CN112335492A - Hybrid sowing method for oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in winter fallow field - Google Patents

Hybrid sowing method for oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in winter fallow field Download PDF

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CN112335492A
CN112335492A CN202011129783.5A CN202011129783A CN112335492A CN 112335492 A CN112335492 A CN 112335492A CN 202011129783 A CN202011129783 A CN 202011129783A CN 112335492 A CN112335492 A CN 112335492A
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oat
rape
smooth
sowing
leaf
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周万海
冯瑞章
魏琴
严宽
姚洋
陈伟
赵善梅
张继红
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Yibin University
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F9/00—Fertilisers from household or town refuse
    • C05F9/04—Biological compost
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for mixed sowing of oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a fallow winter field, which comprises the following steps: seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch varieties without diseases and insect pests; land preparation: selecting a winter fallow field with flat terrain, applying a soil conditioner, ploughing, refining soil, and raking before sowing; mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying a mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil for 2-3 cm; field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping the soil humidity at 40-70%, and performing pest control; harvesting: the oat is harvested in the milk stage, the rape enters the full-bloom stage to the pod-setting initial stage, the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato enters the full-bloom stage, and the oat, the rape and the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato are mixed and harvested. The method provided by the invention can be used for mixed sowing of oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch in the fallow field in winter, can obtain various forage grass at one time, has various varieties and high yield, realizes yield increase and income increase, and effectively solves the problems of low land utilization rate, low crop yield, low processing quality and the like in the prior art.

Description

Hybrid sowing method for oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in winter fallow field
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting oat rape smooth-leaf sweet potatoes, and in particular relates to a method for co-sowing winter fallow field oat rape smooth-leaf sweet potatoes.
Background
In recent years, the animal husbandry is developed rapidly, and the demand for forage grass is rapidly increased, so that the forage grass is in short supply, and the forage grass is severe in winter and spring. Therefore, the development of a new forage grass supply path has important significance for the problems facing the development of the grass-eating animal husbandry at present. One way to solve the problem of forage grass resource shortage is to research and develop high-quality novel feed raw materials, particularly to develop and utilize non-competitive resources such as agricultural wastes, winter fallow fields and the like, so as to relieve the contradiction between grass and livestock.
The southern Sichuan hilly area is regarded as a superior area capable of vigorously developing cold-season animal husbandry, the climate is not suitable for planting common grain crops, the economic benefit is not high, and the shortage of labor force causes local farmers to leave a large amount of field resources idle all the time after harvesting previous crops, so that land resource waste and economic income loss are brought.
At present, the unicast cold-resistant gramineae, leguminous and cruciferae are the main modes for popularizing and cultivating in slack winter, but the obtained pasture is single in variety and low in utilization rate, and due to the influence of annual climate, the pasture is serious in disease and low in yield during the postpartum period, has the problems of difficulty in ensiling and fermentation and the like, and has less mixed sowing research on the pasture. Therefore, the development of a new cultivation mode for forage grass in slack winter fields is a problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the mixed sowing method of the oat, the rape and the smooth leaf vetch in the fallow field, the oat, the rape and the smooth leaf vetch can be mixed-sown in the fallow field, various pastures can be obtained at one time, the yield is high, the yield and income are increased, and the problems of low land utilization rate, low forage grass yield, low processing quality and the like in the prior art are effectively solved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the method for sowing the oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in the winter fallow field in a mixed manner is provided, and comprises the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch varieties without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a winter fallow field with flat terrain, applying a soil conditioner, ploughing, refining soil, and raking before sowing;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying a mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil for 2-3 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth-leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 50-60%, 20-30% and 20-30% of the sowing amount of the seeds;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping the soil humidity at 40-70%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: when the oats enter a milk stage, the rapes enter a full bloom stage to a pod forming initial stage, and the smooth leaf vetch enters a full bloom stage, the oats, the rapes and the smooth leaf vetch are mixed and harvested.
Furthermore, the varieties of oat, rape and smooth-leaf sweet potato are oat sword-shaped passenger, rape-5872 and smooth-leaf sweet potato respectively.
Further, the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of vinasse biochar, 7-10 parts of wheat straw, 12-15 parts of earthworm soil, 30-35 parts of kieselguhr and 9-12 parts of linseed oil residue.
Further, the soil conditioner is prepared by the following method: crushing wheat straws, mixing the crushed wheat straws with other raw materials uniformly, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting for 6-8 days at the temperature of 32-36 ℃ to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 5-7: 10000.
Further, the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 5-8 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 1-3: 2-3: 1-2: 8-10.
Further, the dosage of the soil conditioner is 800-1000 kg/mu.
Furthermore, the dosage of the mixed fertilizer is 1000-1500 kg/mu.
Furthermore, the sowing amount of the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes is respectively 90-100 kg/hm2、1～2kg/hm2And 15-20 kg/hm2。
Furthermore, the sowing amount of the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes is respectively 95.86kg/hm2、1.63kg/hm2And 17.75kg/hm2。
In summary, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a new grass-feeding planting and cultivating mode for the slack winter field, oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch are mixed sowed in the slack winter field, various crops can be obtained at one time, the yield is high, the yield and income are increased, the economic benefit is improved, and the problems of low land utilization rate, low crop yield, low quality and the like in the prior art are effectively solved.
2. Oats are a gramineous plant that is widely popularized and planted by the pasture production industry as a high-grade feed. The rape is an annual herbaceous plant of the brassicaceae, the important non-competitive resource of the winter fallow field is fully utilized for planting and producing the rape for feeding, considerable yield and value can be obtained, and the problems of forage shortage in winter and spring and income reduction caused by low benefit of cold crops can be solved to a certain extent. The smooth leaf vetch is a leguminous perennial or annual herbaceous plant, has a lot of research on the feeding value, is favorable for improving the soil fertilizer due to the strong nitrogen fixation capacity, and has good feeding value when being used as a feeding crop. The reasonable structure of the pasture grass group is related to the high efficiency of the pasture grass for utilizing land resources by mixed planting of gramineous crops, cruciferous crops and leguminous crops, and the reasonable structure can obtain higher yield than a single-broadcast mode. Compared with single-broadcasting, the forage grass mixed sowing technology can improve the compatibility of various forage grass seeds, promote morphological complementation and mutually promote growth and development, thereby improving the yield and quality of forage grass. The mixed sowing can promote the growth, the yield is higher than that of the single sowing, the protein content in the obtained forage is higher, the fiber component content is lower, the taste is better, and the relative feeding value is higher.
3. The soil conditioner obtained by fermenting silicate bacteria is added into soil during soil preparation, so that the soil fertility is improved, nutrients are provided for the growth of crops, and the effect of preventing soil hardening is achieved. The active carbon has a porous structure, can improve the adsorption capacity of soil, has good adsorption effect on moisture and the like, and is slowly released in the growth process of crops for growth; the wheat straws are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matters and the like, and can provide growth elements required by crops after being crushed and fermented, so that the growth of the crops is promoted; the earthworm soil is a good decomposed organic fertilizer and is soil with a granular structure, so that the earthworm soil has a good promoting effect on the growth and development of crops, and can secrete auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, indoleic acid and other plant hormones through the life activities of beneficial microorganisms, so that the growth of the plants is promoted, the metabolism of the plants is regulated, and the granular structure can improve the water retention capacity of the soil; the diatomite has the characteristics of fineness, looseness, light weight, porosity, strong water absorption and permeability, and can play the effects of moisturizing, loosening soil, prolonging the pesticide effect and fertilizer effect time and promoting the growth of crops in soil; the linseed oil residue can improve the soil property, improve the air permeability and have a certain oxygenation effect; adding silicate bacteria for fermentation, wherein the silicate bacteria can dissolve insoluble potassium in potassium-containing minerals for crops to utilize, organic acid substances generated by growth and metabolism of the silicate bacteria can dissolve insoluble potassium and phosphorus in minerals such as feldspar, mica, apatite, ground phosphate rock and the like containing potassium in soil to utilize as crops and thalli, and potassium rich in the thalli is absorbed by the crops after the bacteria die; on the other hand, the produced hormone, amino acid, polysaccharide and other substances promote the growth of crops.
4. The mixed fertilizer obtained by the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer, the potash fertilizer and the decomposed farmyard manure can provide required nutrient elements for the growth of oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch, promote the growth of crops and shorten the growth time; when the fertilizer is matched with a soil conditioner for use, the porous soil structure can prevent soil hardening and avoid slow growth of crops.
5. The method is characterized in that oat, rape and smooth leaf sweet potato are sown in a mixed mode, the problems of serious diseases, low yield and the like in single sowing are solved, more importantly, the problems of sowing in production and subsequent forage grass processing are solved, for example, the single sowing of oat is high in yield, but the forage grass is high in carbohydrate content and insufficient in protein content, after the rape is sown in a single sowing mode, the forage grass is poor in palatability as a feed, high in protein content and low in carbohydrate content, silage processing in a later period is prone to corruption, and single sowing diseases are serious; the single-seed of smooth leaf sweet potato also has high protein content, low carbohydrate content, difficult ensiling processing and low yield, and the growth of the smooth leaf sweet potato can be normally grown only by climbing other plants. In addition, the sweet potatoes can fix nitrogen after mixed sowing, which is beneficial to the growth of the oats and the rapes, and the oats and the rapes provide a climbing attachment for the growth of the sweet potatoes. After mixed sowing, protein and carbohydrate of the forage grass are mutually complementary, the nutrition is reasonable, and the subsequent processing is more convenient.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A method for sowing oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a winter fallow field in a mixed mode comprises the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat sword passengers, rape-5872 and smooth leaf vetch seeds without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a flat-terrain winter fallow field, applying 800 kg/mu of soil conditioner, ploughing, finely dividing the soil, and harrowing before sowing; the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of vinasse biochar, 7 parts of wheat straw, 12 parts of earthworm soil, 30 parts of diatomite and 9 parts of linseed oil residue; the soil conditioner is prepared by the following method: crushing wheat straws, mixing with other raw materials, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting at 32 ℃ for 6 days to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 5: 10000;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying 1000 kg/mu of mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil by 2 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 50 percent, 25 percent and 25 percent of the sowing amount of the seeds; the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 5 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 1:2:1: 8;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping soil humidity at 40%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: harvesting oat in the milk ripeness stage, rape in the full bloom stage, and sweet potato in the full bloom stage, and mixing to harvest 3 kinds of forage grass
Example 2
A method for sowing oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a winter fallow field in a mixed mode comprises the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat sword passengers, rape-5872 and smooth leaf vetch seeds without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a flat-terrain winter fallow field, applying 900 kg/mu of soil conditioner, ploughing, finely dividing the soil, and harrowing before sowing; the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 21 parts of vinasse biochar, 8 parts of wheat straw, 13 parts of earthworm soil, 31 parts of diatomite and 10 parts of linseed oil residue; the soil conditioner is prepared by the following method: crushing wheat straws, mixing with other raw materials, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting at 33 ℃ for 7d to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 6: 10000;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying 1100 kg/mu of mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil by 2 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 55 percent, 25 percent and 20 percent of the sowing amount of the seeds; the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 6 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5:2:1.5: 9;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping soil humidity at 50%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: harvesting oat in the milk ripeness stage, rape in the full bloom stage, and sweet potato in the full bloom stage, and mixing to harvest 3 kinds of forage grass
Example 3
A method for sowing oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a winter fallow field in a mixed mode comprises the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat sword passengers, rape-5872 and smooth leaf vetch seeds without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a flat-terrain winter fallow field, applying 950 kg/mu of soil conditioner, ploughing, finely dividing the soil, and harrowing before sowing; the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 23 parts of vinasse biochar, 9 parts of wheat straw, 14 parts of earthworm soil, 33 parts of diatomite and 11 parts of linseed oil residue; the soil conditioner is prepared by the following method: crushing wheat straws, mixing with other raw materials, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting at 34 deg.C for 7d to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 6: 10000;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying 1300 kg/mu of mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil by 3 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 54 percent, 24 percent and 22 percent of the sowing amount of the seeds; the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 7 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 2:2.5:1.5: 9;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping soil humidity at 60%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: oat reaches milk maturity stage, rape reaches pod bearing stage, and smooth leaf sweet potato reaches full flowering stage, and 3 kinds of pasture are harvested by mixing.
Example 4
A method for sowing oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a winter fallow field in a mixed mode comprises the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat sword passengers, rape-5872 and smooth leaf vetch seeds without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a winter fallow field with flat terrain, applying 1000 kg/mu of soil conditioner, ploughing, finely dividing the soil, and harrowing before sowing; the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of vinasse biochar, 10 parts of wheat straw, 15 parts of earthworm soil, 35 parts of diatomite and 12 parts of linseed oil residue; the soil conditioner is prepared by the following method: crushing wheat straws, mixing with other raw materials, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting at 36 ℃ for 8d to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 7: 10000;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying 1500 kg/mu of mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil by 3 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 60 percent, 20 percent and 20 percent of the sowing amount of the seeds; the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 8 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 3:3:2: 10;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping soil humidity at 70%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: oat is harvested in the milk maturity stage, rape is harvested in the pod bearing stage, smooth leaf sweet potato is harvested in the full bloom stage, and 3 kinds of pasture are harvested in a mixing mode.
Examples of the experiments
The random block arrangement is adopted, the total area is 15 cells, and each cell area is 12m2All the cells are distributed in the same field, the cell interval is 50cm, seeding is carried out in the cells, the seeding condition is shown in table 1, each group is repeated for 3 times, and the seeding is carried out in 11 months in 2018 according to the method shown in the embodiment 3. The previous crop in the test field is the brewing glutinous red sorghum in Yibin areas.
TABLE 1 basic conditions of sowing
Figure BDA0002734770010000091
And respectively measuring the plant height, the yield (dry weight and fresh weight), the protein content, the fiber component content and the energy relative feeding value of the harvested oat, rape and smooth-leaf sweet potato crops, and the results are shown in tables 2-4. The measurement methods were as follows:
(1) and (3) measuring the forage grass yield: the plant height of the crop material is measured in 2019 in 4-month and 3-day, and the grass yield (the milk stage of oat, the flowering stage of rape to the initial stage of podding, and the full-bloom stage of smooth leaf vetch) is measured by mowing in 4-month and 5-day.
Randomly framing a 1m by 1m sample square frame in a cell, randomly selecting 15 forage grass plants of the same species from the sample square frame, measuring the natural height from the top of the plant to the ground, and calculating the average plant height. And (3) randomly framing in a cell by using a square frame with the same specification, mowing and weighing, respectively weighing the fresh weights of the oat, the rape and the smooth-leaf sweet potato in a mixed sowing mode, and keeping the stubble height of 3cm during mowing. After the fresh weight is measured, all the materials are cut into 1-2cm small sections, the small sections are subjected to enzyme deactivation at 105 ℃, then the small sections are dried at 60 ℃ to constant weight, and the dry mass is calculated.
(2) And (3) measuring the quality of the feed: and (4) mowing and measuring indexes such as feeding quality (the proportion of the same substance basis) on the test material in 2019, 12 and 1.
The protein content, the neutral detergent fiber content and the acid detergent fiber content are determined and analyzed by measuring the dry matter content and then crushing the sample and sieving the sample through a 40-mesh sieve (with the aperture of 0.355 mm). The coarse ash content is determined by high temperature firing. RFV is calculated by the formula:
RFV (relative feed value) ═ DDM value x DMI value)/1.29
Note: DDM% (digestible dry matter) 88.9-0.779 ADF% (acid scoured fibers); DMI% (feed intake of dry matter of forage grass) 120/NDF% (neutral detergent fiber).
TABLE 2 plant heights of crops with different sowing modes
Figure BDA0002734770010000101
Note: the same column of numbers followed by different lower case letters indicates significant differences (P < 0.05), as follows.
TABLE 3 crop yield x10 for different co-sowing patterns3kg·hm-2
Figure BDA0002734770010000102
TABLE 4 quality content of crops treated by different mixed sowing modes on the same dry matter basis
Figure BDA0002734770010000103
Figure BDA0002734770010000111
As can be seen from table 2, in the oat/rape co-seeding, the height of the oat plant is increased by 7.52% compared with that in the single-seeding, the difference is significant, but the difference between the height of the oat plant in the oat/rape/smooth leaf vetch co-seeding treatment and the single-seeding is not significant; the unicast rape plant height is the highest in all treatments, but the difference of the rape plant heights in the two mixed sowing treatments is not obvious; the height of the single-broadcast smooth-leaf sweet potato after being artificially straightened reaches 83.9cm, but the single-broadcast smooth-leaf sweet potato grows on creeping ground without a support, the natural plant height is only 20-30 cm, and the single-broadcast smooth-leaf sweet potato can climb up after being mixed with oat and rape to grow, so that the plant height is improved by nearly 12.11%. The average total plant heights of the oat/rape mixed sowing and the oat/rape/smooth leaf sweet potato mixed sowing are respectively 91.25cm and 92.35cm, which are both obviously higher than those of the unicast oat and the unicast smooth leaf sweet potato and are obviously lower than those of the unicast rape. Therefore, the grass layer structures of the two mixed broadcast modes can be separated from each other and are obviously changed compared with the single broadcast.
As can be seen from Table 3, compared with unicast rape and unicast smooth leaf sweet potato, the mixed sowing of oat/rape/smooth leaf sweet potato has the fresh weight respectively and remarkably increased by about 129.33% and 1134.31%, the dry weight respectively and remarkably increased by about 21.90% and 570.46%, but compared with unicast oat, the fresh weight is decreased by about 12.53%, and the dry weight is decreased by about 17.37%. The stem sections of the unicast smooth-leaf potatoes are soft and crawl the ground to grow, and in addition, the climate humidity in winter is high, so that only the stems are left after the leaves are rotten basically, and the yield is obviously reduced. The mixed sowing yield of oat/rape/smooth leaf sweet potato is higher.
As can be seen from table 4, the CP content and SP content in the mixed-seeding mode are both improved compared to the unicast oat; and between the two mixed sowing modes, the mixed sowing content of the oat/rape/smooth leaf sweet potato is higher. Both co-sown feeds have similar ash content, but both are lower than unicast oats. The fiber content of the mixed sowing is lower than that of the unicast oat fiber, the unicast smooth-leaf vetch fiber is most likely to cause blade rot due to creeping growth of the unicast and leave fiber-rich stems, but the fiber-rich stems are introduced into the mixed sowing of the oat/rape/smooth-leaf vetch, and the stem can be attached to the growth of the oat and rape to harvest a large number of blades, so that the total fiber content of the mixed sowing mode is lower than that of the mixed sowing of the oat and rape, and the mouth feel is better. The palatability of the unicast rape is better, and one of the reasons that the mixed sowing is worse than the unicast rape is that the rape occupation ratio in the mixed sowing is small, so that the stalks are thicker than the unicast rape, the fibers are higher, and the grassiness is worse. The RFV value of unicast rape is highest, but the yield of unicast is low, so that the RFV value is not superior; the energy indexes of the two kinds of mixed sowing are higher than those of unicast oats and unicast potatos, the oat/rape mixed sowing is higher in total digestible nutrient aspect, but the palatability is low, so that the feed intake is low and the actual nutrient intake is less, the RFV value of the oat/rape/potatos mixed sowing is 8.65% higher than that of the oat/rape mixed sowing, and the oat/rape mixed sowing is only 0.97% higher than that of the unicast oats.
While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should not be construed as limited by the scope of the present patent. Various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without inventive step within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (9)

1. A method for sowing oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in a winter fallow field in a mixed mode is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) seed selection: respectively selecting full-seed oat, rape and smooth-leaf vetch varieties without diseases and insect pests;
(2) land preparation: selecting a winter fallow field with flat terrain, applying a soil conditioner, ploughing, refining soil, and raking before sowing;
(3) mixing seeds: respectively sowing oat seeds, rape seeds and smooth-leaf vetch seeds in soil, applying a mixed fertilizer, and covering fine soil for 2-3 cm; wherein the oat seeds, the rape seeds and the smooth-leaf sweet potato seeds respectively account for 50-60%, 20-30% and 20-30% of the sowing amount of the seeds;
(4) field management: weeding, applying nitrogen fertilizer after seedling emergence, watering, keeping the soil humidity at 40-70%, and performing pest control;
(5) harvesting: the oat is harvested in the milk stage, the rape enters the full-bloom stage to the pod-setting initial stage, the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato enters the full-bloom stage, and the oat, the rape and the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato are mixed and harvested.
2. The method for sowing the oat, rape and smooth leaf sweet potato together in the fallow field as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the varieties of the oat, the rape and the smooth leaf sweet potato are respectively oat sword-shaped passenger, rape-5872 and the smooth leaf sweet potato.
3. The method for sowing both oat and purple sweet potato in winter fallow field according to claim 1, wherein the soil conditioner comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of vinasse biochar, 7-10 parts of wheat straw, 12-15 parts of earthworm soil, 30-35 parts of kieselguhr and 9-12 parts of linseed oil residue.
4. The method for sowing both oat and potato in fallow field as claimed in claim 3, wherein said soil conditioner is prepared by the following steps: crushing wheat straws, mixing the crushed wheat straws with other raw materials uniformly, adding silicate bacteria, and fermenting for 6-8 days at the temperature of 32-36 ℃ to obtain a soil conditioner; wherein the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silicate bacteria to the soil conditioner is 5-7: 10000.
5. The method for sowing the oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in the fallow field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixed fertilizer is prepared by the following method: uniformly mixing a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer and a decomposed farmyard manure, and standing at room temperature for 5-8 days to obtain a mixed fertilizer; wherein the weight ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer to the potash fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 1-3: 2-3: 1-2: 8-10.
6. The method for sowing both oat and purple sweet potato in winter fallow field according to claim 1, wherein the amount of said soil conditioner is 800-1000 kg/mu.
7. The method for sowing both oat, rape, smooth leaf and sweet potato in winter fallow field according to claim 1, wherein the dosage of the mixed fertilizer is 1000-1500 kg/mu.
8. The method for sowing the oat, rape and purple sweet potato together in the fallow period of the winter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sowing amount of the oat seed, the rape seed and the purple sweet potato is 90-100 kg/hm2、1～2kg/hm2And 15-20 kg/hm2。
9. The method for sowing both oat seed and smooth leaf potato in fallow field of claim 8, wherein the sowing amount of said oat seed, rape seed and smooth leaf potato is 95% respectively.86kg/hm2、1.63kg/hm2And 17.75kg/hm2。
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