CN112254707B

CN112254707B - Gradient measuring device and method

Info

Publication number: CN112254707B
Application number: CN202011077755.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 莫微; 吴方宁; 谭勇华; 陈琛; 张华�; 陈吉森; 王德刚; 潘珊; 徐吉宏; 陈臻
Original assignee: HANGZHOU REGIONAL CENTER FOR SMALL HYDRO POWER (HRC); Second Institute of Oceanography MNR
Current assignee: HANGZHOU REGIONAL CENTER FOR SMALL HYDRO POWER (HRC); Second Institute of Oceanography MNR
Priority date: 2020-10-10
Filing date: 2020-10-10
Publication date: 2023-03-14
Anticipated expiration: 2040-10-10
Also published as: CN112254707A

Abstract

The invention discloses a gradient measuring device, and belongs to the field of measuring instruments. The three-side measuring ruler comprises a triangular three-side measuring ruler, wherein a leveling device is arranged on each side of the three-side measuring ruler, the triangular three-side measuring ruler is connected through a connecting hinge, and a foot ruler vertical to the connecting hinge is arranged at the center of the connecting hinge. The device simple structure, maneuverability is strong, and application scope is wide, can reduce the error that local unevenness arouses. The invention also provides a gradient measuring method, which is simple in measurement and can obtain a measuring result with higher precision through simple calculation.

Description

Gradient measuring device and method

Technical Field

The invention relates to a slope measuring device and a slope measuring method, and belongs to the technical field of surveying and mapping.

Background

In the measurement work, often touch the slope that needs to detect building or topography and geomorphology, traditional gradiometer service conditions are limited, when meetting unevenness's slope, lay the measurement in different positions of instrumental survey, and the calculation result standard deviation is great after many times of measurement. Some slope gauges require that an instrument must be parallel to a slope line, and the difficulty in grasping the slope line during actual measurement is high.

Those skilled in the art have endeavored to develop a new grade measuring device to solve these technical problems.

Disclosure of Invention

The problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: the slope measuring device and the slope measuring method have the advantages of strong applicability, simple structure, convenience in measurement, high measuring precision and easiness in being adopted by a measured person.

In order to solve the above-described technical problem, a first aspect of the present invention provides a gradient measuring apparatus, including:

at least one triangular ruler, the triangular ruler is enclosed by the first measuring ruler, the second measuring ruler and the third measuring ruler, and the three measuring rulers are configured as follows: the angle between each measuring ruler and the measuring ruler connected with the measuring ruler is variable, and each measuring ruler can stretch and retract;

each foot ruler is connected with one corner vertex of the triangular ruler, and at least two foot rulers are movably connected with the corresponding corner vertices and can be locked.

In some embodiments, all three feet are removably connected and lockable with the corresponding vertices.

In some embodiments, the first, second and third scales are each provided with independent scales; each foot ruler is provided with independent scales.

In some embodiments, the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape adopt double-layer tapes; the double-layer ruler of each measuring ruler is connected by at least one lantern ring and can generate relative displacement so as to enable the measuring ruler to stretch and contract.

In some embodiments, the first, second and third scales are each fitted with levelling means, each having a levelling axis parallel to the scale on which it is carried.

In some embodiments, the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape are connected with each other by a circular connecting hinge.

In some embodiments, the foot rule is in the shape of a round rod, the middle of the round connecting hinge is in the shape of a hollow round tube, and the round connecting hinge is sleeved on the foot rule and can be locked with the foot rule.

In some embodiments, the connection part of the circular connection hinge and the corresponding foot ruler is provided with a bolt fixer.

In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gradient measuring method for performing measurement by using the gradient measuring apparatus, including the steps of:

(1) The first measuring ruler, the second measuring ruler and the third measuring ruler are stretched to enable each measuring ruler to be adjusted to be proper in length and fixed;

(2) Erecting a measuring device on a slope surface to be measured, and adjusting the heights of the three foot rulers so as to enable the first measuring ruler, the second measuring ruler and the third measuring ruler to be kept horizontal;

(3) Respectively recording the respective lengths of the first measuring ruler, the second measuring ruler and the third measuring ruler;

(4) Respectively recording the heights of the three foot rulers below the triangular ruler;

(5) And calculating to obtain a gradient measuring result.

The gradient measurement is calculated by the following steps:

(5.1) calculating the projection lengths of the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape on the slope surface by using the pythagorean theorem;

(5.2) calculating the area enclosed by the triangular ruler by using a Helen formula, and recording the area as a first area; calculating the area of the projection surface of the triangular ruler on the slope surface to be measured, and recording the area as a second area;

(5.3) calculating a cosine value of the slope from the first area and the second area by using an area projective theorem;

and (5.4) obtaining a gradient value according to the cosine value by using an inverse trigonometric function.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the gradient measuring device is simple in structure, strong in operability and wide in application range, and can avoid the problem of inaccurate measurement caused by local uneven ground; the specific position of a slope line does not need to be found, the slope measurement is simple, and a measurement result with higher accuracy can be obtained through a small amount of calculation.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a slope measuring device according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method for using the slope measuring device in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the slope measurement method of the present invention.

In the above fig. 2 and 3: A. 5363 the three points B, C are the three corner points of the triangle surrounded by the trilateral measuring ruler of the triangle ruler; a. and the three points b and c are three angular points corresponding to the projection triangle of the triangle ABC on the measured slope surface.

The reference numerals in fig. 1 above are as follows:

110. measuring rule

111. Upper layer ruler

112. Lower layer ruler

113. Lantern ring

114. Level gauge

120. Measuring ruler

121. Upper layer ruler

122. Lower layer ruler

130. Measuring ruler

210. Round connecting hinge

211. Connecting hinge upper ring

212. Connecting hinged lower ring

213. Bolt fixer

220. Round connecting hinge

230. Round connecting hinge

310. Foot ruler

320. Foot ruler

330. Foot ruler

Detailed Description

Unless otherwise defined, technical or scientific terms used in the claims and the specification of this patent shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this patent belongs.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the terms "first," "second," and the like do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms "a" or "an," and the like, do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one. In the description of this patent, unless otherwise indicated, "a plurality" means two or more. The word "comprising" or "having", and the like, means that the element or item appearing before "comprises" or "having" covers the element or item listed after "comprising" or "having" and its equivalent, but does not exclude other elements or items.

In the description of this patent, it is to be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "horizontal," "lateral," "longitudinal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "axial," "radial," "circumferential," and the like are used in the orientations and positional relationships indicated in the drawings to facilitate the description of the patent and to simplify the description, but are not intended to indicate or imply that the referenced device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and are not to be considered limiting of the patent.

The invention provides a gradient measuring device which mainly comprises a triangular ruler and three foot rulers. Wherein, the triangle-shaped chi is enclosed by first measuring tape, second measuring tape, third measuring tape, and the contained angle of every two measuring tape junctions can change, and every measuring tape self can stretch out and draw back so that length change. Therefore, the triangular ruler can be deformed into triangles with various shapes, and the requirement of measurement is met.

Each foot ruler is connected with one corner top of the triangular ruler, and at least two foot rulers are movably connected with the corresponding corner tops and can be locked. Preferably, all three feet are movably connected to the respective vertices and can be locked to maximize the adaptability of the measuring device to the measured slope.

After the triangular ruler in the measuring device is fixed in shape, the length of each measuring ruler needs to be read according to the measuring method, and the ruler amount can be used. Preferably, each measuring tape is provided with independent scales, and the length value of the measuring tape can be conveniently read when the measuring tape is stretched to any length. After the foot ruler and the triangular ruler are locked, the height from the locked position to the bottom is also read. Preferably, each foot ruler is provided with independent scales, so that reading is facilitated.

The extension and retraction of the measuring ruler can be realized in various forms. One preferred form is: every measuring tape all adopts the double-deck chi of flat superpose to be in the same place, and the double-deck chi of every measuring tape relies on one to two lantern ring to be connected, takes place relative displacement between two flat chi, and the length of this measuring tape has just changed. The length of the single measuring tape may vary from one to two times the length of the double layer tape. The lantern ring can also be provided with a locking piece, when the length of the measuring tape reaches the required length, the locking piece is fixed, so that the two double-layer tapes of the measuring tape do not generate relative displacement any more, and the length of the measuring tape keeps constant.

The measuring ruler can be stretched and retracted in a double-layer flat ruler manner, and can also be in a double-pipe (flat pipe or round pipe) nested manner with similar pipe diameters. The pipe with thicker pipe diameter is sleeved outside the pipe with thinner pipe diameter, so that the lantern ring used for fixing in the previous example can be omitted.

When measuring, the measuring ruler is required to be horizontal. For ease of handling, levelling devices are mounted on each measuring rod, the levelling axis of each levelling device being parallel to the measuring rod carrying it. Preferably, the leveling device adopts a level, the technology is mature, stable and reliable, and the use habit of technicians in the industry is met.

The three measuring rulers are movably connected in pairs. Meanwhile, the foot rulers are movably connected and fixed with the foot rulers. The use of a circular connecting hinge is an ideal way. Each circular connecting hinge consists of an upper ring and a lower ring which can rotate relatively. And then combining the double-layer flat rulers of the measuring ruler, wherein the upper layer ruler of each measuring ruler is connected with the upper ring of the circular connecting hinge at one end, and the lower layer ruler of each measuring ruler is connected with the lower ring of the other circular connecting hinge at the other end, and so on. Therefore, the included angle between the two measuring rulers changes correspondingly along with the relative rotation of the upper ring and the lower ring of the same connecting hinge.

The foot ruler is preferably in a hollow round bar shape, is hollow and light, and is convenient to carry to field use; the round bar has high strength, is not easy to bend, and is firm and durable. The middle of the round connecting hinge is hollow and round, the inner wall of the round connecting hinge is provided with a bolt fixer, the round connecting hinge is sleeved on the foot ruler, and the foot ruler can move up and down in the round connecting hinge in the vertical direction. After the bolt fixer is screwed, the round connecting hinge is locked with the foot ruler. At the moment, the triangular ruler is in a horizontal state, the three foot rulers are in a vertical state, and the respective length values of the three foot rulers can be read and recorded.

In order to make the technical means, the technical features, the technical goals and the technical effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described by taking a preferred embodiment as an example with reference to the drawings.

Example 1

Structure of gradient measuring device

Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing an overall structure of the gradient measuring apparatus according to the present embodiment. The slope measuring device has a triangular ruler which is enclosed by measuring ruler 110, measuring ruler 120 and measuring ruler 130 in an end-to-end connection. The measuring rule on each side is of a double-layer structure. Taking the measuring tape 110 as an example, it comprises an upper layer tape 111 and a lower layer tape 112, which are overlapped and connected together by a collar 113. The upward surfaces of the upper layer rule 111 and the lower layer rule 112 are marked with scales for measuring the length. The upper ruler 111 and the lower ruler 112 can slide relatively, so that the total length of the measuring ruler 110 can be changed. A round tube type leveling instrument 114 is arranged on the side of the upper ruler 111, and the axis of the round tube is parallel to the measuring ruler 110 and is used for observing the horizontal state of the measuring ruler 110. The measuring tape 120 comprises an upper layer 121 and a lower layer 122, which are also connected together by a connecting ring.

The measuring tape 110 and the measuring tape 120 are connected by a circular connecting hinge 210 so that the included angle between the measuring tape 110 and the measuring tape 120 can be changed. More specifically, upper scale 111 of scale 110 is connected to upper hinge ring 211 and lower scale 122 of scale 120 is connected to lower hinge ring 212. Similarly, ruler 120 is connected to ruler 130 by a circular hinge 220 and ruler 130 is connected to ruler 110 by a circular hinge 230. The included angle between the measuring rulers is variable, and the length of each measuring ruler is variable, so that the shape of the triangular ruler has great freedom degree, and the triangular ruler is suitable for the requirements of various test occasions.

A circular through hole is formed at the center of the circular connection hinge 210, and a cylindrical foot rule 310 is vertically inserted into the circular through hole, with a bolt holder 213 therebetween. The foothold 310 is moved up and down to make the bottom portion land, and then the bolt holder 213 is locked, so that the foothold 310 is fixed to the triangular rule. Similarly, the foot rule 320 is fixed to the circular connecting hinge 220, and the foot rule 330 is fixed to the circular connecting hinge 230, so that the whole slope measuring device can start reading after the shape is static.

Measuring method of gradient measuring device

In conjunction with fig. 1 and 2, the slope measuring device provided in this embodiment is used to measure a slope, and first, the length of each measuring tape is arbitrarily adjusted. For example, for the measuring tape 110, the length of the measuring tape 110 is fixed by loosening the sleeve 113, adjusting the relative position between the upper and

lower tapes

111 and 112, and fixing the sleeve 113 again. Then, the lengths of the measuring tape 120 and the measuring tape 130 are respectively adjusted in sequence, and finally, the triangle ABC in the figure 2 is formed.

After the shape of the triangular ruler is fixed, the slope measuring device is placed at the slope surface position to be measured shown in fig. 2, the three bolt fixing devices are unscrewed to adjust the height of the foot ruler, so that after the water level of each measuring ruler is located at the indicated horizontal position, all the bolt fixing devices are screwed down, and finally the readings of the trilateral measuring ruler and the three foot ruler are respectively read. And recording the length of the measuring ruler between the two bolt holders as the reading of the measuring ruler, and recording the length of the foot ruler below the bolt holders as the reading of the foot ruler.

Gradient calculation method

The measurement principle of the device is further explained below with reference to fig. 3, which fig. 3 is a schematic view of the measurement reading. According to the measuring method of the slope measuring device, the triangle ABC is in a horizontal state, and the reading of the triangular trilateral measuring ruler (measuring ruler 120, measuring ruler 130 and measuring ruler 110) in FIG. 2 is the length of three sides AB, BC and AC of the triangle ABC, which are respectively marked as L _AB 、L _BC 、L _AC . Let the slope be DEFG, the projection of Δ ABC on DEFG is Δ ABC, and the readings of three footgauges (footgauge 310, footgauge 320 and footgauge 330) in FIG. 2 are that three vertexes of Δ ABC correspond to three vertices of Δ ABCThe distances between the vertices are denoted L _Aa 、L _Bb 、L _Cc . According to the pythagorean theorem, the lengths of three sides of the projection Δ abc are respectively as follows:

according to the Helen formula, the area of the triangle can be obtained by using the known three-side length of the triangle, and the area S of the two triangles can be obtained _△ABC And S _△abc If the included angle between the slope and the horizontal plane is alpha, according to the area projection theorem, the method comprises the following steps:

after the cos alpha value is obtained, the gradient can be obtained through simple inverse trigonometric function calculation. Above calculation process, usable computer programming calculates, substitutes behind the measured data of original measuring tape and foot chi, can obtain the slope numerical value, convenient and fast has removed the loaded down with trivial details and the mistake of manual calculation from.

The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions that can be obtained by a person skilled in the art through logical analysis, reasoning or limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concepts of the present invention should be within the scope of protection determined by the claims.

Claims

1. A slope measurement method characterized by measuring a slope using a measurement device comprising:

at least one triangular trilateration ruler, the triangular trilateration ruler being enclosed by a first ruler, a second ruler, a third ruler, the three rulers configured to: the angle between each measuring ruler and the measuring ruler connected with the measuring ruler is variable, and each measuring ruler can stretch and retract;

each foot ruler is connected to one corner vertex of the triangular trilateral measuring ruler, and at least two foot rulers are movably connected with the corresponding corner vertices and can be locked;

the measuring method comprises the following steps:

(2) Erecting the measuring device on a slope surface to be measured, and adjusting the heights of the three foot rulers so as to enable the first measuring ruler, the second measuring ruler and the third measuring ruler to be kept horizontal;

(3) Respectively recording the respective lengths of the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape;

(5) And calculating to obtain a gradient measurement result according to the following substeps:

2. A slope measuring method according to claim 1, wherein all three of said footgauges are removably attached and lockable to the respective vertices.

3. A slope measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape are provided with respective scales; each foot ruler is provided with independent scales.

4. The slope measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape are double-layer tapes; the double-layer ruler of each measuring ruler is connected by at least one lantern ring and can generate relative displacement so as to enable the measuring ruler to stretch and contract.

5. A method of slope measurement according to claim 1 wherein the first, second and third scales are fitted with levelling means, each having a levelling axis parallel to the scale on which it is carried.

6. A slope measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the first measuring tape, the second measuring tape and the third measuring tape are connected with each other by a circular connecting hinge.

7. The slope measuring method according to claim 6, wherein the foot rule is in a shape of a round rod, the middle of the circular connecting hinge is in a shape of a hollow round tube, and the circular connecting hinge is sleeved on the foot rule and can be locked with the foot rule.

8. The slope measuring method according to claim 7, wherein a bolt fixing device is arranged at a connecting part of the circular connecting hinge and the corresponding foot ruler.