than or equal to 2, the species of herbaceous plants is more than or equal to 3, and the species of leguminous/nitrogen-fixing plants is more than or equal to 2;
step c4, calculating the dosage of each plant:
with group's matrix planting, to arbor and shrub grass structure, arbor and shrub rattan grass structure: the number of shrubs is 2-3 times of that of trees, the number of vines/climbing plants is 1-2 times of that of trees, and the number of herbaceous plants is 10-30 times of that of trees; for the vine grass irrigation structure and grass irrigation structure: more than 3 shrubs are used as a group, the distance between the groups is (2.0-2.5 m) × (2.0m-2.5m), the quantity of the shrubs is determined according to the area size of a recovery area, the quantity of vines/climbing plants is 1-2 times of that of trees, and the quantity of herbaceous plants is 10-30 times of that of trees;
planting in a spray-seeding mode, and for the vine-irrigating structure and the grass irrigating structure: taking the density of the colony of the shrub to be formed finally as reference, and calculating the spray seeding quantity of shrub seeds according to the conventional shrub planting density; the seed quantity of the herbaceous plants is designed by taking the density of the final herbaceous plants as a reference, the herbaceous plant seed spraying amount is calculated according to the proportion that 5-10 herbaceous plants are allocated by 1 shrub, the amount of the climbing plants is 1-2 times of the total amount of the shrubs, spraying is carried out or planting is carried out on the top and the bottom of a slope by adopting seedlings with roots, and the planting amount is calculated according to the conventional planting distance of the lianas.
Preferably, in the step d, the step c,
covering soil for planting in a recovery area below 25 degrees, cleaning sundries and leveling land on the surface of the recovery area, and arranging a certain water and soil conservation structure if necessary to ensure that surface soil is not lost; after planting, covering humus with the thickness of 3-5cm such as dry branches, fallen leaves, barks and the like on the planted ground surface to form a protective layer, so that the soil moisture of surface soil is protected and the corrosion is reduced;
for the recovery area with the temperature of more than 25 ℃, due to the lack of the condition of direct earthing, combining engineering technical means to construct planting grooves, V-shaped grooves, fish scale pits, digging planting holes and ecological bag auxiliary planting facilities, after the planting facilities are filled with earth, planting the configured plants according to a group matrix type, or sowing the configured seeds by adopting a sowing mode; if a spray seeding and vertical climbing recovery mode is adopted, different types of vine/climbing plants are respectively planted on the top and the foot of the slope after the spray seeding is finished, and the spacing is designed to be 0.5-1.0m according to the expansibility; after the spray seeding is finished, the spray seeding base material is protected by adopting non-woven fabrics or grass curtains and the like to cover, and the water loss and the soil erosion are slowed down.
The community construction technology of the technology is based on the concept of a natural solution mode (NBS), the structure and the function of a target community are designed from four levels of species, community, ecosystem and landscape by simulating the space-time configuration characteristic of a natural vegetation community structure of a recovery area, the multidimensional community plant configuration technology such as a plant species selection method, a community configuration mode and a planting mode based on the target community construction is provided, and scientific and efficient technical guidance is provided for the near-natural plant community construction of open mines and industrial waste fields.
Through the integration technology, the constructed target community has the following characteristics:
1. the adaptability on the species level is strong, the growth is rapid, the self-reproduction capability is strong, the species quantity is sufficient, and the competition is moderate;
2. the space structure is complete on a community level, the forward succession power is sufficient, and the ecological niche is rich;
3. the variety of species is rich and the function of the ecosystem is complex on the ecosystem level;
4. the landscape level structure is reasonable and is coordinated with the surrounding environment.
Has the advantages that:
1. the invention constructs a near-natural community with stable structure, complex functions and coordinated landscape through a plant selection technology and a configuration mode, and has remarkable ecological benefit;
2. by constructing a plant community which is nearly natural and can be replaced, the method has the advantages of quick response and good stability, greatly reduces the later maintenance period and cost, and has remarkable economic benefit;
3. the method has wide application range, strong operability and strong technical integration, can be widely applied to the construction of near-natural plant communities of wound surfaces of surface mines, industrial waste sites, natural damaged fields and the like, and has remarkable social benefit.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a technical route diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an original photograph of green mine special greening engineering of Chongqing Shizhu southwest Cement Co., Ltd;
fig. 3 is a diagram of the ready effect of fig. 2 after the invention has been applied.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
as shown in FIG. 1, a plant configuration method for near-natural community construction of surface mines and industrial waste sites is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step a, investigating the site conditions of the recovery area, and investigating the natural conditions and the site conditions of the recovery area;
the natural conditions of the investigation recovery area in the step a comprise the investigation of altitude, landform and position conditions so as to determine a final recovery mode; the investigation of the conditions of the restoration area includes the investigation of the slope, the direction of the slope, the microtopography, the soil and the growth of the plants so as to determine the available engineering techniques, such as soil-covering planting, spray seeding, ecological bags, the construction of planting grooves and the cutting of auxiliary planting facilities of planting holes.
B, vegetation investigation and target plant screening;
the specific operation steps of the step b are as follows:
b1, respectively developing vegetation surveys on representative areas of the restoration area and surrounding natural group vegetation, wherein the surveys mainly depend on the living types of species, such as arbors, shrubs, vines/climbing plants and herbaceous plants, listing respective dominant species, sub-dominant species and common species, and analyzing the common species and distribution conditions inside and outside the restoration area;
step b2, selecting the standby plant species from the above species according to the following priority conditions:
firstly, seedlings of plant species are easy to obtain, which is mainly reflected in easy purchase, low cost and close distance of seedling sources;
second, barren resistance, strong drought resistance and extensive management;
thirdly, the plant root system is developed and the expansion capability is strong;
the green period of the plant is long and the self-reproduction ability is strong;
and b3, classifying the standby plant species screened in the step b2 according to ecological functions, such as plants with prominent ecological functions of water and soil conservation, mealy source plants, fruit source plants and leguminous/nitrogen-fixing plants and non-invasive pioneer species with barrenness resistance and strong stress resistance.
And b4, determining a target community type according to the characteristics of the recovery area (the characteristics of the recovery area mainly take gradient as a main basis) and the types of peripheral natural communities, and configuring the standby plants conforming to the step b3 according to an arbor and shrub structure, a shrub and shrub structure and a shrub and shrub structure, so as to ensure that each configuration structure mainly takes water and soil conservation species and simultaneously has the varieties of mealy source plants/fruit source plants and leguminous/nitrogen fixation plants.
Step c, configuring a target community;
the step c specifically comprises the following steps:
step c1, determining community species: taking pioneer plants in the recovery area as species at the early stage of the succession, taking species of natural communities around the recovery area as species at the later stage of the succession, and according to the species at the early stage of the succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; meanwhile, the method is selected according to the type of a target community, the types of arbors are more than or equal to 2, the types of shrubs are more than or equal to 3, the types of vines/climbing plants are more than or equal to 2, and the types of herbaceous plants are more than or equal to 3; large trees are not suitable for the side slope with the gradient of more than 45 degrees and safety requirements;
step c2, grouping matrix type planting design:
when an arbor exists in a target community, more than two kinds of arbors are selected as community frameworks, the design is carried out at the interval of 3-4m or the design is carried out by referring to the planting density of the corresponding arbors in the afforestation technical regulation (GB/T15776-2016), different arbors are sequentially planted, the arbors are in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin' transversely and longitudinally, more than 2 different bushes are sequentially selected and planted around the arbors by taking the arbors as the center, the interval between shrubs and arbors is designed to be 0.5m, the arbors and the shrubs form a group, and the configuration of the tree species of the group is in a matrix form;
if the gradient of the recovery area is more than 25 degrees, more than 2 vines or climbing plants can be selected and planted among the groups in sequence.
When the target community is a shrub community, more than 3 shrubs are selected, groups are constructed according to the form that more than 2 shrubs are sequentially matched, the distance between the shrubs is designed to be 0.5m, the group distance is designed to be 2m-2.5m, the groups are in a delta shape in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction, and the plants of the groups are configured in a matrix form;
step c3, spray seeding and vertical climbing:
when the gradient of the recovery area is more than 25 degrees and no soil is available or no soil covering condition exists, the prepared mixed seeds and the planting substrate can be mixed and sprayed to the recovery area by adopting a spray-seeding technology; the mixed seeds are configured as follows: according to the species at the early stage of succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; the species of shrubs is more than or equal to 3, the species of vines/climbing plants is more than or equal to 2, the species of herbaceous plants is more than or equal to 3, and the species of leguminous/nitrogen-fixing plants is more than or equal to 2;
as the cuttage survival rate of the liana/climbing plant is generally larger than the survival rate of the spray-seeding of the seed, the spray-seeding of shrub and herbaceous plant seed can be adopted, and the liana/climbing plant is planted by cuttage. On the slope surface with good spray seeding, vine/climbing plant with strong adsorption or climbing capability is selected to be planted at the position of a slope angle, and vine/climbing plant with high coverage and suitable for drooping growth is selected to be planted at the position of the top of the slope.
Step c4, calculating the dosage of each plant:
with group's matrix planting, to arbor and shrub grass structure, arbor and shrub rattan grass structure: the number of trees is determined according to the density in the afforestation technical code (GB/T15776-2016), and is generally 3-4 m; the quantity of shrubs is 2-3 times of that of trees and is determined according to the quantity of the shrubs in the group; the number of the vines/climbing plants is 1-2 times of that of the trees, and the vines/climbing plants are determined according to the conventional planting density of the vines/climbing plants; the number of the herbaceous plants is 10-30 times of that of the arbor; for the vine grass irrigation structure and grass irrigation structure: more than 3 shrubs are used as a group, the distance between the groups is (2.0m-2.5m) × (2.0m-2.5m), the quantity of the shrubs is determined according to the area size of a recovery area, the quantity of the vines/climbers is 1-2 times that of the trees, the quantity of the herbaceous plants is 10-30 times that of the trees, the conventional planting distance is 30 times that of 0.1m × 0.1m and 10 times that of 0.3m × 0.3m according to the size of single-cluster herbaceous plants;
planting in a spray-seeding mode, and for the vine-irrigating structure and the grass irrigating structure: taking the density of a colony of the shrub to be formed finally as reference, calculating the spray seeding quantity of shrub seeds according to the conventional shrub planting density, and carrying out a germination test to determine the spray seeding quantity during implementation; the seed quantity of the herbaceous plants is designed by taking the density of the final herbaceous plants as a reference, the herbaceous plant seed spraying amount is calculated according to the proportion that 5-10 herbaceous plants are allocated by 1 shrub, the amount of the climbing plants is 1-2 times of the total amount of the shrubs, spraying is carried out or planting is carried out on the top and the bottom of a slope by adopting seedlings with roots, and the planting amount is calculated according to the conventional planting distance of the lianas. The higher the gradient is, the number of trees should be reduced, and when the gradient is more than 45 degrees and the side slope with safety requirements is not suitable for large trees.
And d, planting mode/spray seeding. In the step d, the step of the method comprises the following steps,
covering soil for planting in a recovery area below 25 degrees, cleaning sundries and leveling land on the surface of the recovery area, and arranging a certain water and soil conservation structure if necessary to ensure that surface soil is not lost; after planting, covering humus with the thickness of 3-5cm such as dry branches, fallen leaves, barks and the like on the planted ground surface to form a protective layer, so that the soil moisture of surface soil is protected and the corrosion is reduced;
for the recovery area with the temperature of more than 25 ℃, due to the lack of the condition of direct earthing, combining engineering technical means to construct planting grooves, V-shaped grooves, fish scale pits, digging planting holes and ecological bag auxiliary planting facilities, after the planting facilities are filled with earth, planting the configured plants according to a group matrix type, or sowing the configured seeds by adopting a sowing mode; if a spray seeding and vertical climbing recovery mode is adopted, different types of vine/climbing plants are respectively planted on the top and the foot of the slope after the spray seeding is finished, and the spacing is designed to be 0.5-1.0m according to the expansibility; after the spray seeding is finished, the spray seeding base material is protected by adopting non-woven fabrics or grass curtains and the like to cover, and the water loss and the soil erosion are slowed down.
Example 1:
the method performs engineering tests on a 2500 square meter rocky slope in green mine special greening engineering of Chongqing Shizhu Xinan cement Co., Ltd, Daxie Xianglongwang village, Chongqing City Shizhu, and has good initial effect, and can be seen by referring to fig. 2 and 3.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
(1) the construction method comprises the following steps: vegetation concrete spray seeding and up-hanging down-climbing
(2) And (3) target community: colony of grass vine
(3) The configuration mode is as follows: 4 shrubs, 3 rock climbing plants and 3 herbaceous plants, the species configuration mode is based on the succession appearance stage, and the proportion is set as the early-stage species: late stage species 2: 1; the specific configuration modes are shown in the following table:
experimental slope plant configuration table
The above description is only exemplary of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting, and any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A plant configuration method for constructing near-natural communities in surface mines and industrial waste sites is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step a, investigating the site conditions of the recovery area, and investigating the natural conditions and the site conditions of the recovery area;
b, vegetation investigation and target plant screening;
step c, configuring a target community;
and d, planting mode/spray seeding.
2. The method for deploying plants constructed by near-natural communities on surface mines and industrial waste sites according to claim 1, wherein: the natural conditions of the investigation recovery area in the step a comprise the investigation of altitude, landform and position conditions so as to determine a final recovery mode; the investigation of the conditions of the restoration area includes the investigation of the slope, the direction of the slope, the microtopography, the soil and the growth of the plants so as to determine the available engineering techniques, such as soil-covering planting, spray seeding, ecological bags, the construction of planting grooves and the cutting of auxiliary planting facilities of planting holes.
3. The method for deploying plants constructed by near-natural communities on surface mines and industrial waste sites according to claim 1, wherein:
the specific operation steps of the step b are as follows:
b1, respectively carrying out vegetation investigation on the representative areas of the recovery area and the surrounding natural group vegetation, listing respective dominant species, sub-dominant species and common species by taking the life forms of the species as main basis, and analyzing the common species inside and outside the recovery area and the distribution conditions thereof;
step b2, selecting the standby plant species from the above species according to the following priority conditions:
firstly, seedlings of plant species are easy to obtain;
second, barren resistance, strong drought resistance and extensive management;
thirdly, the plant root system is developed and the expansion capability is strong;
the green period of the plant is long and the self-reproduction ability is strong;
b3, classifying the standby plant species screened in the step b2 according to ecological functions;
and b4, determining a target community type according to the characteristics of the recovery area and the surrounding natural community type, configuring the plants conforming to the step b3 according to an arbor-shrub grass structure, an arbor-shrub vine structure, a shrub grass structure and a shrub vine structure, ensuring that each configuration structure is mainly water and soil conservation species and has varieties of pollen source plants/fruit source plants, leguminous plants/nitrogen fixation plants and the like.
4. The method for deploying plants constructed by near-natural communities on surface mines and industrial waste sites according to claim 1, wherein:
the step c specifically comprises the following steps:
step c1, determining community species: taking pioneer plants in the recovery area as species at the early stage of the succession, taking species of natural communities around the recovery area as species at the later stage of the succession, and according to the species at the early stage of the succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; meanwhile, the method is selected according to the type of a target community, the types of arbors are more than or equal to 2, the types of shrubs are more than or equal to 3, the types of vines/climbing plants are more than or equal to 2, and the types of herbaceous plants are more than or equal to 3;
step c2, grouping matrix type planting design:
when an arbor exists in a target community, more than two kinds of arbors are selected as community frameworks, the community frameworks are designed at an interval of 3-4m, different arbors are sequentially planted, the arbors are in a triangle shape transversely and longitudinally, more than 2 different bushes are sequentially selected and planted around the arbors by taking the arbors as centers, the interval between shrubs and arbors is designed to be 0.5m, the arbors and the shrubs form a group, and the configuration of the tree species of the group is in a matrix form;
when the target community is a shrub community, more than 3 shrubs are selected, groups are constructed according to the form that more than 2 shrubs are sequentially matched, the distance between the shrubs is designed to be 0.5m, the group distance is designed to be 2m-2.5m, the groups are in a delta shape in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction, and the plants of the groups are configured in a matrix form;
step c3, spray seeding and vertical climbing:
when the gradient of the recovery area is more than 25 degrees and no soil is available or no soil covering condition exists, the prepared mixed seeds and the planting substrate can be mixed and sprayed to the recovery area by adopting a spray-seeding technology; the mixed seeds are configured as follows: according to the species at the early stage of succession: proportioning species in the later stage of succession in a configuration mode of 2: 1; the species of shrubs is more than or equal to 3, the species of vines/climbing plants is more than or equal to 2, the species of herbaceous plants is more than or equal to 3, and the species of leguminous/nitrogen-fixing plants is more than or equal to 2;
step c4, calculating the dosage of each plant:
with group's matrix planting, to arbor and shrub grass structure, arbor and shrub rattan grass structure: the number of shrubs is 2-3 times of that of trees, the number of vines/climbing plants is 1-2 times of that of trees, and the number of herbaceous plants is 10-30 times of that of trees; for the vine grass irrigation structure and grass irrigation structure: more than 3 shrubs are used as a group, the distance between the groups is (2.0-2.5 m) × (2.0m-2.5m), the quantity of the shrubs is determined according to the area size of a recovery area, the quantity of vines/climbing plants is 1-2 times of that of trees, and the quantity of herbaceous plants is 10-30 times of that of trees;
planting in a spray-seeding mode, and for the vine-irrigating structure and the grass irrigating structure: taking the density of the colony of the shrub to be formed finally as reference, and calculating the spray seeding quantity of shrub seeds according to the conventional shrub planting density; the seed quantity of the herbaceous plants is designed by taking the density of the final herbaceous plants as a reference, the herbaceous plant seed spraying amount is calculated according to the proportion that 5-10 herbaceous plants are allocated by 1 shrub, the amount of the climbing plants is 1-2 times of the total amount of the shrubs, spraying is carried out or planting is carried out on the top and the bottom of a slope by adopting seedlings with roots, and the planting amount is calculated according to the conventional planting distance of the lianas.
5. The method for deploying plants constructed by near-natural communities on surface mines and industrial waste sites according to claim 1, wherein: in the step d, the step of the method comprises the following steps,
covering soil for planting in a recovery area below 25 degrees, cleaning sundries and leveling land on the surface of the recovery area, and arranging a certain water and soil conservation structure if necessary to ensure that surface soil is not lost; after planting, covering humus with the thickness of 3-5cm such as dry branches, fallen leaves, barks and the like on the planted ground surface to form a protective layer, so that the soil moisture of surface soil is protected and the corrosion is reduced;
for the recovery area with the temperature of more than 25 ℃, due to the lack of the condition of direct earthing, combining engineering technical means to construct planting grooves, V-shaped grooves, fish scale pits, digging planting holes and ecological bag auxiliary planting facilities, after the planting facilities are filled with earth, planting the configured plants according to a group matrix type, or sowing the configured seeds by adopting a sowing mode; if a spray seeding and vertical climbing recovery mode is adopted, different types of vine/climbing plants are respectively planted on the top and the foot of the slope after the spray seeding is finished, and the spacing is designed to be 0.5-1.0m according to the expansibility; after the spray seeding is finished, the spray seeding base material is protected by adopting non-woven fabrics or grass curtains and the like to cover, and the water loss and the soil erosion are slowed down.
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| CN113723808A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-30 | 扎赉诺尔煤业有限责任公司 | Ecological niche-based ecological restoration vegetation allocation method for alpine open closed-pit mining area and application |
| CN114303805A (en) * | 2021-08-17 | 2022-04-12 | 国家能源投资集团有限责任公司 | Method for reclaiming open pit mine dump by utilizing grassland protozoon seed bank |
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