CN112177614A - High-step multi-layer mining method for surface mine - Google Patents
High-step multi-layer mining method for surface mine Download PDFInfo
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- CN112177614A CN112177614A CN202011054810.7A CN202011054810A CN112177614A CN 112177614 A CN112177614 A CN 112177614A CN 202011054810 A CN202011054810 A CN 202011054810A CN 112177614 A CN112177614 A CN 112177614A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/26—Methods of surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/30—Methods of surface mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine, and belongs to the technical field of mining. The invention relates to a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine, which divides a high-step slope into N layer mining areas according to a step slope angle and a step height after mining, gradually forms working step surface blast holes on the upper surface of a working step horizontal plane of each mining unit in an angle inclination way, forms working step slope surface blast holes on a working step slope surface of the same step, by adopting the mode of simultaneously controlling the resistance line of the high-step multi-layer blasting chassis and additionally arranging the horizontal blast holes at the bottom of the slope, the ore and rock bodies after each layer blasting can be thrown to the specified range of the lower loading and transporting platform according to the preset parabola, the width of the finally formed safe platform is not less than 1/3 of the height of the final step, and the final slope angle is less than or equal to the maximum limit value specified by the standard and the specification, so that the problem that the root bottom of the ore rock exists after the slope bottom blasting is effectively solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mining, in particular to a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine.
Background
At present, high steps (most of high and steep slopes, namely, the height of a single step is too high, the slope angle is too large, or the final slope angle is too large due to the fact that the final reserved safety platform and the final cleaning platform are smaller than the design requirement value) exist more or less in domestic surface mines, particularly surface mines of small and medium-sized civil enterprises. With the continuous development and progress of our society and the continuous improvement of the requirements on safety and environmental protection, the requirements on the mining of the existing mines and newly-built mines are also continuously improved, and the requirements on the implementation of firstly treating and then reclaiming of high steps (potential safety hazards) formed by historical left mines (particularly old mines which are not implemented but should be reclaimed or renovated after the mining is finished) are gradually implemented. However, because some high steps of the mine are formed, the mine is in a limited mining range, and the exploitation transportation road cannot be repaired to an upper mining platform according to the requirements of the mine road due to the influence of terrain factors, so that one-side slope type mining is finally adopted; the other part of the mine high steps are formed because mine enterprises achieve benefit maximization or the construction technology of field construction teams is limited, and finally the reserved safety platform is too small, so that the final slope angle is too large. Under the conditions of the prior art, a better, safer and more economical mining mode for mining or renovating high steps is not found.
The layered mining divides the ore rock into a plurality of horizontal layers according to a certain thickness, and each horizontal layer divides the ore block, so that the ore block at the highest level is directly blasted and thrown to a shovel loading platform without being propelled by steps during mining, and then the horizontal layered ore block below the shovel loading platform is blasted, and the rest is done in the same way; and mining all the layers sequentially from top to bottom, keeping the advance relationship of one ore block among the layers, horizontally advancing along with the mining, and finishing the mining of the whole mine when advancing to the final boundary. The method can ensure a feasible mining mode of mining safety under the condition that step mining cannot be adopted, can save the construction of a mountain-climbing transportation road, generally only needs to construct a simple road from an excavator to each layered rock drilling platform, saves a large amount of investment, but after blasting, part of ores remained on the layered rock drilling platforms need secondary transfer, and increases the production cost. The method is suitable for small-sized open-air quarries which are steep in mining mountain bodies, cannot build mountain-climbing transportation roads and can only be shoveled at the lowest floor.
Disclosure of Invention
1. Technical problem to be solved by the invention
Aiming at the problem that the ore rock root bottom exists after slope bottom blasting in the prior art, the invention provides a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine, which adopts a mode of simultaneously controlling a resistance line of a high-step multi-layer blasting chassis and additionally arranging a horizontal blast hole at the bottom of a slope surface of a working step, so that the ore rock bodies after each layer blasting can be thrown to the specified range of a lower loading and transporting platform according to a preset parabola.
2. Technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine comprises the following steps:
s1, building equipment to get on the mountain road: starting a slope from the level of 0m, building equipment on a mountain road, and forming a highest level working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore pile 11;
s2, dividing mining units: determining the step slope angle and the step height at the end of mining according to the existing mine height, the step slope angle and the width of an original high step of the surface mine and the properties of ore and rock and other factors, dividing a high step slope into N units which are marked by numbers respectively, namely a unit I, a unit II, a unit III, a unit IV, … … and a unit N;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit I, forming blast holes on a working step surface on the upper surface of a horizontal plane of a working step of the unit I in an angle and inclination manner, forming blast holes on a working step slope surface of the same step vertical to the surface of the working step slope surface, perforating by using a shallow hole drilling machine, carrying out explosive blasting after the blast holes are inspected, and adopting emulsion explosives for blasting; because the added working step slope blast holes can effectively solve the problem that the ore root bottom exists after slope bottom blasting, and reduce and avoid the residual slag quantity on the horizontal step, the blasted and loosened ores can be thrown to the ore pile preset on the lower loading and transporting platform according to the preset blasting throwing line, and are loaded to the transporting equipment by the loading equipment and then are transported to the crushing station;
s4, setting a detonation mode: section millisecond detonating tube detonators are arranged in blast holes of the working step surface and blast holes of the working step slope surface, section millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among rows of the blast holes, section millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among the blast holes of each row, deep hole blasting is adopted, the detonating tubes adopt a non-electric detonating network, the detonating network is the same section in the holes, and the earth surface is segmented; detonating by using a detonating tube detonator, namely detonating the detonating tube detonator hole by hole, and controlling the width of a resisting line of the blasting chassis to be W, wherein W is 3-3.5 m;
s5, layered mining: and (4) slightly cleaning and leveling the working steps by adopting a hydraulic excavator, preparing the working platform for the next mining unit II, repeating the steps S3-S4, mining the mining units II-N, and finishing mining operation.
According to a further technical scheme, the height of the mine is H, and H is +60 m-0 m; the step slope angle is alpha, and alpha is 60-75 degrees.
According to a further technical scheme, a plurality of groups of blast holes on the working step surface are arranged on the upper surface of the working step horizontal plane at equal intervals, and a plurality of rows are arranged at intervals; and a plurality of groups of blast holes on the slope surface of the working step are arranged at equal intervals on the slope surface of the working step.
According to the further technical scheme, the drill hole inclination angle of the blast holes on the working step surface is 70-75 degrees, the diameter of the blast holes is 90mm, the distance between the blast holes is a, and a is 3.5-3.7 m; the row pitch of blast holes is b, b is 3-3.5 m, the ultra-depth of a drill hole is 1.5m, the depth of the blast hole is 11.85m, and multi-layer multi-row deep hole and hole-by-hole micro-difference loosening blasting are adopted.
According to the further technical scheme, the hole pitch between blast holes on the slope surface of the working step is the same as that of the blast holes on the surface of the working step, 10-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 380ms) are arranged in the blast holes, 2-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 25ms) are arranged between blast hole rows, and 4-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 75ms) are arranged between blast holes of each row.
According to the further technical scheme, the width of the horizontal plane of the working step is greater than or equal to 1/3 of the height of the step, the mining mode is suitable for at least setting high steps with more than 3 levels, and the mining mode has strong operability, economy, safety and reliability and has certain guiding significance for treating the high steps of the small and medium-sized mines left in history.
3. Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the high-step multi-layer mining method for the surface mine, the mode that the resistance line of the high-step multi-layer blasting chassis is controlled and the horizontal blast hole at the bottom of the slope is additionally arranged at the same time is adopted, so that the ore rock bodies after each layer blasting can be thrown to the specified range of a lower loading and transporting platform according to the preset parabola, on one hand, the difficulty that transporting equipment cannot reach an upper mining platform is solved, on the other hand, the safety risk coefficient of high-step operation is also solved, the problem that the root bottom of the ore rock exists after slope bottom blasting can be effectively solved, the residual quantity on the horizontal step is reduced and eliminated, and meanwhile, the production cost of the high step can be reduced, and finally, the problem of potential safety hazard of the high step is effectively solved under the requirements of national laws, regulations, standards and the like;
(2) the invention relates to a high-step multi-layer mining method for surface mines, which is characterized in that blast holes on a working step surface are formed on the upper surface of a horizontal plane of a working step of a unit I in an angle and inclination manner, blast holes on the working step surface are formed on a working step slope surface of the same step and vertical to the surface of the working step slope surface, all ores loosened by blasting can be thrown to a mineral pile preset on a lower loading platform according to a preset blasting throwing line, and then the ores are loaded to a transportation device by a loading device and then are transported to a crushing station, so that a series of production lines are formed, and the productivity is improved;
(3) the invention relates to a high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine, which adopts multi-layer multi-row hole deep holes and hole-by-hole differential loosening blasting; the explosion adopts emulsion explosive, the detonating tube is a non-electric detonating network, the detonating network is the same section in the hole, the earth surface is segmented, and the detonating tube is adopted for detonation (the detonating tube detonator detonators detonate hole by hole); 2 rows of inclined blast holes are arranged at the top of each layer, 1 row of horizontal blast holes are arranged at the bottom of the slope of the step where the inclined blast holes are located, so that the blasting minimum resistance line is controlled within 10m, the width of the finally formed safety platform is not less than 1/3 of the final height of the step, and the final slope angle is less than or equal to the maximum limit value specified by the standard and specification.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a longitudinal cutting structure of a high step of a surface mine according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional structure of a high-step multi-slice mining method for a surface mine according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a high-step multi-layer mining blast hole arrangement diagram of the surface mine.
In the figure: 1-step slope angle; 2-final side slope angle; 3-finishing the step slope angle; 4-blasting chassis resistance line; 5-step height; 6-mine height; 7-original topographic line; 8-a zonal mining area; 9-working steps; 10-blasting throwing line; 11-heap stacking; 12-a loading device; 13-a transport device; 14-original high step slope; 15-original high step; 16-blast hole on the working step surface; 17-blast hole spacing; 18-blast hole row pitch; 19-working step slope blast holes; 91-working step horizontal plane; 92-working step slope; first, N-mining unit.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
High strip mine of this embodimentThe step multi-layer mining method is characterized in that the mining right of a small-sized surface quarry is provided with a mining area of 1km as shown in figure 12The height 6 of the mined mine is H, H is +60 m-0 m, the step slope angle 1 is alpha, and alpha is 60-75 degrees. Because the mine is not mined from top to bottom in different steps in the whole mining area range in the early stage, a region with the width of about 50m and the length of about 200m is left on the west side and is not mined, and a safety platform and a cleaning platform are not left on the side slope, so that a one-wall-type high and steep slope is formed. Meanwhile, as mine exploitation transportation roads are damaged, the transportation equipment can not be used for loading and transporting ore rocks on the hill under the condition of a steep terrain at present. In order to solve the problem of mining ores in the area, a high-step multi-layer mining method for the surface mine is adopted, and as shown in the figures 1-4, the method comprises the following specific steps:
s1, building equipment to get on the mountain road: starting a slope from the level of 0m, building equipment on a mountain road, and forming a highest level working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore pile 11;
s2, dividing mining units: determining the step slope angle 3 and the step height 5 at the end of mining according to the existing mine height 6, the step slope angle 1, the original terrain line 7, the original high step slope 14 and the width L of the original high step 15 of the surface mine and the properties of ore and rock and other factors, dividing the high step slope into N layered mining areas 8, and respectively marking by numbers, namely a unit I, a unit II, a unit III, a unit IV, … … and a unit N;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit I, obliquely arranging blast holes 16 on a working step surface on the upper surface of a working step horizontal plane 91 of the unit I at an angle, arranging blast holes 19 on a working step slope surface 92 of the same step vertical to the surface of the working step slope surface, perforating by using a shallow hole drilling machine, loading explosive for blasting after the blast holes are inspected, and adopting emulsion explosive for blasting; because the added working step slope blast holes 19 can effectively solve the problem that the ore root bottom exists after slope bottom blasting, and the residual slag quantity on the horizontal step is reduced and cleaned, the blasted and loosened ores can be thrown to the ore pile 11 preset on the lower loading platform according to the preset blasting throwing line 10, and are loaded to the transportation equipment 13 by the loading equipment 12 and then are transported to the crushing station;
s4, setting a detonation mode: 10-section millisecond nonel detonators are arranged in the blast holes 16 on the working step surface and the blast holes 19 on the working step slope surface, 2-section millisecond nonel detonators are adopted among rows of the blast holes, 4-section millisecond nonel detonators are adopted among the blast holes of each row, deep hole blasting is adopted, nonel detonators adopt a non-electric initiation network, the initiation network is the same section in the holes, and the earth surface is segmented; detonating by using a detonating tube detonator, namely detonating the detonating tube detonator hole by hole, and controlling the width of the resisting line 4 of the blasting chassis to be W, wherein W is 3-3.5 m;
s5, layered mining: and (4) slightly cleaning and flattening the working steps 9 by adopting a hydraulic excavator, preparing the working platform 9 for the next mining unit II, repeating the steps S3-S4, mining the mining units II-N, and finishing mining operation.
In this example, as shown in fig. 4, the piercing blasting method: perforating (inclined holes and horizontal holes) by using a shallow hole drilling machine, blasting deep holes, detonating a nonelectric detonation network of a detonating tube, and detonating by using a detonating tube detonator; perforation parameters: the blast holes 16 on the working step surface are arranged in a plurality of groups at equal intervals on the upper surface of the working step horizontal plane 91, and are arranged in a plurality of rows at intervals; a plurality of groups of blast holes 19 are arranged on the working step slope surface 92 at equal intervals; the drill hole inclination angle of the blast holes 16 on the working step surface is 70-75 degrees, the diameter of the blast holes is 90mm, the distance 17 between the blast holes is a, and a is 3.5-3.7 m; the row pitch of blast holes is b, b is 3-3.5 m, the ultra depth of the drill hole is 1.5m, and the depth of the blast hole is 11.85 m; detonation mode and parameters: adopting multi-layer multi-row deep hole and hole-by-hole micro-difference loosening blasting; the hole pitch between the blast holes 19 on the slope surface of the working step is the same as the hole pitch 17 of the blast holes 16 on the surface of the working step, 10-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 380ms) are all arranged in the blast holes, 2-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 25ms) are adopted among blast hole rows, and 4-section millisecond nonel detonators (with the delay time of 75ms) are adopted among blast holes of each row. 2 rows of inclined blast holes are arranged at the top of each layer, 1 row of horizontal blast holes are arranged at the bottom of the slope of the step where the inclined blast holes are located, so that the blasting minimum resistance line is controlled within 10m, the width of the finally formed safe platform is not less than 1/3 of the final height of the step, and the final slope angle 2 is less than or equal to the maximum limit value specified by the standard and specification.
The present invention and its embodiments have been described above schematically, without limitation, and what is shown in the drawings is only one of the embodiments of the present invention, and the actual structure is not limited thereto. Therefore, if the person skilled in the art receives the teaching, without departing from the spirit of the invention, the person skilled in the art shall not inventively design the similar structural modes and embodiments to the technical solution, but shall fall within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A high-step multi-layer mining method for a surface mine is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, building equipment to get on the mountain road: starting a slope from the level of 0m, building equipment on a mountain road, and forming a highest level working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore pile (11);
s2, dividing mining units: determining a step slope angle (3) and a step height (5) at the end of mining according to the existing mine height (6), the step slope angle (1) and the width of an original high step (15) of the surface mine and the properties of ore and rock and other factors, dividing a high step slope into N layered mining areas (8), and respectively marking the areas by numbers, namely a unit I, a unit II, a unit III, a unit IV, a unit … … and a unit N;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit I, forming working step surface blast holes (16) on the upper surface of a working step horizontal plane (91) of the unit I in an angle inclination manner, forming working step slope surface blast holes (19) on a working step slope surface (92) of the same step vertical to the surface of the working step slope surface, and carrying out explosive blasting after the blast holes are inspected;
s4, setting a detonation mode: 10-section millisecond nonel detonators are arranged in the blast holes (16) on the working step surface and the blast holes (19) on the working step slope surface, 2-section millisecond nonel detonators are adopted among rows of the blast holes, and 4-section millisecond nonel detonators are adopted among the blast holes of each row;
s5, layered mining: and repeating the steps S3-S4, mining the mining units II-N, and finishing the mining operation.
2. The surface mine high-step multi-slice mining method according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the mine height (6) is H, and H is +60 m-0 m; the step slope angle (1) is alpha, and the alpha is 60-75 degrees.
3. The surface mine high-step multi-slice mining method according to claim 1, wherein: in the step S3, a plurality of groups of blast holes (16) on the working step surface are arranged on the upper surface of the working step horizontal plane (91) at equal intervals, and a plurality of rows are arranged at intervals; the working step slope surface blast holes (19) are arranged in a plurality of groups on the working step slope surface (92) at equal intervals.
4. The high-step multi-slice mining method for a surface mine according to claim 3, wherein: the drill hole inclination angle of the blast holes (16) on the working step surface is 70-75 degrees, the blast hole spacing (17) is a, and a is 3.5-3.7 m; the row pitch (18) of blast holes is b, and b is 3-3.5 m.
5. The high-step multi-slice mining method for a surface mine according to claim 4, wherein: the hole pitch between the blast holes (19) on the slope surface of the working step is the same as the blast hole pitch (17) of the blast holes (16) on the surface of the working step.
6. The high-step multi-slice mining method for a surface mine according to claim 5, wherein: the width of the horizontal plane (91) of the working step is greater than or equal to 1/3 of the height (5) of the step.
7. The surface mine high-step multi-slice mining method according to claim 1, wherein: in the step S4, deep hole blasting is adopted, the width of the blasting chassis resisting line (4) is controlled to be W, and W is 3-3.5 m.
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CN112796760A (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-05-14 | 中煤科工能源科技发展有限公司 | Strip mine non-stripping mining method, device and system using side slope coal mining machine |
CN113123791A (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-16 | 云南华联锌铟股份有限公司 | Mining and stripping construction method for high and steep slope area of surface mine |
CN114687744A (en) * | 2022-04-12 | 2022-07-01 | 中铁十九局集团矿业投资有限公司 | Soft structure surface mine multi-layer mining method and system |
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CN114687744A (en) * | 2022-04-12 | 2022-07-01 | 中铁十九局集团矿业投资有限公司 | Soft structure surface mine multi-layer mining method and system |
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