CN112423916B - 滑动部件及内燃机用部件 - Google Patents

滑动部件及内燃机用部件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112423916B
CN112423916B CN201980047514.3A CN201980047514A CN112423916B CN 112423916 B CN112423916 B CN 112423916B CN 201980047514 A CN201980047514 A CN 201980047514A CN 112423916 B CN112423916 B CN 112423916B
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China
Prior art keywords
particles
copper alloy
precipitation
alloy particles
sliding member
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CN201980047514.3A
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English (en)
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CN112423916A (zh
Inventor
伊泽佳典
荒井淳一
乙部胜则
西村信一
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fukuda Metal Foil and Powder Co Ltd
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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Fukuda Metal Foil and Powder Co Ltd
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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Publication of CN112423916A publication Critical patent/CN112423916A/zh
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/08—Metallic powder characterised by particles having an amorphous microstructure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/008—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of engine cylinder parts or of piston parts other than piston rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
    • B22F5/106—Tube or ring forms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • B32B15/015—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B15/043—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/16—Layered products comprising a layer of metal next to a particulate layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/06—Alloys based on copper with nickel or cobalt as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
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    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
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    • F01L3/04—Coated valve members or valve-seats
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
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    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
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    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
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Abstract

本发明的滑动部件具备基材和形成于该基材上的覆膜层。而且，能够提供覆膜强度高，且具有优异的耐磨损性的滑动部件，所述覆膜层由颗粒集合体构成，所述该颗粒集合体含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒。

Description

滑动部件及内燃机用部件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种滑动部件，更详细而言，涉及一种提高了耐磨损性的滑动部件。
背景技术
铝及铝合金为轻量且高强度的材料，因此，被适用于汽车等的轻量化。但是，铝及铝合金因为耐磨损性低，所以在用于具有滑动部位的内燃机用部件的情况下，对包含铝的基材的表面进行包覆，提高耐磨损性。
专利文献1中公开了将钛、镍、铁、铝、钴、铜等金属颗粒、或包含这些金属的合金颗粒用低温气体吹附于包含铝的基材的表面，通过动能使上述颗粒塑性变形，与基材的表面结合，从而利用上述颗粒包覆基材表面。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本国特表2008-519157号公报
发明所要解决的问题
但是，在专利文献1记载的方法中，如果在吹附于基材的材料颗粒中不含有通过吹附而产生塑性变形的软的金属颗粒，则就不能形成覆膜层。
而且，在添加了碳化钨及氮化硅等硬质颗粒的情况下，不仅软质颗粒中嵌入硬质颗粒，而且颗粒彼此的化学结合弱，因此，不能得到覆膜层的强度，且耐磨损性不充分。
发明内容
本发明是鉴于这种现有技术所具有的问题而创立的，其目的在于，提供一种覆膜层的强度高，且具有优异的耐磨损性的滑动部件。
用于解决问题的技术方案
为了实现上述目的，本发明人反复进行了深入研究，结果发现，通过用组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒形成覆膜层，所述析出固化型铜合金颗粒彼此之间不仅一起塑性变形而物理地结合，而且还形成反应层而化学地结合，直至完成了本发明。
即，本发明的滑动部件具备基材和形成于所述基材上的覆膜层。
而且，其特征在于，所述覆膜层由颗粒集合体构成，所述该颗粒集合体含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒。
另外，本发明的内燃机用部件具有滑动部位。
而且，其特征在于，在所述滑动部位具备所述滑动部件。
发明效果
根据本发明，能够提供一种滑动部件，起由含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的颗粒集合体形成覆膜层，因此，覆膜层的强度，且具有优异的耐磨损性。
附图说明
图1是本发明的滑动部件的概略剖面图。
具体实施方式
(滑动部件)
对本发明的滑动部件进行详细说明。
如图1所示，上述滑动部件具备基材3和形成于该基材上的覆膜层2，上述覆膜层2由含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒21a、21b的颗粒集合体构成。
在本发明中，“组成不同”是指除铜以外的添加元素可以为异种金属，另外也可以为浓度不同的同种金属。
上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒能够通过将过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒通过后述的冷喷涂法吹附于基材表面而形成，由于在固相状态下与基材碰撞时的冲击产生的发热及应力等，超过固溶极限而固溶的成分析出并固化，成为析出固化型铜合金颗粒。
上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒软，且变形能力高，因此，当在固相状态下吹附并与基材表面碰撞时，产生塑性变形，由于局部的发热而熔融，产生原子扩散等，形成扩散层及包含金属间化合物等的反应层，形成析出固化型铜合金颗粒牢固地结合的颗粒集合体，因此，覆膜强度提高。
这样，上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒由于析出固化而硬度变高，并且，形成析出固化型铜合金颗粒彼此牢固结合的颗粒集合体的覆膜层，因此，能够形成耐磨损性优异的滑动部件。
作为上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒，能够使用以铜为主成分，变形能力大，且包含具有能够在铜的晶格中扩散的原子半径的金属元素作为添加元素的合金颗粒。此外，本发明中主成分是指含有80质量％以上的成分。
作为上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒，例如，可举出Cu-Ni-Si系合金颗粒、Cu-Co-Si系合金颗粒、Cu-Cr合金颗粒、Cu-Zr合金颗粒、Cu-Ti合金颗粒等。
其中，就包含Si的合金颗粒而言，Si在表面上扩散，形成SiO2的膜，该膜表现为钝化膜，提高覆膜层的耐腐蚀性，故而能够优选使用。
上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的硬度虽然也取决于其组成，但在常温下优选为200Hv以下。
当上述添加元素的固溶量小，且为结晶颗粒预先析出的硬的铜合金颗粒时，析出的结晶颗粒阻碍铜合金颗粒的变形，变形能力变小，因此，不能吸收碰撞时的应力，铜合金颗粒会破裂，难以形成覆膜层。
上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒能够通过水雾化法进行制作。
具体而言，能够通过使包含超过固溶极限的添加元素的熔融金属流下，并吹附高压水，将上述熔融金属雾化并使其骤冷凝固成颗粒，从而制作出。
上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的平均直径(D50)优选为20μm～40μm。
通过缩小上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的平均粒径，能够形成密实的覆膜，但如果粒径过小，则在吹附时，上述颗粒的动能变小，难以塑性变形，上述颗粒彼此的密合性下降而覆膜层的强度降低。
上述颗粒集合体的至少一种的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的维氏硬度优选为150Hv～250Hv。通过包含硬度在上述范围的析出固化型铜合金颗粒，该颗粒塑性变形，能够形成颗粒集合体。
另外，通过包含较多的上述较软的析出固化型铜合金颗粒，气孔率变小，覆膜强度提高。
上述两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的硬度差优选为200Hv以下，更优选为60Hv以下。
当析出固化型铜合金颗粒的硬度差超过200Hv，则仅软的析出固化型铜合金颗粒塑性变形，硬的析出固化型铜合金颗粒未塑性变形，因此，硬的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的表面温度不会上升，难以引起原子扩散，颗粒集合体的结合力下降而耐磨损性降低。
上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒中的结晶颗粒优选为平均粒径不足1μm的纳米结晶。由于上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒中的结晶颗粒是微细的颗粒，从而覆膜层的强度提高。
上述覆膜层优选截面的气孔率为3面积％以下，优选为1面积％以下。由于气孔少且密实，从而覆膜层的强度提高，耐磨损性提高。
上述覆膜层的截面上的气孔率及析出固化型铜合金颗粒的平均粒径(当量圆直径：具有与颗粒像的反射面积相同的面积的圆的直径)，可以通过图像处理将扫描型电子显微镜图像(SEM像)二进制化，并通过图像解析来计算出。
上述覆膜层的厚度虽然也取决于使用滑动部件的部位的温度及滑动环境，但例如优选为0.05～5.0mm，更优选为0.1～0.5mm。
如果不足0.05mm，则覆膜层本身的强度不足，在基材的强度低的情况下，会引起塑性变形。另外，如果超过5.0mm，则因成膜时产生的剩余应力和界面密合力的关系，覆膜层会容易剥离。
作为上述基材，并没有特别限制，能够使用目前作为内燃机的滑动部件使用的金属，但铝合金的热传导性高，故而能够优选使用。
作为上述铝合金，例如，可举出由日本工业标准规定的AC2A、AC8A、ADC12等。
上述滑动部件耐磨损性优异，能够适用于例如活塞、活塞环、活塞销、缸、曲轴、凸轮轴、及气门挺杆等具有滑动部位的内燃机用部件。
(滑动部件的制造方法)
上述滑动部件能够通过利用冷喷涂法将以铜为主成分且包含组成不同的两种以上的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的原料颗粒吹附于基材表面而进行制造。
上述冷喷涂法是不使过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒熔融或气化而与惰性气体一起以超声速流在固相状态下与基材碰撞而形成覆膜层的方法，与喷涂法等的使材料的金属颗粒熔融而形成覆膜层的方法不同，能够使因热导致的覆膜层的氧化为最小限度。
通过上述冷喷涂法，当固相状态的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒与基材碰撞时，上述颗粒本身及基材3塑性变形，形成塑性变形部22，超过了固溶极限的添加成分析出并固化，成为析出固化型铜合金颗粒21。
而且，动能的一部分被转换成热能，上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒21的表面因局部的发热而熔融并固化，或者产生原子扩散，析出固化型铜合金颗粒彼此结合，形成覆膜层2。
此时，基材3及过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的温度为该固溶体颗粒的熔点以下，因此，局部熔融的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的表面被骤冷，在过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒彼此的界面23形成非结晶或纳米结晶。
而且，上述非结晶或纳米结晶因为应变大且原子容易移动，所以容易引起扩散，结合强度变高。
这样形成的析出固化型铜合金颗粒21的颗粒集合体，其析出固化型铜合金颗粒21的表面局部熔融并固化，覆膜层整体的颗粒集合体结合而一体化。但是，上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒21彼此没有浑然一体(均匀)，而形成界面23，在该界面23附近具有包含非结晶或纳米结晶的塑性变形部22。
这一点，与通过喷涂等将材料的金属颗粒完全熔融或溶解并固化，没有形成上述塑性变形部而成为浑然一体的覆膜层不同。
另外，在上述基材3与上述覆膜层2之间形成包含扩散层或金属间化合物层的中间层4，但因为熔融的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的表面被骤冷，所以比通过喷涂法及烧结而形成时的中间层薄，其膜厚为2μm以下。
上述析出固化型铜合金颗粒界面的非结晶或析出固化型铜合金颗粒中的结晶颗粒能够通过如下方法来确认：利用基于扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的电子束反向散射衍射(EBSD)，将衍射图案投影在检测器面上，根据该投影的图案解析结晶取向。
吹附上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的速度优选为300～1200m/s，更优选为500～1000m/s。在不足300m/s时，使饱和固溶体状态的颗粒塑性变形的应力小，析出固化不充分，气孔率会变大。
另外，吹附上述过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的工作气体的压力优选为2～5MPa，更优选为3.5～5MPa。当工作气体的压力不足2MPa时，难以得到上述颗粒速度。
另外，工作气体的温度虽然也取决于过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒的种类，但优选为400～800℃，更优选为500～700℃。
当工作气体的温度不足400℃时，过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒难以塑性变形，气孔率变大而覆膜强度会降低。另外，当工作气体的温度超过800℃时，强度因氧化会降低。
作为上述工作气体，例如可举出氮气、氦气等，它们可以单独使用一种，也可以混合使用。
实施例
以下，通过实施例对本发明进行详细说明，但本发明不限定于下述实施例。
[实施例1]
在缸盖中的发动机气门的落座部的加工完成状态下，假设目标覆膜层厚度为0.2mm，对铝材(A5056BE-H112)进行前加工，准备铝基材。
将上述铝基材安装于旋转台，一边使旋转台旋转，一边在以下的条件下对以质量比80：20包含通过水雾化法制作的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：(质量％)Cu-3Ni-0.7Si、平均粒径(d50)：27.7μm)和同样通过水雾化法制作的过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：Cu-6Ni-1.4Si、平均粒径(d50)：26.8μm)的原料颗粒进行冷喷涂，形成0.4～0.5mm的覆膜层。
将上述固溶体颗粒的附着率示于表1。
高压型冷喷涂装置：等离子技研工业株式会社制、PCS-1000
工作气体：氮气
腔室内气体压力：4MPa
腔室内气体温度：600℃(碰撞时的颗粒温度约200℃)
颗粒速度：680～720m/s
颗粒供给量：7g/min
将上述覆膜层加工成实际的缸盖中的发动机气门的落座部的形状，作为厚度0.2mm的覆膜层，得到滑动部件。
[实施例2]
除使用以质量比80：20包含过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：Cu-3Ni-0.7Si、平均粒径(d50)：27.7μm)和过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：(质量％)Cu-14Ni-3Si-2V-2.2Cr-1.4Fe-1.2Al、平均粒径(d50)：33.2μm)的原料颗粒之外，其他与实施例1相同地得到滑动部件。
[比较例1]
除单独使用过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：(质量％)Cu-3Ni-0.7Si、平均粒径(d50)：27.7μm)之外，其他与实施例1相同地得到滑动部件。
[比较例2]
除单独使用过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：(质量％)Cu-6Ni-1.4Si、平均粒径(d50)：26.8μm)外，其他与实施例1相同地得到滑动部件。
[比较例3]
除单独使用过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒(组成：(质量％)Cu-14Ni-3Si-2V-2.2Cr-1.4Fe-1.2Al、平均粒径(d50)：33.2μm)外，其他与实施例1相同地得到滑动部件。
(评价)
通过以下的方式对上述滑动部件进行了评价。将评价结果示于表1。
(覆膜组织的观察)
进行基于扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的电子束反向散射衍射(EBSD)，观察覆膜层的组织，确认析出固化型铜合金颗粒中的析出结晶颗粒的组成、气孔率、析出结晶颗粒的粒径及非结晶的有无乃至塑性变形部的有无、以及中间层。
(析出固化型铜合金颗粒的硬度测量)
一边在上述扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的组成像中确认成分的不同，一边在同一视野基于维氏硬度试验(JIS Z 2244)进行测量。
(耐磨损性)
使用高千穗精机株式会社制的阀座磨损试验机，在下述的条件下测量耐腐蚀性试验后的滑动部件的磨损量。
具体而言，使用形状测量装置，获得试验前和试验后的缸盖中的发动机气门的落座部的形状，根据测量4处的磨损量的平均值，计算出相对于比较例1的摩耗比。
对方气门材料：SUH35
试验温度：325℃
上下速度：3000次/min
气门转数：5rpm
就座次数：540000次
[表1]
从表1的结果可知，与析出固化型铜合金颗粒为一种类的比较例相比，形成有含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的覆膜层的实施例的滑动部件的耐磨损性优异。
符号说明
1滑动部件
2覆膜层
21a析出固化型铜合金颗粒
21b析出固化型铜合金颗粒
22塑性变形部
23界面
3基材
4中间层

Claims (7)

1.一种滑动部件，具备基材和形成于所述基材上的覆膜层，其特征在于，
所述覆膜层由颗粒集合体构成，
所述颗粒集合体含有组成不同的两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒，
所述析出固化型铜合金颗粒通过将过饱和固溶体状态的颗粒利用冷喷涂法吹附于基材表面而形成，
所述两种以上的析出固化型铜合金颗粒彼此之间的硬度差为60Hv以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的滑动部件，其特征在于，
形成所述颗粒集合体的至少一种的析出固化型铜合金颗粒的维氏硬度为150Hv～250Hv。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的滑动部件，其特征在于，
所述基材及所述覆膜层的至少一方具有塑性变形部。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的滑动部件，其特征在于，
在构成所述覆膜层的颗粒彼此之间的界面上具有非结晶及纳米结晶中的至少任一方。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的滑动部件，其特征在于，
在所述基材与所述覆膜层之间的至少一部分具备中间层，
所述中间层包含扩散层及金属间化合物层中的至少一方。
6.如权利要求5所述的滑动部件，其特征在于，
所述中间层的膜厚为2μm以下。
7.一种内燃机的滑动部件，其特征在于，
在内燃机的滑动部位具有权利要求1～6中任一项所述的滑动部件。
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