CN112376078A - 一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极 - Google Patents
一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112376078A CN112376078A CN202011235060.3A CN202011235060A CN112376078A CN 112376078 A CN112376078 A CN 112376078A CN 202011235060 A CN202011235060 A CN 202011235060A CN 112376078 A CN112376078 A CN 112376078A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N‑CCA复合电极,其中N‑CCA中包括有底部的碳片和垂直与碳片表面的碳柱状阵列,所述阵列的长度为10‑20微米,直径为0.5‑0.7μm,所述底部的碳片厚度≥20微米,所述Co9S8集中分布与CCA的顶端,呈纳米片花结构,其中CCA通过电化学模板法制备,通过水热法对电极进行硫化和氮化,所述在全解水中使用Co9S8/CCA具有较高的HER和OER催化活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电化学全解水技术领域,涉及使用电化学模板法和水热法制备复合催化电极领域。
背景技术
电解水是一种极具吸引力的制氢技术,具有零碳排放、产品纯度高和储存间歇性可再生能源(如风能和太阳能)的能力,电解水通常在 1.8-2.0 V 的电压下工作,相对于理论上的 1.23 V,使用高效的电解水催化剂可以有效地改善析氢、析氧的动力学缓慢的问题,从而降低过电位。目前最好的析氢和析氧的电催化剂分别是铂基材料和钌或铱的氧化物,但由于其稀缺性和高成本阻碍了它的广泛应用,目前科研工作者主要致力于研究非贵金属催化剂,包括过渡金属化合物,如硫化物、硒化物、磷化物、碳化物、氮化物,合金、氢氧化物、磷酸盐等。然而,目前大多数非贵金属电催化材料的活性和稳定性远不能令人满意。
在实际的水电解中,HER 和 OER 催化剂是在同一种电解液中工作的,这种电解液通常是强酸或强碱溶液,以减小过电位。大多数非贵金属为基础的析氢催化剂(例如:硫化物、磷化物、碳化物和氮化物)在酸性介质中表现出最高的催化活性,而析氧催化剂(例如:过渡金属氢氧化物和氧化物)仅在碱性电解质中表现良好。工作条件的不匹配给寻找合适的催化剂带来了一定困难,如何将这两种电催化剂在一个电解槽中很好地耦合在一起,以实现整体水分解具有一定难度,开发一种能同时有效催化 HER 和 OER 的双功能电催化剂,不但可以简化电解槽的设计,避免不同电催化剂在两个电极上产生有害的交叉效应,而且能够降低器件制造成本。因此,人们致力于开发高性能水电解双功能催化剂,特别是开发创造具有 HER 和 OER 双功能的催化剂成为了当前的研究热点。
CN108816250 A一种纳米棒阵列复合材料及其制备方法和应用,包括如下步骤:
包括以下步骤:
(1):将泡沫镍进行预处理,以去除泡沫镍表面的氧化物;
(2):获得含有钴源、钼源、硫源及水合肼的反应物水溶液;
(3):将泡沫镍置于所述反应物水溶液中,进行水热反应;水热反应温度为180-220℃,优选为200℃,水热反应时间为18-26小时,优选为24小时;
(4):反应结束后,洗涤,干燥,得到Co9S8/MoS2/Ni3S2/NF纳米棒阵列复合材料。
复合材料,以泡沫镍为基底,所述泡沫镍部分硫化形成Ni3S2纳米棒,排列生长于泡沫镍基底上;所述Co9S8及MoS2分别以超薄纳米片的形式生长在所述Ni3S2纳米棒上,所述的Co9S8/MoS2/Ni3S2/NF纳米棒阵列复合材料,能同时催化OER和HER反应,是一种双功能催化剂;由于该材料由超薄纳米片组装而成,具有大的比表面积,多的暴露的活性位点,同时引入导电性良好的泡沫镍作基底,具有良好的导电性和高催化活性;本复合材料通过一步水热法合成,操作简便。
CN109126825 A公开了一种镍掺杂Co9S8纳米片双功能电催化剂及其制备方法,属于全解水制氢技术领域,所述方法包括如下步骤:(1)利用电沉积法在导电柔性基底上沉积Ni-Co纳米片前驱体,(2)以步骤(1)中前驱体为原料,利用水热法制备镍掺杂的Co9S8纳米片,即得。本发明通过简单的电沉积和水热反应法,以导电柔性基底为模板,在其表面上形成了垂直生长的Co9S8纳米片,大幅度增加了纳米片与电解液的有效接触面积,暴露了更多电催化活性位点,同时缩短了离子扩散途径,大大提高了电催化活性。同时,本发明还通过镍掺杂使Co9S8的电子结构得到了有效调控,显著提高了其电子转移效率和导电性。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术中存在的问题,本发明旨在提供一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,本发明通过电化学阳极氧化法制备多孔模板,并在其中填充碳源,获得导电碳片基材,以及垂直分布与所述基材碳片表面的石墨柱状阵列CCA,然后通过第一次水热,在所述CCA表面获得片花状碱式碳酸钴,然后通过第二次水热,对碱式碳酸钴进行硫化,对CCA进行氮化,获得片花状的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,所述Co9S8优先分布与N-CCA的顶端,暴露更多的催化活性位点。
一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极, Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极中N-CCA中包括有底部的碳片和垂直与碳片表面的碳柱状阵列,所述阵列的长度为10-20微米,直径为0.5-0.7μm,所述底部的碳片厚度≥20微米,所述Co9S8集中分布与CCA的顶端,呈纳米片花结构,其中CCA通过电化学模板法制备,通过水热法对电极进行硫化和氮化,所述电极中无粘合剂。
进一步的,所述CCA通过电化学模板法制备包括如下步骤:
(1)以铝材为基材,通过电化学-无电化学的方法在铝材表面形成多孔氧化膜;
(2)以所述多孔氧化膜为硬模板,以沥青树脂聚合物为碳源,将碳源多次重复填充于所述氧化膜孔道内和表面上;
(3)机械打磨步骤(2)获得的材料,使得阳极氧化膜表面的碳层厚度≥阳极氧化膜孔道高度;
(4)强酸腐蚀步骤(3)获得的材料,除去硬模板,洗涤、干燥,获得CCA碳柱状阵列(CarbonColumnarArray)。
进一步的,步骤(1)的电化学过程:以铝或铝合金为阳极,惰性铅材料为阴极,采用10-20wt.%硫酸水溶液为电解液,电流密度1-2A/dm2,时间30-100min,温度20-30oC,所述步骤(1)的无电化学过程:将获得的阳极氧化膜铝材于35oC下,使用5-7wt.%磷酸进行扩孔,时间为40-50min,真空干燥。
进一步的,步骤(2)中沥青树脂聚合物的制备方法如下:将苯甲醛、蒽、浓硫酸装入三口瓶中,使用氮气排空,于135oC持续搅拌条件下获得黑色沥青树脂产物,并使用丙醇反复洗涤、过滤、干燥获得淡黄色粉末固体,将所述淡黄色粉末溶于四氢呋喃中搅拌30min,然后加入步骤(1)中获得的扩孔后的氧化膜铝材,继续搅拌,并辅助抽真空,填充12-24h,然后旋转蒸发得到淡黄色氧化膜铝材,进一步与氮气氛围,800oC下碳化4h,抽真空的真空度为10-20Pa,填充为1-2次
进一步的,所述步骤(4)中的强酸为15wt.%的H2SO4和10wt.%的HNO3,体积比为H2SO4:HNO3=1:1,在搅拌条件下,于100oC回流处理3h。
进一步的,所述水热法包括有第一次水热和第二次水热。
进一步的,将六水合硝酸钴、尿素和氟化铵溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入CCA,进行第一次水热处理,其中六水合硝酸钴、尿素、氟化铵和水的质量比为0.5:0.72:0.25:75
进一步的,第一次水热的温度为120oC,时间为24h
进一步的,第二次将硫代酰胺溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入第一次水热获得的产物CCA,进行第二次水热处理,所述硫代酰胺的浓度为0.15mol/L。
进一步的,第二次水热温度为140oC,时间为6h。
关于制备方法:对基材进行预处理-阳极氧化制备硬模板-填充-抛光-腐蚀最终获得CCA,然后通过一次水热和二次水热获得Co9S8/N-CCA。
(1)关于预处理:无论何种表面处理工艺,要获得好效果,清洁表面是首要的条件,本发明希望获得纳米孔道均匀,厚度一致的阳极氧化膜,因此预处理为获得各向均匀氧化膜的基础,本发明基材经过预处理:脱脂-水洗-酸洗-水洗-碱蚀-水洗-出光-水洗。
其中脱脂溶液:碳酸氢钠45g/ L,碳酸钠45g/ L,温度40oC,工件在进行表面处理之前,必须先除去表面的油污,才能保证转化膜与基体金属的结合强度,保证转化膜化学反应的顺利进行,获得质量合格的转化膜层。
酸洗液:氢氟酸0.02g/L,硫酸4g/ L,表面活性剂1g/ L,温度室温,用酸洗除去表面的污物和氧化物,同时不会发生氢脆,铝合金的酸性脱脂机理是:将铝表面的氧化物溶去,使油污松动,利用水流作用使油污离开金属表面。
碱蚀液:氢氧化钠45 g/L,葡萄糖酸钠1 g/L,温度40oC,时间2-3min,铝合金工件,经过脱脂工艺后,还不能进行转化膜处理,表面一般存在自然氧化膜,加工条纹等缺陷,需要进行腐蚀处理去除自然氧化膜,活化表面。碱性腐蚀是最常用的腐蚀工艺,主要成分是NaOH溶液,它成本低,维护管理容易,用于除去酸洗无法除去的氧化膜。
出光液:350g/L硝酸溶液,时间2-3min,。经酸碱腐蚀后的工件,表面常发暗,这是因为含铜较高的铝合金表面,有铜氧化物的存在,形成黑色挂灰。为使工件表面光亮,通常再在硝酸溶液中进行出光处理。
(2)关于阳极氧化:采用10-20wt.%硫酸水溶液为电解液,电流密度1-2A/dm2,时间30-100min,温度20-30oC,获得阳极氧化膜铝材厚度为10-20微米,孔径集中于500nm以下,孔径较小,如附图1所示,所述孔径不利于后续的填充碳前驱体,因此将获得的阳极氧化膜铝材于35oC下,使用5-7wt.%磷酸进行扩孔,时间为40-50min,真空干燥,以完成阳极氧化膜孔道的扩孔,利于碳前驱体的填充,扩孔过程中,厚度没有明显的降低,或者降低不明显,孔径扩大为0.5-0.7μm,如附图2所示,为扩孔20min的阳极氧化膜孔道硬模板,如附图3所示,为扩孔45min的阳极氧化膜硬模板。
(3)关于前驱体的制备:选择碳前驱体的原则是:分子大小适宜进入阳极氧化膜模板孔道、与孔壁相容性(润湿性、亲水性)较好、分了或孔内进一步聚合物质具有较高的炭化收率等。目前,碳前驱体主要有蔗糖、木糖、葡萄糖、糠醇树脂、酚醛树脂、中间相沥青、蒽、菲、二乙烯基苯以及一些有机溶剂如乙醇、甲醇、甲苯等。把不同的前驱体引入到硬模板的孔道中的方法也有很多种,最常用的主要是溶液浸渍,碳前驱体的类型对最终所得碳材料的结构也有较大的影响。以糠醇为碳前驱体,很容易制备出有序性好的介孔碳;以中间相沥青为碳前驱体时可显著减少材料的微孔率,并且产碳率高;此外,碳前驱体的类型还对最终所得碳材料的石墨化程度有着非常重要的影响,含氧量高的具有松散分子结构的前驱体(如酚醛树脂)经过碳化后可以得到含有大量微孔与较高氧含量的硬质碳材料,它们很难石墨化。不含氧的具有稠环结构的前驱体(如蒽)经过碳化后可以得到较高石墨化程度的介孔碳材料,本发明填充碳希望碳材的微孔率,产碳率高,因此使用沥青树脂聚合物进行填充。
制备方法如下:将苯甲醛、蒽、浓硫酸装入三口瓶中,使用氮气排空,于135oC持续搅拌条件下获得黑色沥青树脂产物,并使用丙醇反复洗涤、过滤、干燥获得淡黄色粉末固体,将所述淡黄色粉末溶于四氢呋喃中搅拌30min,然后加入步骤(1)中获得的扩孔后的氧化膜铝材,继续搅拌,并辅助抽真空,填充12-24h,然后旋转蒸发得到淡黄色氧化膜铝材,进一步与氮气氛围,800oC下碳化4h。
上述过程中需要注意(a)填充过程中需要应当注意温度和水分,避免发生阳极氧化膜的水性封孔现象,孔的封闭会显著降低碳前驱液的填充;(b)搅拌和抽真空为必须手段,由于沥青聚合物的粘稠性,填充过程略有难度,因此必须时刻搅拌,并抽真空,辅助碳前驱体进入孔道,然后进行蒸发,干燥、碳化过程;(c)填充次数依需而定,并非越多越好,充分填充即可。
此外,阳极氧化多孔膜硬模板的质量、碳前驱体填充量、碳化过程,这三个因素,都会很大程度影响纳米碳棒的介观结构。尤其重要的是,碳前驱体的选择。碳前驱体分子能与模板分子发生相互作用来形成有序的介观结构。其次,前驱体分子还必须能够自身相互交联形成一个热固型的高分子网络,通过形成高分子网络才能保证在去除模板工程中抵抗在高温碳化和脱除模板过程中的骨架收缩引起的变形。此外,不同的碳前驱体会经历不同的炭化过程,进而不仅会影响碳棒的介观结构还会影响石墨化程度等微观结构。因此,要求碳前驱体分子必须大小适宜、热稳定性好、具有丰富的经基、其聚合物具有较高的残碳量等特点。
(4)关于打磨:机械打磨为本发明复合材料能够制备为垂直取向CCA复合碳材的关键因素,当填充的碳前驱体过量,阳极氧化膜表面附着有碳材,使得阳极氧化膜表面的碳层厚度≥阳极氧化膜孔道高度,其中位于阳极氧化膜表面的碳材作为基材,在位于阳极氧化膜表面的多孔孔道中的碳垂直于所述碳材,此外,所述碳材还可以为后续的电极制备提供一定的机械强度,避免因为机械强度太低,而使得柱状碳材破碎,柱状碳材相互接触堆垛,通过后续腐蚀除去铝材,获得的垂直取向CCA复合材料,如果直接打磨阳极氧化膜表面的碳层厚度=0,则所述石墨柱状材料无法维持垂直形态。
(5)关于腐蚀,对于阳极氧化铝而言,基材为氧化铝和铝材,由于铝材的两性性质,因此可以使用酸性液或者碱性液进行腐蚀,但是本申请摒弃碱性腐蚀,是由于本发明除了要除去铝材模板,还需要在碳材表面引入大量的亲水自由基,如羟基,氧基等,仅使用碱性腐蚀是不够的,因此使用强酸为15wt.%的H2SO4和10wt.%的HNO3,体积比为VH2SO4:VHNO3 =1:1,在搅拌条件下,于100 oC回流处理3 h,通过强酸腐蚀和回流处理,引入羟基,使得碳材的水溶性变好,在乙醇和水溶液体系下,如附图4,附图9和附图5,获得的规整碳柱材料的俯视图和侧视图。
(6)关于水热:将六水合硝酸钴、尿素和氟化铵溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入CCA,进行第一次水热处理;六水合硝酸钴、尿素、氟化铵和水的质量比为0.5:0.72:0.25:75,硫代酰胺的浓度为0.15mol/L,水热温度为120oC,时间为24h,第一次水热的主要目的在于形成碱式碳酸钴纳米线,第二次水热的目的在硫化碱式碳酸钴和氮化CCA,最终形成纳米片花,反应温度和反应时间直接关系到形成纳米形貌的控制,通常在低温,长时间条件下易于形成纳米线,如附图8所示,在柱状的CCA表面有密集的纳米线包覆,而高温,短时间条件下,易于形成纳米片花,因此第一次水热的温度低于第二次水热温度,第一次水热的时间长于第二次水热时间,最终的Co9S8形态由第二次水热决定,在如附图6,附图7所示,通过两次水热,在CCA的端部明显形成有纳米片花状的,且随着时间的增加,纳米片花的数量在明显的增加。
通过后续的XRD和XPS测试,如附图10,附图11和附图12所示,获得的Co的硫化物为Co9S8。
本发明所述方案具有以下有益效果:
(1)通过模板法制备的CCA碳材的尺寸、大小、形状几乎一致,不存在任何碳柱团聚堆垛现象,且间距可控,表面积可以被有效利用。
(2)纳米片花的Co9S8集中分布于CCA碳材端部,属于边缘活性位,电催化活性更好。
(3)位于CCA底部的碳片能够提供电极的自身强度,因此无需任何粘合剂,电极导电性高。
附图说明
图1为本发明未经过扩孔的阳极氧化膜孔道的SEM图。
图2为本发明经过20min扩孔的阳极氧化膜孔道的SEM图。
图3为本发明经过45min扩孔的阳极氧化膜孔道的SEM图。
图4为本发明CCA碳材料的SEM图。
图5为本发明CCA碳材料的SEM图。
图6为本发明第二次水热2h后Co9S8/N-CCA的SEM图。
图7为本发明第二次水热6h后Co9S8/N-CCA的SEM图。
图8为本发明第一次水热24h后Co9S8/N-CCA的SEM图。
图9为本发明CCA碳材料的SEM图。
图10为本发明Co9S8/N-CCA材料的XRD图。
图11为本发明Co9S8/N-CCA材料的Co 2p3/2的XPS拟合图。
图12为本发明Co9S8/N-CCA材料的S2P的XPS拟合图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)基材经过预处理:脱脂-水洗-酸洗-水洗-碱蚀-水洗-出光-水洗,其中脱脂溶液:碳酸氢钠45g/ L,碳酸钠45g/ L,温度40oC;酸洗液:氢氟酸0.02g/L,硫酸4g/ L,表面活性剂1g/ L,温度室温; 碱蚀液:氢氧化钠45 g/L,葡萄糖酸钠1 g/L,温度40oC,时间2.5min;出光液:350g/L硝酸溶液,时间2.5min 。
(2)以铝材为基材,通过电化学-无电化学的方法在铝材表面形成多孔氧化膜,所述氧化膜的厚度为10-20微米,孔径为0.5-0.7μm,以铝或铝合金为阳极,惰性铅材料为阴极,采用15wt.%硫酸水溶液为电解液,电流密度1.5A/dm2,时间65min,温度25oC,将获得的阳极氧化膜铝材于35oC下,使用6wt.%磷酸进行扩孔,时间为45min,真空干燥。
(3)以所述多孔氧化膜为硬模板,以沥青树脂聚合物为碳源,将碳源多次重复填充于所述氧化膜孔道内和表面上: 将苯甲醛、蒽、浓硫酸装入三口瓶中,使用氮气排空,于135oC持续搅拌条件下获得黑色沥青树脂产物,并使用丙醇反复洗涤、过滤、干燥获得淡黄色粉末固体,将所述淡黄色粉末溶于四氢呋喃中搅拌30min,然后加入步骤(1)中获得的扩孔后的氧化膜铝材,继续搅拌,并辅助抽真空,填充18h,然后旋转蒸发得到淡黄色氧化膜铝材,进一步与氮气氛围,800oC下碳化4h, 抽真空的真空度为10-20Pa,重复填充为2次。
(3)机械打磨步骤(2)获得的材料,使得阳极氧化膜表面的碳层厚度≥阳极氧化膜孔道高度。
(4)强酸腐蚀步骤(3)获得的材料,除去硬模板,洗涤、干燥,获得CCA碳柱状阵列(CarbonColumnarArray):强酸为15wt.%的H2SO4和10wt.%的HNO3,体积比为VH2SO4:VHNO3 =1:1,在搅拌条件下,于100 oC回流处理3 h。
(5)将六水合硝酸钴、尿素和氟化铵溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入CCA,进行第一次水热处理:六水合硝酸钴、尿素、氟化铵和水的质量比为0.5:0.72:0.25:75,水热温度为120oC,时间为24h。
(6)将0.15mol/L硫代酰胺溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入步骤(5)获得的产物CCA,进行第二次水热处理,水热温度为140oC,时间为6h;
(7)冲洗,烘干,获得八硫化九钴氮掺杂碳柱状阵列Co9S8/N-CCA材料。
全解水活性测试:将Co9S8/N-CCA直接作为阴极和阳极,由于碳片基材提供一定机械强度,因此无需导电玻璃或其他导电载体,在N2饱和的1M KOH电解液中分别产生氢气和氧气。
在1.5V的电势下可获得11.2mA/cm-2的电流密度。恒电流(11.2mA/cm-2)条件下测试产生的氢气和氧气产量分别为1.63μmol/min和3.27μmol/min ),氢氧比例接近2:1,这说明整个全水解过程中电子利用率极高,证明了该催化剂的高能量转化率。
以上,虽然通过优选的实施例对本发明进行了例示性的说明,但本发明并不局限于这种特定的实施例,可以在记载于本发明的保护范围的范畴内实施适当的变更。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极中N-CCA中包括有底部的碳片和垂直与碳片表面的碳柱状阵列,所述阵列的长度为10-20微米,直径为0.5-0.7μm,所述底部的碳片厚度≥20微米,所述Co9S8集中分布与CCA的顶端,呈纳米片花结构,其中CCA通过电化学模板法制备,通过水热法对电极进行硫化和氮化,所述电极中无粘合剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于所述CCA通过电化学模板法制备包括如下步骤:
(1)以铝材为基材,通过电化学-无电化学的方法在铝材表面形成多孔氧化膜;
(2)以所述多孔氧化膜为硬模板,以沥青树脂聚合物为碳源,将碳源多次重复填充于所述氧化膜孔道内和表面上;
(3)机械打磨步骤(2)获得的材料,使得阳极氧化膜表面的碳层厚度≥阳极氧化膜孔道高度;
(4)强酸腐蚀步骤(3)获得的材料,除去硬模板,洗涤、干燥,获得CCA碳柱状阵列(CarbonColumnarArray)。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于步骤(1)的电化学过程:以铝或铝合金为阳极,惰性铅材料为阴极,采用10-20wt.%硫酸水溶液为电解液,电流密度1-2A/dm2,时间30-100min,温度20-30oC,所述步骤(1)的无电化学过程:将获得的阳极氧化膜铝材于35oC下,使用5-7wt.%磷酸进行扩孔,时间为40-50min,真空干燥。
4.如权利要求2所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于步骤(2)中沥青树脂聚合物的制备方法如下:将苯甲醛、蒽、浓硫酸装入三口瓶中,使用氮气排空,于135oC持续搅拌条件下获得黑色沥青树脂产物,并使用丙醇反复洗涤、过滤、干燥获得淡黄色粉末固体,将所述淡黄色粉末溶于四氢呋喃中搅拌30min,然后加入步骤(1)中获得的扩孔后的氧化膜铝材,继续搅拌,并辅助抽真空,填充12-24h,然后旋转蒸发得到淡黄色氧化膜铝材,进一步与氮气氛围,800oC下碳化4h,抽真空的真空度为10-20Pa,填充为1-2次。
5.如权利要求2所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于所述步骤(4)中的强酸为15wt.%的H2SO4和10wt.%的HNO3,体积比为H2SO4:HNO3=1:1,在搅拌条件下,于100oC回流处理3h。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于所述水热法包括有第一次水热和第二次水热。
7.如权利要求6所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于将六水合硝酸钴、尿素和氟化铵溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入CCA,进行第一次水热处理,其中六水合硝酸钴、尿素、氟化铵和水的质量比为0.5:0.72:0.25:75。
8.如权利要求7所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于第一次水热的温度为120oC,时间为24h。
9.如权利要求6所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于第二次将硫代酰胺溶于去离子水中,得到前驱体溶液,将前驱体溶液转移至水热釜内,加入第一次水热获得的产物CCA,进行第二次水热处理,所述硫代酰胺的浓度为0.15mol/L。
10.如权利要求9所述的一种用于全解水的Co9S8/N-CCA复合电极,其特征在于第二次水热温度为140oC,时间为6h。
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