CN112449613B - 用于进行正向渗透处理的方法和管状膜 - Google Patents

用于进行正向渗透处理的方法和管状膜 Download PDF

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CN112449613B
CN112449613B CN201980045494.6A CN201980045494A CN112449613B CN 112449613 B CN112449613 B CN 112449613B CN 201980045494 A CN201980045494 A CN 201980045494A CN 112449613 B CN112449613 B CN 112449613B
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tubular
membrane
layer
tubular membrane
substrate layer
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CN112449613A (zh
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金伯尔·塞巴斯蒂安·勒洛夫斯
冈瑟·比斯勒
皮奥特·爱德华·德卢戈莱茨基
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Beigaofu Membrane Technology Co ltd
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Beigaofu Membrane Technology Co ltd
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Priority claimed from PCT/NL2019/050423 external-priority patent/WO2020009584A1/en
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于采用正向渗透工艺处理流体的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：提供一个或更多个管状膜，其中管状膜包括：非织造材料的管状基底层，其在管状膜的外侧上并且形成管状膜的外壳并为进料流提供管腔；在管状膜的管腔侧上的聚合物衬底层，聚合物衬底层包括三个区域，所述三个区域包括聚合物衬底层被部分地侵入到管状基底层中的区域、具有开放的大空隙结构的区域和具有不对称泡沫层的区域，其中被部分地侵入的区域形成中间层；和在聚合物衬底层上的功能性顶层；并且其中管状基底层包括纵向焊缝；提供穿过管腔的进料流，并且在管状膜的外壳侧上提供抽取溶液；以及用膜处理进料流。

Description

用于进行正向渗透处理的方法和管状膜
本发明涉及一种用于采用正向渗透工艺处理流体的方法。
正向渗透(FO)利用跨半透膜(semi-permeable membrane)的渗透压差，分离两种具有不同溶质浓度的溶液。渗透压梯度是用于使水渗透穿过膜的驱动力。水穿过膜从进料流输送到抽取溶液(draw solution)，所述抽取溶液相对于进料流具有高溶质浓度。因此，进料溶液被浓缩，并且抽取溶液被稀释。
在实践中，膜的使用经常经历结垢(fouling)：当过滤具有相对高固体含量的进料流时，在压力驱动的膜工艺中通常是这种情况。污垢和污染物被推入到膜中和/或穿过膜。结垢降低膜的性能和过滤工艺的效率。此外，需要密集的清洁，这导致减少的过滤输出和缩短的膜组件(membrane module)的寿命。此外，在压力驱动的膜工艺中的能量消耗是高的，因为在一方面，必须建立压力，并且在另一方面，需要高体积流量以确保足够的横流(crossflow)。
本发明旨在避免或者至少减少前述的问题，并且提供有效的正向渗透工艺。
该目的通过根据本发明的用于采用正向渗透工艺处理流体的方法来实现，该方法包括以下步骤：
提供一个或更多个管状膜，其中管状膜包括：
非织造材料(nonwoven material)的管状基底层(tubular base layer)，所述管状基底层在管状膜的外侧上并且形成管状膜的外壳并为进料流提供管腔(lumen)；
在管状膜的管腔侧上的聚合物衬底层(polymer substrate layer)，所述聚合物衬底层包括三个区域，所述三个区域包括聚合物衬底层被部分地侵入到管状基底层中的区域、具有开放的大空隙结构的区域和具有不对称泡沫层的区域，其中被部分地侵入的区域形成中间层；和
在聚合物衬底层上的功能性顶层(functional top layer)；并且
其中管状基底层包括纵向焊缝(longitudinal weld)；
提供穿过管腔的进料流，并且在管状膜的外壳侧上提供抽取溶液；以及
用膜处理进料流。
正向渗透过滤工艺利用自然现象渗透作用将水从进料流穿过膜抽取到另一侧。该工艺可以在与可选择的压力驱动工艺诸如反向渗透相比相对低的液压进行。由于这种相对低的压力，膜/多个膜的结垢是最小的。此外，过滤工艺所需的能量被显著减少。此外，过滤工艺可以有利地直接用于包括现有的进料流的低压应用中，而不必增加进料流压力。
根据本发明的方法，提供了一个或更多个管状膜。这些膜各自形成用于进料流的管腔。非织造带(nonwoven tape)在心轴(管形成区段(tube forming section))上在轴向方向上被弯曲，由此非织造的重叠部分(nonwoven overlap)被焊接以获得具有纵向焊缝的管状非织造管。这是连续工艺，其中，管被形成并且在轴向方向上连续地移动。管状膜包括在管状膜的外侧上的非织造材料的管状基底层，由此形成外壳。非织造材料提供了膜的机械稳定性。
在非织造管的管腔侧上，液体聚合物掺杂溶液(liquid polymer dope solution)被连续地浇铸到管的内部，随后是连续的刮擦，以便在管的内部获得均匀分布的层。在浇铸和刮擦期间，聚合物掺杂溶液还部分地侵入非织造基底层。随后，通过沉淀，通常借助于相转化工艺来形成膜，以获得多孔聚合物膜结构，该膜结构部分地在非织造物中，但主要在非织造物的顶部上。衬底材料被侵入到非织造基底层的区域为膜提供了另外的稳定性和强度。此外，它还提供了对衬底层从非织造基底管上脱层的增加的阻力。聚合物衬底层的第二区域由大空隙结构组成，理想地，指形的大空隙。这导致对水穿过膜的净输送的低阻力。此外，它降低了内部的浓度极化，即由于膜中诸如盐的溶质的积聚，这可能降低该工艺的驱动力。聚合物衬底层的第三区域是不对称泡沫结构化层，该层优选地具有在5μm-10μm范围内的厚度。这导致光滑的、无缺陷的顶部区域，使衬底可用于进一步的包覆。
在管状膜的管腔侧上设置功能性聚合物顶层，例如通过涉及用优选地在管状膜的(内)表面上反应的材料包覆的界面聚合，和/或涉及聚电解质的逐层沉积。功能性聚合物顶层允许水穿过膜从进料流净输送到膜的另一侧上的抽取溶液，并且(大体上)保留溶质，例如盐离子。该顶层对于具有和保持工艺中的驱动力是重要的。
作为另外的效果，流动阻力是低的，从而与相对低的能量利用结合，能够实现较高的流量。
管状膜包括纵向焊缝，更具体地，管状基底层包括这样的纵向焊缝。例如，与螺旋形焊缝相比，这样的纵向焊缝将焊接表面减小到最小。焊接表面的这种减小增加了有效膜表面。例如，与螺旋形焊缝的膜相比，这种增加可以总计多达膜表面的10％。
另外有利的效果是对于容易地制造具有纵向焊缝的管状膜的可能性。可以减少根据本发明的管状膜所需的制造时间，从而降低制造成本。例如，这有助于降低过滤成本。
用一个或更多个管状膜进行正向渗透过滤的优点是液压相对低。此外，作用在膜上的剪切力相对低，因为需要液体(进料和抽取)的低线速度。这使得能够使用具有相对小的厚度的非织造材料。
本发明的方法有利地应用于具有相对高固体含量(高TSS，例如高于10g/L)和/或粘度的进料流。可以用本发明的方法有效地过滤的进料流的实例是乳流，包括牛奶、羊奶和椰奶。正向渗透工艺减少了乳流中的水的量，使得可以更有效和高效地进行输送。其他实例是乳清、果汁、糖、藻类、半导体工业中有害金属的回收、高盐度废物，包括垃圾渗滤液(landfill leachate)以及危险的和/或有害的废物。
正向渗透工艺的另外的优点是与其他过滤工艺相比更好的截留率，因为化学物质例如污染物不通过液压被推动穿过膜。
关于管腔中进料流的配置被称为面向进料溶液的功能性层，其还被称为面向进料溶液的活性层(ALFS)或FO模式。特别是当处理具有高TSS和/或粘度的进料流时，这能够实现更好的清洁，例如通过增加横流以及管的加压。
在本发明的另外的优选的实施方案中，该方法包括在清洁步骤中清洁膜的步骤，所述清洁步骤包括流的逆转和/或增加的横流速度和/或渗透反洗(osmotic backwash)。
膜的清洁，并且更具体地，膜表面的清洁，优选地周期性地应用，例如通过增加横流速度和/或改变横流速度和/或渗透反洗。这有效地清洁了膜表面并且保持了过滤性能。
在本发明的另外的优选的实施方案中，对进料流的液压被提供有在0巴-4巴的范围内、优选地在0巴-2巴的范围内并且最优选地在0巴-1巴的范围内的压力。进料侧上的液压优选地超过抽取侧上的压力，因此避免了管状膜的内爆，从而避免了管状膜的内爆。
提供加压的进料流可以改善工艺性能。例如，加压的进料流可以能够实现压力辅助的正向渗透工艺。本发明还涉及一种被配置用于正向渗透工艺的管状膜，该管状膜包括：
非织造材料的管状基底层，所述管状基底层在管状膜的外侧上并且形成管状膜的外壳并为进料流提供管腔；
在管状膜的管腔侧上的聚合物衬底层，所述聚合物衬底层包括三个区域，所述三个区域包括聚合物衬底层被部分地侵入到管状基底层中的区域、具有开放的大空隙结构的区域和具有不对称泡沫层的区域，其中被部分地侵入的区域形成中间层；和
在聚合物衬底层上的功能性顶层；并且
其中管状基底层包括纵向焊缝；
管状膜提供了与关于方法所描述的相同或相似的效果或优点。这些优点包括低制造成本，能够实现有效的正向渗透过滤。此外，提供纵向焊缝限制了在生产期间在非织造材料中引入力和应力。更具体地，例如，与螺旋形焊缝的管状膜相比，这些力和应力受到限制。将理解的是，材料性质和特性对于管状膜的(实施方案)以及还有对于根据本发明的前述的方法是相关的。
在本发明的另外的优选的实施方案中，功能性聚合物膜层包含聚酰胺或基于聚酰胺的层作为聚合物衬底层上的包覆层。在顶层和管状膜上的水通量优选地高于5L/m2/h的(还被定义为LMH)，并且反向盐通量低于3g/m2/h(还被定义为gMH)，其中水通量和反向盐通量优选地在约20℃、用约1M NaCl浓度差来测量，这是用于进行这样的测量的“标准条件”。这可以用本发明的管状膜来实现。
实验已经示出，使用聚酰胺或基于聚酰胺的层作为包覆层提供了有效的膜。
优选地，衬底材料包括以下中的一种或更多种：聚醚砜(PES)、聚砜(PSf)、聚苯砜(PPSU)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)及其组合。优选地，当在4m/s的横流条件、1巴的跨膜压力(还被定义为TMP)、20℃的温度下用聚乙二醇(PEG)测定时，聚合物衬底层的截留分子量在5kDa-20kDa的范围内。
在本发明的优选的实施方案中，聚合物衬底层的泡沫不对称层被整体形成，并且其中泡沫不对称层在大空隙结构化层的顶部上形成，所述大空隙结构化层设置有大量的大空隙，所述大空隙具有大体上在管状膜的径向方向上延伸的长度。
优选的是，聚合物衬底层，并且特别优选地泡沫层和大空隙结构化层，具有大量的孔，所述孔具有大体上在管状膜的径向方向上延伸的长度。优选地，这些孔还在管状膜的径向方向上大体上彼此平行地延伸。这使得用该膜层能够实现有效的过滤。优选地，在形成聚合物衬底层期间，泡沫不对称层作为聚合物衬底层的一部分被整体形成。
在本发明的另外的优选的实施方案中，非织造基底层具有在60g/m2-120 g/m2之间、优选地在75g/m2-90 g/m2之间、最优选地约85g/m2的重量。
示出的是，非织造基底层以相对低的重量为膜提供了足够的强度和稳定性。优选地，管状膜是自支撑的，使得它易于处理并且易于在实践中使用。非织造层优选地包括PET、PBT、PP、PE、PA、PAN或其组合。优选地，非织造基底层具有在50μm-200μm的范围内、优选地在100μm-150μm的范围内的厚度，并且最优选地是约120μm。非织造物的厚度和重量为膜提供所需的强度和稳定性。纵向焊缝有助于有效的膜表面增强(membrane surfaceenhancement)，以及能够实现非织造层的受限的厚度，使得阻力被进一步降低。
此外，非织造基底层优选地具有在约200Pa的压差下测量的在25L/s/m2-125 L/s/m2的范围内、更优选地在40L/s/m2-100 L/s/m2的范围内，并且最优选地是约85L/s/m2的空气渗透率。所提供的测量涉及标准化的ISO规范的测量条件。
特别地，非织造物的厚度、重量和空气渗透率的组合提供了有效的管状基底层。所述管状膜的内径优选地在3mm-8mm的范围内，并且更优选地在5mm-7mm的范围内，最优选地是约5.5mm。
在根据本发明的实施方案中，管状膜的横截面可以是环形形状的或椭圆形形状的，或者可以是环形形状和椭圆形形状的混合。在本发明的另外的优选的实施方案中，纵向焊缝具有在0.5mm-2mm的范围内、更优选地在0.7mm-1.3mm的范围内的宽度。
本发明另外还涉及一种装置，该装置被配置用于正向渗透并且包括多个在本发明的实施方案中的管状膜。
该装置提供了与关于方法和管状膜所描述的类似的效果和优点。
本发明还另外涉及在根据本发明的实施方案中的管状膜在正向渗透工艺中的用途。
该用途也提供了与关于方法、管状膜和装置所描述的类似的效果和优点。特别地，管状膜可以被有利地应用于具有相对高固体含量的进料流。例如，管状膜可以被应用于乳流。
本发明的另外的优点、特征和细节在其优选的实施方案的基础上被阐明，其中参考了附图，在附图中：
图1A示意性地示出了在本发明的实施方案中的管状膜；
图1B示意性地示出了具有在图1A中图示的多个管状膜的装置；
图2A示出了在图1A中图示的管状膜的详述的并且放大的区段(segment)；
图2B示出了图2A的壁区段的截面；
图3A和图3B示出了两种类型的膜的性质，分别是膜类型I8(图3A)和膜类型I5(图3B)；
图4示出了在膜上的浓度梯度的示意性概述；并且
图5示出了一些实验结果。
管状膜2(图1A)具有长度L、内径D内和外径D外。应当注意，膜直径优选地相对于D内来定义，尽管可以基于外径来定义膜直径。管状膜2具有外壁4和内壁6。外壁4由包含非织造材料的外层8界定。内壁6由在顶部具有功能性聚合物层11的聚合物衬底层10界定。非织造物-衬底层的过渡部12由被聚合物衬底层10侵入的非织造区域界定。该过渡区域12使得能够将衬底材料附接到非织造材料上。纵向焊缝14具有宽度W，并且连接非织造层8的侧面，以沿着纵向轴线16界定管状膜2的管腔。进料流F流过管状膜2中的管腔。
在图示的实施方案中，管状膜2具有在5mm-6mm的范围内的内径D内，并且宽度W在0.7mm-1.3mm的范围内。
装置18(图1B)包括管状膜2的束20。保持器或罩(housing)22将束20保持在一起，使得进料流进入束20的管腔侧，并且抽取流(draw flow)进入束20的壳侧。进料流和抽取流仅在管状膜上接触。将理解的是，装置18被示意性地图示。本领域技术人员可以预期根据本发明的束20的不同实施方案。
在外侧4上(图2A)，与具有许多大空隙24的衬底层10相比，非织造材料8是非常开放的。大空隙24具有长度L1，长度L1大体上在管状膜的径向方向上延伸。将理解的是，在聚合物衬底层10和非织造基底层8之间的非织造物-衬底层的过渡部12可以是不规则形状的。大空隙24(图2B)大体上彼此平行地延伸。
在图示的实施方案中，功能性层11通过界面聚合被应用到衬底层8上。通常，该聚合是在溶解在两种不混溶的液体中的两种高度反应性的单体之间的缩聚反应，这在衬底层的顶部上形成超薄功能性层。单体前体在两相中的分离导致在界面处的局部反应和聚合物层的形成。在图示的实施方案中，这种形成发生在1,3-苯二胺(MPD)(在水中)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)(在己烷中)之间。交联的网络由芳香环之间的链间的-CONH-键形成。
在下表中，表示了用于获得功能性层11的两种液体的组成。
Figure BDA0002885379280000081
表：包覆层的组成的表示
将理解的是，反应体系的组成的许多变化是可能的，即反应物A和反应物B、添加剂、溶剂的变化。此外，制备条件也可以通过许多参数来改变：衬底的预处理、包覆时间、每个包覆步骤之后的后处理、固化温度和固化时间及其他。
已经分别关于具有纵向焊缝和螺旋取向的焊缝的实施方案，对两种膜类型进行了比较。这两种不同的膜类型还由膜类型I8(图3A)和膜类型I5(图3B)来表示。结果示出在纵向焊缝(□)实施方案和螺旋形焊缝(◆)实施方案之间的膜表面(▲)的增益增加(increasing gain)。这种效果随着增加的焊缝宽度而增加。在图示的实施方案中，焊缝宽度从0.5mm增加至1.3mm。
已经在ALFS模式(面向进料侧的活性层)用管状膜2进行了实验。在实验中，在膜的进料侧和抽取侧上的相应介质被循环。水从进料侧穿过膜被输送到抽取侧，并且进料侧变得更浓，而抽取侧变得更稀(图4)。最高浓度差在顶层11中。还示出了有效浓度梯度，该有效浓度梯度小于在进料流和抽取溶液之间的浓度差。
实验结果(图5)被示出为：
a)10LPM(还被定义为升每分钟或L/min)进料，1.5LPM抽取和低于0.2巴的TMP；
b)25LPM进料，1.5LPM抽取和低于0.2巴的TMP；以及
c)25LPM进料，1.5LPM抽取和0.2巴-0.4巴的TMP。
在实验中，膜2的非织造层8包含聚酯、PES衬底层和约5mm的直径的管腔。功能性层包含水通道蛋白(aquaporin protein)，该水通道蛋白被配制成仿生基质(biomimeticmatrix)，该仿生基质通过由界面聚合制成的固定化基质被包埋在表面上。实验以ALFS配置进行。另外的条件是0.4m2的膜面积、逆流配置、抽取溶液浓度1M NaCl、持续时间2小时-4小时。衬底膜的水渗透率是在1巴测量的约150LMH-200LMH。结果示出水通量Jw(LMH)、盐通量Js(gMH)和Js/Jw的比率。实验示出了在FO工艺中使用根据本发明的膜的可行性。
此外，提供以下实施例以通过提供其方面作为实施例来进一步支持本发明。
实施例1
第一实施例涉及一种用于产生管状膜支撑件并且更具体地纵向焊接的膜支撑件的方法。在本实施例中，纵向焊接的膜支撑件被定义为具有聚合物衬底层的管状基底层。
在本实施例中，所使用的聚酯非织造物具有以下规格：重量：85g/m2，厚度：120μm，以及在200Pa测量的空气渗透率：85L/s/m2。通过在具有5.5mm的外径的心轴上弯曲非织造带来形成非织造管，并且通过超声焊接在连续工艺中固定重叠部分。聚合物溶液被连续地并且原位地包覆在管状非织造管上。聚合物溶液包含在10wt.％-25wt.％之间的聚醚砜(PES)Ultrason 6020(BASF)，其中聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP在非质子溶剂中作为孔形成添加剂。聚合物溶液通过心轴传输，并且在浇铸段(section)离开系统。聚合物溶液被带到管上，随后进行刮擦以获得0.1mm的层厚度。然后，包覆的管被传输穿过切割段，在切割段中，以取决于组件类型的限定的长度来切割包覆的管。在后面的步骤中，在具有25℃的温度的包含RO水(即通过反向渗透制备的水)的沉淀浴中输送包覆的管，在该沉淀浴中发生相转化过程并且形成膜支撑件。纵向焊接膜支撑件以在7m/min和10m/min之间的速度来产生。用水冲洗膜支撑件持续至少16小时。用20％甘油溶液调节膜支撑件持续至少5小时，随后是空气干燥，然后是在60℃干燥持续超过12小时。
膜支撑件具有约5.3mm的内径，并且具有大于8巴的爆破压力。发现，在横流条件下，在1巴TMP测量的纯水通量在100LMH–250LMH之间。采用相同条件测量的PEG 100k(具有100,000g/mol的平均Mv的聚乙二醇)的保留率>90％。采用PEG混合物测量的截留分子量是5kDa-15kDa。
实施例2
第二实施例涉及管状膜组件，其在本实施例中包括多个如实施例1中描述的管状膜支撑件。每个管状膜支撑件具有1.1倍组件长度的膜长度。多个管状膜支撑件，在这种情况下包括118个膜，彼此平行对齐以形成膜垫(membrane mat)。这样的膜垫例如在DE102016009914A1中描述。DE102016009914A1还公开了垫被卷成束。该束被插入到具有125cm的长度和90mm的外径的PVC组件罩中。膜束借助于环氧树脂密封工艺(epoxy pottingprocess)被固定到组件罩中。环氧树脂块是约3cm厚。这导致在组件中约119cm的有效膜长度。在管腔侧的总膜表面是约2.3m2。进料和渗余物连接件是根据标准IPS PVC槽规范的3英寸管槽，并且壳侧连接件是3/4英寸内螺纹连接件。
实施例3
第三实施例涉及一种用于制造正向渗透管状膜组件的方法。
在本实施例中，提供了单管膜组件，该组件具有50cm的长度和约0.008m2的管腔表面积。此外，该组件具有管腔入口和管腔出口以及壳侧入口和壳侧出口。
在方法步骤中，该组件在含甘油的溶液中润湿持续至少48小时。在包覆程序开始之前，该组件在管腔侧以及在壳侧被清空。水相被预先制备，并且水相的组成包含具有相应的比的以下组分：
RO水:甘油:异丙醇:间苯二胺:3,5-二氨基苯甲酸:樟脑-10-磺酸:三甲胺:十二烷基磺酸钠100:10:0:1.5:1.5:6:1:1(AqRec1)/100:10:4:1.5:1.5:6:1:1(AqRec2)/100:10:6:1.5:1.5:6:1:1(AqRec3)。
自底向上地传输水相以完全充满管腔侧持续30s，排空管腔侧，随后用自顶向下的加压空气以1Nm3/h冲洗持续1min，然后用0.5巴的加压空气对管封闭地加压(deadendpressurizing)持续1min。在这些步骤之后，释放压力并且用有机相处理组件。
由0.15wt％的在正己烷中的均苯三甲酰氯组成的有机相被自底向上地传输，以完全充满管腔侧持续120s，之后排空管腔侧，并且随后用自顶向下的加压空气以1Nm3/h冲洗持续1min。随后，这之后用0.5巴的加压空气对管封闭地加压持续1min。然后释放压力，并且在组件入口处用80℃的热加压空气以2.1Nm3/h在管腔和壳侧对组件进行热处理持续15min。
在组件被冷却之后并且随后，将组件浸入到具有环境温度的RO水中。在至少16小时后，可以在潮湿条件下测量膜组件。可选择地，用如上文描述的膜调节和干燥工艺来干燥膜组件。
使用如在本实施例中描述的方法，每个涂层配方(coating recipe)制备两个组件。这些组件在环境温度以逆流、面向进料溶液的活性层的配置进行测试，其中在进料侧使用RO水，并且在抽取侧使用在RO水中的1M NaCl溶液。管腔侧和壳侧上的线速度在两侧均为30cm/s。测量的持续时间是90分钟，并且通过对测量的最后45分钟的数据求平均值来确定水通量和反向盐通量。对组件的此测试导致以下结果：
Figure BDA0002885379280000121
使用根据实施例3的方法的组件的测试结果
实施例4
在第四实施例中，提供了用于制造正向渗透管状膜组件的可选择的程序。在本实施例中，向组件提供可选择的功能性层。该可选择的功能性层基于包含水通道蛋白的薄膜复合材料。制造这些功能性层的程序类似于如在实施例3中描述的程序。将囊泡形成材料(vesicle forming material)加入到水相中。如在实施例2中描述的组件已经通过该配方、采用它们的由Aquaporin Asia Pte.Ltd.开发的包覆程序被包覆。采用Aquaporin
Figure BDA0002885379280000122
的、具有约2.3m2的管腔表面积的管状正向渗透膜组件被制备并表征。
具有可选择的层的膜组件的结果在下文提供。应当注意的是，组件在环境温度以顺流、面向进料溶液的活性层的配置进行测试，其中在进料侧使用RO水，并且在抽取侧使用在RO水中的1M NaCl溶液。管腔侧和壳侧上的线速度在下表中提供。测量的持续时间是2h-4h。通过对测量的稳定部分的数据求平均值来确定水通量和反向盐通量。对组件的此测试导致以下结果：
1 2 3 4 5
在以下的线性流速：
-进料侧(cm/s) 1.9 3.2 25.6 25.6 25.6
-抽取侧(cm/s) 0.6 0.6 0.6 5.6 11.2
TMP(巴) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
水通量(LMH) 3.81 4.13 5.05 5.78 6.16
反向盐通量(gMH) 0.14 0.05 0.25 0.38 0.37
使用根据实施例3的方法的组件的测试结果
测试已经示出，使用采用Aquaporin
Figure BDA0002885379280000131
的TFC的优点是膜的高盐截留率(salt rejection)以及穿过膜的足够水通量。
本发明决不限于上文描述的其优选的实施方案。所寻求的权利由所附权利要求描述，在权利要求的范围内可以预期许多修改。

Claims (27)

1.用于采用正向渗透工艺处理流体的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供一个或更多个管状膜，其中所述管状膜包括：
非织造材料的管状基底层，所述管状基底层在所述管状膜的外侧上并且形成所述管状膜的外壳并为进料流提供管腔；
在所述管状膜的管腔侧上的聚合物衬底层，所述聚合物衬底层包括三个区域，所述三个区域包括所述聚合物衬底层被部分地侵入到所述管状基底层中的区域、具有开放的大空隙结构的区域和具有不对称泡沫层的区域，其中被部分地侵入的区域形成中间层；和
在所述聚合物衬底层上的功能性顶层；并且
其中所述管状基底层包括纵向焊缝；
提供穿过所述管腔的所述进料流，并且在所述管状膜的外壳侧上提供抽取溶液；以及
用所述管状膜处理所述进料流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括在清洁步骤中清洁所述管状膜的步骤，所述清洁步骤包括流的逆转和/或可调节的和/或可设定的横流速度和/或渗透反洗。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括以下步骤：
以在0巴-4巴的范围内的压力向所述进料流提供液压，其中进料侧上的所述液压超过抽取侧上的压力。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中，
以在0巴-2巴的范围内的压力向所述进料流提供液压。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，
以在0巴-1巴的范围内的压力向所述进料流提供液压。
6.管状膜，所述管状膜被配置成用于正向渗透处理，所述管状膜包括：
非织造材料的管状基底层，所述管状基底层在所述管状膜的外侧上并且形成所述管状膜的外壳并为进料流提供管腔；
在所述管状膜的管腔侧上的聚合物衬底层，所述聚合物衬底层包括三个区域，所述三个区域包括所述聚合物衬底层被部分地侵入到所述管状基底层中的区域、具有开放的大空隙结构的区域和具有不对称泡沫层的区域，其中被部分地侵入的区域形成中间层；和
在所述聚合物衬底层上的功能性顶层；并且
其中所述管状基底层包括纵向焊缝；并且
其中所述管状膜是自支撑的。
7.根据权利要求6所述的管状膜，其中所述功能性顶层包括在所述聚合物衬底层上的基于聚酰胺的层。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的管状膜，其中所述聚合物衬底层的所述不对称泡沫层是整体形成的，并且其中所述不对称泡沫层在大空隙结构化层的顶部上形成，其中所述大空隙结构化层设置有大量的大空隙，所述大空隙具有大体上在所述管状膜的径向方向上延伸的长度。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在60g/m2-120 g/m2之间的重量。
10.根据权利要求9所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在75g/m2-90 g/m2之间的重量。
11.根据权利要求10所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有85g/m2的重量。
12.根据前述权利要求6-7和10-11中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在50μm-200μm的范围内的厚度。
13.根据权利要求12所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在100μm-150μm的范围内的厚度。
14.根据权利要求13所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有120μm的厚度。
15.根据前述权利要求6-7、10-11和13-14中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在200Pa的压差测量的在25L/m2/s-125L/m2/s的范围内的空气渗透率。
16.根据权利要求15所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在200Pa的压差测量的在40L/m2/s-100L/m2/s的范围内的空气渗透率。
17.根据权利要求16所述的管状膜，其中所述管状基底层具有在200Pa的压差下测量的85L/m2/s的空气渗透率。
18.根据前述权利要求6-7、10-11、13-14和16-17中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述聚合物衬底层具有在5kDa-20kDa的范围内的截留分子量，其中所述截留分子量通过包含聚乙二醇的过滤来确定。
19.根据前述权利要求6-7、10-11、13-14和16-17中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述纵向焊缝具有在0.5mm-2mm的范围内的宽度。
20.根据权利要求19所述的管状膜，其中所述纵向焊缝具有在0.7mm-1.3mm的范围内的宽度。
21.根据前述权利要求6-7、10-11、13-14、16-17和20中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述管状膜的内径在3mm-8mm的范围内。
22.根据权利要求21所述的管状膜，其中所述管状膜的内径在5mm-7mm的范围内。
23.根据权利要求22所述的管状膜，其中所述管状膜的内径为5.5mm。
24.根据前述权利要求6-7、10-11、13-14、16-17、20和22-23中任一项所述的管状膜，其中所述管状膜的横截面是环形形状的或椭圆形形状的。
25.一种装置，所述装置被配置成用于进料流的正向渗透工艺，所述装置包括多个根据前述权利要求6-24中任一项所述的管状膜。
26.根据前述权利要求6-24中任一项所述的管状膜在正向渗透工艺中的用途。
27.根据权利要求26所述的用途，其中所述正向渗透工艺是正向渗透过滤工艺。
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