JP7041407B2 - 摺動部材 - Google Patents
摺動部材 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP7041407B2 JP7041407B2 JP2020530822A JP2020530822A JP7041407B2 JP 7041407 B2 JP7041407 B2 JP 7041407B2 JP 2020530822 A JP2020530822 A JP 2020530822A JP 2020530822 A JP2020530822 A JP 2020530822A JP 7041407 B2 JP7041407 B2 JP 7041407B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- metal particles
- corrosion
- sliding member
- hard metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 159
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 144
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 98
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 98
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 19
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- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910020711 Co—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017876 Cu—Ni—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002482 Cu–Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017767 Cu—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017945 Cu—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;cobalt;iron;manganese;methane;molybdenum;nickel;silicon;tungsten Chemical compound C.[Si].[Cr].[Mn].[Fe].[Co].[Ni].[Mo].[W] AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C24/082—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat without intermediate formation of a liquid in the layer
- C23C24/085—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
- B22F2007/042—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method
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- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
- F16C2240/48—Particle sizes
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- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
- F16C2240/60—Thickness, e.g. thickness of coatings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
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Description
また、焼結合金の合金粒子間に形成される空孔が狭小であるため、被膜内部に酸素濃淡電池が形成され、上記空孔が腐食の起点となって被膜内部で腐食が進行し、耐摩耗性を低下させる。
そして、上記被膜が、硬質金属材粒子と該硬質金属材粒子よりも硬度が低い耐食性金属材粒子とを含み、
上記硬質金属材粒子が、少なくともビッカース硬度が600Hv以上1500Hv以下の粒子を含有し、
上記耐食性金属材粒子が、銅を50質量%以上含有する銅合金粒子及びステンレス粒子から選ばれた少なくとも1種の粒子であり、
上記被膜の断面が、上記耐食性金属材粒子の粒子塊中に上記硬質金属材粒子が島状に分散し、上記耐食性金属材粒子の面積率が30%以上、かつ上記硬質金属材粒子の面積率が5%以上であることを特徴とする。
本発明の摺動部材について詳細に説明する。
上記摺動部材1は、図1に示すように、硬質金属材粒子22と該硬質金属材粒子22よりも硬度が低い耐食性金属材粒子21を含む被膜2を基材3上に備え、上記被膜2の断面が、上記耐食性金属材粒子21の粒子塊中に上記硬質金属材粒子22が島状に分散している。
なお、クロムは、鉄よりもイオン化傾向が大きい金属であるが、表面に不動態であるCr2O3の酸化被膜を形成するため、ステンレスのようなクロムを含む合金だけでなく金属単体であっても耐食性が優れる。
上記耐食性金属材粒子のビッカース硬度の下限は、特に制限はないが80Hv以上であることで、耐摩耗性が向上する。
上記摺動部材は、コールドスプレーにより、耐食性金属材粒子と硬質金属材粒子との混合粒子を基材表面に吹き付けて被膜を形成する方法や、上記混合粒子を固めた成形体を焼結した焼結体を基材に圧入する方法等により製造することができる。
作動ガスの温度が400℃未満であると、耐食性金属材粒子が塑性変形し難く空孔率が大きくなって耐食性が低下することがある。また、作動ガスの温度が800℃を超えると、基材に衝突する耐食性金属材粒子が軟らかくなり過ぎ、残留応力が小さくなって被膜が剥離し易くなることがある。
シリンダヘッドにおけるエンジンバルブの着座部の加工完了状態で、狙い被膜厚み0.2mmを想定して、アルミニウム基材(日本工業規格 H 4040 A5056)に溝形成の前加工を行って、アルミニウム基材を作製した。
硬質金属材粒子:強加工Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):89/10
以下の混合粒子を、上記アルミニウム基材を回転させながらに下記条件でコールドスプレーし、厚さ1mmの被膜を形成した。
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):89/10
作動ガス:窒素ガス
ガス温度:600℃、
ガス圧力:4MPa、
粒子速度:680~720m/s
以下の混合粒子を、上記アルミニウム基材を回転させながらに下記条件でコールドスプレーする他は実施例2と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Fe合金粒子(SKH51:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):80/18
作動ガス:窒素ガス
ガス温度:600℃、
ガス圧力:3.5MPa、
粒子速度:650~690m/s
以下の混合粒子を、上記アルミニウム基材を回転させながらに下記条件でコールドスプレーする他は実施例2と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):81/18
作動ガス:窒素ガス
ガス温度:750℃、
ガス圧力:4MPa、
粒子速度:740~780m/s
以下の混合粒子を、φ40の型に入れて1000kNで成形し、φ40×L14mmの圧縮成形体を1000℃で1時間加熱して焼結体を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Ni合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-700:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):82/14
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
耐食性金属材粒子:CaF2添加Cu-2.9Ni-0.7Si合金粒子(平均粒径80μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):57/42
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
耐食性金属材粒子:CaF2添加Cu-2.9Ni-0.7Si合金粒子(平均粒径80μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm、ビッカース硬度905Hv)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe合金粒子(SKH51:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/Co合金粒子/Fe合金粒子(体積比):46/17/28
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
耐食性金属材粒子:CaF2添加Cu-2.9Ni-0.7Si合金粒子(平均粒径80μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe合金粒子(SKH51:平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):39/51
以下の混合粒粒子にステアリン酸亜鉛を1質量%添加して混合し、φ40の型に入れて1000kNで成形し、φ40×L14mmの圧縮成形体を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe+黒鉛拡散Fe合金粒子(平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/Co合金粒子/Fe合金粒子(体積比):15/36/38
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
耐食性金属材粒子:CaF2添加Cu-2.9Ni-0.7Si合金粒子(平均粒径80μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe+黒鉛拡散Fe合金粒子(平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/硬質金属材粒子(体積比):48/42
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
耐食性金属材粒子:Cu合金粒子(平均粒径80μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe+黒鉛拡散Fe合金粒子(平均粒径45μm)
耐食性金属材粒子/Co合金粒子/Fe合金粒子(体積比):10/27/53
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe+黒鉛拡散Fe合金粒子(平均粒径45μm)
Co合金粒子/Fe合金粒子(体積比):36/55
以下の混合粒子を用いる他は実施例5と同様にして摺動部材を得た。
硬質金属材粒子:Co合金粒子(Kennametal社製 Tribaloy T-400:平均粒径45μm)
硬質金属材粒子:Fe+黒鉛拡散Fe合金粒子(平均粒径45μm)
Co合金粒子/Fe合金粒子(体積比):22/68
実施例1~8、比較例1~5の摺動部材を以下の方法で評価した。
評価結果を表1、表2に示す。
走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)による電子線後方散乱回折(EBSD)を行い、って被膜組織中の、海島構造の有無、アモルファスの有無、粒子中の結晶粒径、空孔率、腐食箇所を観察した。実施例2の摺動部材の断面SEM像を図3に示す。
被膜中の耐食性金属材粒子部分及び硬質金属材粒子部分のビッカース硬度を、ビッカース硬さ試験(JIS Z 2244)に準拠して測定・算出した。
0.5質量%の硝酸(液温25℃)中に20時間浸漬し、腐食生成物を除去して重量を測定し、耐食性試験前後の質量から質量減少率を算出した。
アルミ合金基材表面に厚さ8mmで成膜し、被膜部分を切り出した□15mm 厚さ5mmの試料の片面に#1000の耐水ペーパーで研磨を施し、□10mm角を残して、試料極を作製し、白金を対極として、0.5wt%硝酸(25℃)中で、自然電位を測定した。
(耐摩耗性)
高千穂精機株式会社製のバルブシート摩耗試験機を用いて、下記の条件で耐食性試験後の摺動部材の摩耗量を測定した。
具体的には、形状測定装置を用いて試験前と試験後のシリンダヘッドにおけるエンジンバルブの着座部の形状を取得し、4カ所の摩耗量を測定し、平均値を算出して、これを摩耗量とした。
試験温度 :300℃
上下速度 :3000回/min
バルブ回転数:5rpm
着座回数 :540000回
また、粒子同士の界面にアモルファスを有する実施例2~4の摺動部材は、実施例5~8の摺動部材に比して耐食性が優れ、粒子同士の界面にアモルファスを有することで被膜中に凝縮水が侵入しても腐食を防止できることが確認された。
さらに、実施例2~4の摺動部材は、被膜形成時に耐食性金属材粒子が塑性変形し、該粒子中の結晶が微細化し高硬度の被膜を形成できることがわかる。
2 被膜
21 耐食性金属材粒子
22 硬質金属材粒子
23 アモルファス
3 基材
Claims (13)
- 基材上に被膜を備える摺動部材であって、
上記被膜が、硬質金属材粒子と該硬質金属材粒子よりも硬度が低い耐食性金属材粒子とを含み、
上記硬質金属材粒子が、少なくともビッカース硬度が600Hv以上1500Hv以下の粒子を含有し、
上記耐食性金属材粒子が、銅を50質量%以上含有する銅合金粒子及びステンレス粒子から選ばれた少なくとも1種の粒子であり、
上記被膜の断面が、上記耐食性金属材粒子の粒子塊中に上記硬質金属材粒子が島状に分散し、上記耐食性金属材粒子の面積率が30%以上、かつ上記硬質金属材粒子の面積率が5%以上であることを特徴とする摺動部材。 - 上記硬質金属材粒子が、コバルト(Co)、クロム(Cr)、及びニッケル(Ni)から成る群から選ばれた少なくとも一種の金属、又は該金属を含む合金から成り、
上記硬質金属材粒子のビッカース硬度が700Hv以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の摺動部材。 - 上記耐食性金属材粒子の面積率が50%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記耐食性金属材粒子の面積率が80%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記硬質金属材粒子の面積率が、5%以上50%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記耐食性金属材粒子同士の界面、及び、上記耐食性金属材粒子と上記硬質金属材粒子との界面の少なくとも一部にアモルファスを有することを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 空孔率が10面積%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 空孔率が5面積%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 空孔が独立孔であることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記被膜の自然電位が-600mV以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記被膜の自然電位が0mV以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記被膜と上記基材との自然電位の相対差が、1100mV以下であることを特徴とする1~11のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
- 上記基材が、アルミ合金であることを特徴とする請求項1~12のいずれか1つの項に記載の摺動部材。
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EP3825442A4 (en) | 2021-06-30 |
US20210293158A1 (en) | 2021-09-23 |
JPWO2020017003A1 (ja) | 2021-08-02 |
EP3825442A1 (en) | 2021-05-26 |
CN112449657A (zh) | 2021-03-05 |
US11680499B2 (en) | 2023-06-20 |
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