CN112177614B - High-step multi-layer mining method for surface mine - Google Patents
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- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000201977 Agdestis clematidea Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/26—Methods of surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/30—Methods of surface mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-step multi-layer mining method for an open pit mine, and belongs to the technical field of mining. According to the method for mining the high-step multi-layer mining of the surface mine, the high-step side slope is divided into N layer mining areas according to the step slope angle and the step height after mining, working step face blast holes are gradually formed on the upper surface of the working step level of each mining unit in an inclined mode, working step slope face blast holes are formed on the working step slope face of the same step, and rock mass after each layer blasting can be thrown into the specified range of the lower loading and transporting platform according to a preset parabola by adopting a mode of simultaneously controlling the high-step multi-layer blasting chassis resistance line and additionally arranging the slope face bottom horizontal blast holes, so that the width of the finally formed safety platform is not smaller than 1/3 of the final step height, and the final slope angle is smaller than or equal to the highest limit value specified by standards and specifications, and the problem of the rock root after the slope bottom blasting is effectively solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mining, in particular to a high-step multi-layer mining method for an open pit mine.
Background
At present, domestic surface mines, in particular surface mines of small and medium-sized civil enterprises, are more or less provided with high steps (most of the surface mines are high and steep side slopes, namely, single steps are too high, slope angles are too large, or finally, a reserved safety platform and a reserved cleaning platform are smaller than design requirement values, so that final side slope angles are too large, and the like). With the continuous development progress of the society in China and the continuous improvement of the requirements on safety and environmental protection, the requirements on the exploitation of the existing mines and newly built mines are also continuously improved, and the requirements on the implementation of the first treatment and the later reclamation of high steps (potential safety hazards) formed by the historical legacy mines (especially old mines which should be reclaimed or remedied but not implemented after the exploitation) are also gradually implemented. However, due to the formation of a part of mine high steps, it is the mine that is in a limited exploitation range, and the exploited transportation road cannot be repaired to an upper exploitation platform according to the requirement of the mine road due to the influence of the topography factors, so that the finally adopted one-side slope exploitation is caused; the formation of the other part of mine high steps is caused by the fact that mine enterprises have limited construction technologies for realizing benefit maximization or field construction teams, and finally the reserved safety platform is too small, so that the final slope angle is too large. Under the prior art conditions, no better, safer and more economical mining means have been found to mine or remediate the high steps.
The method comprises the steps of dividing ore rock into a plurality of horizontal layers according to a certain thickness, dividing ore blocks on each horizontal layer, directly blasting and throwing the highest-level ore blocks to a shovel loading platform without stage-by-stage pushing during mining, blasting the lower horizontal layer ore blocks, and the like; each layer is mined sequentially from top to bottom, a leading relation of ore blocks is kept among the layers, the ore blocks are horizontally propelled along with mining, and the whole mine is completely mined when the ore blocks are propelled to a final boundary. Under the condition that the step type mining cannot be adopted, the method can ensure a feasible mining mode of safe mining, construction of a mountain-climbing transportation highway can be omitted, a simple road on each layered rock drilling platform on an excavator is generally only required to be constructed, a large amount of investment is saved, but after blasting, part of ore retained on the layered rock drilling platform needs to be transferred for the second time, and production cost is increased. The method is suitable for mining mountain steep, can not build mountain transportation roads, and can only be shoveled in the lowest layer of small open-air quarry.
Disclosure of Invention
1. Technical problem to be solved by the invention
Aiming at the problem that ore rock roots exist after slope bottom blasting in the prior art, the invention provides a high-step multi-layer mining method for an open pit mine.
2. Technical proposal
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a high-step multi-layer mining method for an open pit mine comprises the following steps:
s1, building a mountain road on equipment: building a mountain road of equipment from 0m horizontal lifting, and forming a highest horizontal working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore heap 11;
s2, dividing mining units: according to the existing mine height, step slope angle and original high step width of the surface mine, and according to the rock property and other factors, determining the step slope angle and step height after mining, dividing the high step slope into N units, and respectively marking by numbers, namely, a unit (1), a unit (2), a unit (3), a unit (4), a … … and a unit N;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit (1), wherein the upper surface of the horizontal plane of a working step of the unit (1) is obliquely provided with a working step surface blast hole, the surface of the working step slope of the same step is vertical to the working step slope, a shallow hole drill is adopted for perforation, and after the blast hole inspection is finished, the powder is charged for blasting, and emulsion explosive is adopted for blasting; the problem that ore rock roots exist after blasting at the bottom of the slope can be effectively solved by the aid of the additionally arranged working step slope blast holes, and the residual slag amount on the horizontal steps is reduced and cleared, so that the blasted and loosened ore can be completely thrown to a pile preset on a lower shipping platform according to a preset blasting throwing line, and is transported to a crushing station after being loaded to a transport device by a loading device;
s4, setting a detonation mode: the method comprises the steps that a section millisecond detonating tube detonator is arranged in a working step surface blast hole and a working step slope blast hole, section millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among blast hole rows, deep hole blasting is adopted, a non-electric detonating network is adopted for the detonating tubes, and the detonating network is the same section in the hole and the earth surface is segmented; detonating by adopting a detonating tube detonator, namely detonating the detonating tube detonator hole by hole, and controlling the width of a resistance line of the blasting chassis to be W, wherein W is 3-3.5 m;
s5, layer mining: and slightly cleaning and flattening the working steps by adopting a hydraulic excavator, preparing a working platform of the next mining unit (2), repeating the steps S3-S4, and mining the mining units (2) -N to finish mining operation.
According to a further technical scheme, the mine height is H, and H is +60 m-0 m; the step slope angle is alpha, and alpha is 60-75 degrees.
According to a further technical scheme, a plurality of groups of working step face blast holes are arranged on the upper surface of the working step face at equal intervals, and a plurality of rows are arranged at intervals; the working step slope blast holes are arranged in a plurality of groups on the working step slope at equal intervals.
According to a further technical scheme, the drilling inclination angle of the working step surface blast hole is 70-75 degrees, the diameter of the blast hole is 90mm, the distance between the blast holes is a, and the distance between the blast holes is 3.5-3.7 m; the row distance of the blast holes is b, b is 3-3.5 m, the drilling ultra-deep is 1.5m, the depth of the blast holes is 11.85m, and the multi-layer multi-row deep hole is adopted for loosening blasting according to Kong Weicha.
According to the further technical scheme, the hole distance between the working step slope blast holes is the same as the blast hole distance between the working step slope blast holes, 10 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 380 ms) are installed in the blast holes, 2 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 25 ms) are adopted between blast hole rows, and 4 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 75 ms) are adopted between each row of blast holes.
According to the further technical scheme, the width of the horizontal plane of the working steps is larger than or equal to 1/3 of the height of the steps, the mining mode is suitable for at least setting more than 3 high steps, and the mining method has strong operability, is economical, safe and reliable, and has certain guiding significance for the management of medium and small-sized high steps left in the history.
3. Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) According to the surface mine high-step multi-layer mining method, the mode of simultaneously controlling the high-step multi-layer blasting chassis resistance line and additionally arranging the horizontal blast holes at the bottom of the slope is adopted, so that rock masses after layered blasting can be thrown into the specified range of the lower loading and transporting platform according to a preset parabola, on one hand, the difficulty that transportation equipment cannot reach the upper mining platform is solved, on the other hand, the safety risk coefficient of high-step operation is solved, the problem that rock roots exist after blasting at the bottom of the slope can be effectively solved, the residue amount on the horizontal step is reduced, meanwhile, the high-step production cost is reduced, and finally, the problem of high-step potential safety hazard is effectively solved under the requirements of national legal regulations, specifications, standards and the like;
(2) According to the high-step multi-layer mining method for the surface mine, working step face blast holes are formed in the upper surface of the working step level face of the unit (1) in an inclined mode, working step slope face blast holes are formed in the working step slope face of the same step in a vertical mode, the blasted and loosened ore can be completely thrown to a pile preset on a lower shipping platform according to a preset blasting throwing line, and then the ore is loaded to a conveying device through a loading device and then is conveyed to a crushing station, so that a series of production lines are formed, and the productivity is improved;
(3) The invention relates to a high-step multi-layer mining method for an open mine, which adopts multi-layer multi-row hole deep holes and is subjected to loosening blasting Kong Weicha by Kong Weicha; the blasting adopts emulsion explosive and a non-electric detonating network of detonating tubes, the detonating network is the same section in holes, the ground surface is segmented, and the detonating tube detonators are adopted for detonating (hole-by-hole detonating of the detonating tube detonators); 2 rows of inclined blastholes are arranged at the top of each layering, 1 row of horizontal blastholes are arranged at the bottom of a step slope where the inclined blastholes are positioned so as to control the blasting minimum resistance line to be within 10m, the width of a finally formed safety platform is not less than 1/3 of the height of the final step, and the final slope angle is less than or equal to the highest limit value specified by standards and regulations.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a longitudinal cut-away structure of a high step of a surface mine according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a longitudinal sectional structure of the surface mine in a high-step multi-layer mining mode;
FIG. 3 is a top view of FIG. 2;
fig. 4 is a layout of a high-step multi-layer mining blasthole of the surface mine of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-step slope angle; 2-final slope angle; 3-finishing the step slope angle; 4-blasting a chassis resistance wire; 5-step height; 6-mine height; 7-an original topography line; 8-a zone of zonal exploitation; 9-working steps; 10-blasting and throwing the wire; 11-heap; 12-loading equipment; 13-a transport device; 14-original high step slope; 15-original high step; 16-working step face blast holes; 17-blasthole spacing; 18-blasthole row spacing; 19-working step slope blast holes; 91-working step level; 92-working step slope; (1) -an N-mining unit.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the present invention, the invention is described in detail with reference to the drawings.
Example 1
In the method for mining the surface mine by high steps and multiple layers in the embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, mining area defined by mining weight of a small-sized surface quarry is 1km 2 The mining height 6 is H, H is +60 m-0 m, the step slope angle 1 is alpha, and alpha is 60-75 degrees. Because the mining mountain is not subjected to top-down stepped mining in the whole mining area according to the design in the earlier stage, a region with the width of about 50m and the length of about 200m is reserved on the west side and is not subjected to mining, and a safety platform and a cleaning platform are not reserved on the side slope, so that a 'one-wall' -type high and steep slope is formed. Meanwhile, as the mine development transportation road is damaged, the transportation equipment can not load and transport the rock on the mountain under the condition of steeper terrain at present. In order to solve the problem of mining ores in the area, a surface mine high-step multi-layer mining method is adopted, and the method is shown in figures 1 to 4 and comprises the following specific steps:
s1, building a mountain road on equipment: building a mountain road of equipment from 0m horizontal lifting, and forming a highest horizontal working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore heap 11;
s2, dividing mining units: according to the existing mine height 6, the step slope angle 1, the original topographic line 7, the original high step slope 14 and the width L of the original high step 15 of the surface mine, the step slope angle 3 and the step height 5 at the end of mining are determined according to the lithology and other factors, the high step slope is divided into N layered mining areas 8, and the N layered mining areas are marked by numbers respectively, namely a unit (1), a unit (2), a unit (3), a unit (4), a … … and a unit N;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit (1), wherein a working step surface blast hole 16 is formed in the upper surface of a working step horizontal surface 91 of the unit (1) in an inclined mode, a working step slope surface 19 is formed in a working step slope surface 92 of the same step in a manner of being perpendicular to the surface of the working step slope surface, a shallow hole drill is used for perforation, and after the blast hole is inspected, explosive charge is used for blasting, and emulsion explosive is used for blasting; the additionally arranged working step slope blast holes 19 can effectively solve the problem that ore rock roots exist after blasting at the slope bottom, and reduce and avoid cleaning the residual slag amount on the horizontal steps, so that the blasted ore can be completely thrown to a pile 11 preset on a lower shipping platform according to a preset blasting throwing line 10, and is transported to a crushing station after being loaded to a transport device 13 by a loading device 12;
s4, setting a detonation mode: 10 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are respectively arranged in the working step surface blastholes 16 and the working step slope surface blastholes 19, 2 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among blasthole rows, 4 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among blasthole rows, deep hole blasting is adopted, the detonating tubes adopt non-electric detonating networks, and the detonating networks are same sections in holes and are segmented on the earth surface; detonating by adopting a detonating tube detonator, namely detonating the detonating tube detonator hole by hole, and controlling the width of a blasting chassis resistance wire 4 to be W, wherein W is 3-3.5 m;
s5, layer mining: and (3) slightly cleaning and flattening the working steps 9 by adopting a hydraulic excavator, preparing the working platform 9 of the next mining unit (2), repeating the steps S3-S4, and mining the mining units (2) to N to finish mining operation.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 4, the perforation blasting method: perforating (inclined holes and horizontal holes) by adopting a shallow hole drill, blasting deep holes, and detonating a non-electric detonating network of a detonating tube, and detonating by using a detonating tube detonator; perforation parameters: the working step surface blast holes 16 are arranged on the upper surface of the working step surface 91 at equal intervals in a plurality of groups, and a plurality of rows are arranged at intervals; the working step slope surface blast holes 19 are equidistantly arranged in a plurality of groups on the working step slope surface 92; the drilling inclination angle of the working step surface blast hole 16 is 70-75 degrees, the diameter of the blast hole is 90mm, the distance between the blast holes 17 is a, and the distance between the blast holes a is 3.5-3.7 m; the row distance 18 of the blast holes is b, b is 3-3.5 m, the ultra-deep drilling is 1.5m, and the depth of the blast holes is 11.85m; priming mode and parameters: adopting multi-layer multi-row hole deep holes and loosening blasting Kong Weicha by Kong Weicha; the hole distance between the working step slope blast holes 19 is the same as the blast hole distance 17 of the working step face blast holes 16, 10 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 380 ms) are arranged in the blast holes, 2 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 25 ms) are adopted between blast hole rows, and 4 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators (delay time is 75 ms) are adopted between each row of blast holes. 2 rows of inclined blastholes are arranged at the top of each layering, 1 row of horizontal blastholes are arranged at the bottom of a step slope where the inclined blastholes are positioned so as to control the blasting minimum resistance line to be within 10m, the width of a finally formed safety platform is not less than 1/3 of the height of the final step, and the final slope angle 2 is less than or equal to the highest limit value specified by standards and regulations.
The invention and its embodiments have been described above by way of illustration and not limitation, and the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the drawings in which the actual structure is not limited thereto. Therefore, if one of ordinary skill in the art is informed by this disclosure, the structural mode and the embodiments similar to the technical scheme are not creatively designed without departing from the gist of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A high-step multi-layer mining method for an open pit mine is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, building a mountain road on equipment: building a mountain road of equipment from 0m horizontal lifting, and forming a highest horizontal working platform on the mountain top; a rock loading platform is arranged at the bottom of the ore heap (11);
s2, dividing mining units: according to the existing mine height (6), step slope angle (1) and the width of original high step (15) of the surface mine, determining the step slope angle (3) and the step height (5) after mining according to the lithology of the mine, dividing the high step slope into N layered mining areas (8), and respectively marking by numbers, namely a unit (1), a unit (2), a unit (3), a unit (4), a … … and a unit N; the mine height (6) is H, and H is +60 m-0 m; the step slope angle (1) is alpha, and the alpha is 60-75 degrees;
s3, forming blast holes: firstly, mining a unit (1), wherein working step surface blast holes (16) are obliquely formed in the upper surface of a working step horizontal plane (91) of the unit (1) at an angle, working step slope blast holes (19) are formed in the working step slope (92) of the same step in a manner of being perpendicular to the surface of the working step slope, a plurality of groups of the working step surface blast holes (16) are uniformly arranged on the upper surface of the working step horizontal plane (91) at intervals, and a plurality of rows of working step surface blast holes are alternately arranged; the working step slope blast holes (19) are arranged on the working step slope (92) at equal intervals in a plurality of groups; the drilling inclination angle of the working step surface blast hole (16) is 70-75 degrees, the blast hole distance (17) is a, and a is 3.5-3.7 m; the row distance (18) of the blast holes is b, and b is 3-3.5 m; the hole distance between the working step slope blast holes (19) is the same as the blast hole distance (17) between the working step slope blast holes (16);
after the blast hole is inspected, the explosive charge is blasted, the width of the horizontal plane (91) of the working step is more than or equal to 1/3 of the height (5) of the step, and the final slope angle (2) is less than or equal to the highest limit value specified by the standard and the standard;
s4, setting a detonation mode: 10 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are respectively arranged in the working step surface blast holes (16) and the working step slope blast holes (19), 2 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among the blast hole rows, and 4 sections of millisecond detonating tube detonators are adopted among the blast hole rows; deep hole blasting is adopted, the width of a blasting chassis resistance line (4) is controlled to be W, and the W is 3-3.5 m;
s5, layer mining: and (3) repeating the steps S3-S4, and mining the mining units (2) -N to finish mining operation.
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| CN113123791B (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2023-11-21 | 云南华联锌铟股份有限公司 | Stripping construction method for high-steep slope area of surface mine |
| CN114687744A (en) * | 2022-04-12 | 2022-07-01 | 中铁十九局集团矿业投资有限公司 | Soft structure surface mine multi-layer mining method and system |
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| KR100354220B1 (en) * | 2000-05-18 | 2002-09-30 | 주식회사 부암테크 | Structure of blasting method and mat |
| CN101424503B (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2012-12-19 | 鞍钢集团矿业公司 | Rim angle blasting method for natural side hill |
| CN104806248B (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2017-02-01 | 安徽马钢工程技术集团有限公司 | Slice mining method for small-scale opencast quarry |
| CN107165636B (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2019-04-23 | 广西大学 | A kind of method of strip pit exploitation |
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