CN112156772B - 一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂及其制备方法和应用,所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂包括Pt/C,所述Pt/C中含有被毒化离子毒化的Pt原子,所述毒化离子选自硫氰酸根离子。所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂的制备方法是将Pt/C分散在含毒化离子的溶液中,搅拌后进行固液分离得到离子毒化贵金属催化剂。本发明通过采用浸滞吸附法,使毒化离子对贵金属催化剂进行毒化,提供一种离子毒化贵金属调控氧还原路径,为电化学产生H2O2提供了一个新的策略,所得离子毒化贵金属催化剂对电化学合成H2O2具有高催化活性高选择性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及过氧化氢制备技术领域,尤其涉及一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
过氧化氢(H2O2)作为工业大宗化学品之一,被广泛应用于纸浆印染、医疗消毒、污水处理、电子器件等领域。目前,工业大规模生产H2O2主要是通过间接蒽醌法来实现或者由H2和O2混合物进行直接合成方法制备的。然而,间接蒽醌方法涉及多个氧化还原反应步骤,面临着高能耗、高成本和高排放等问题。
电化学法原位在线合成H2O2则可克服以上缺点,且可实现原位在线、浓度可调控的H2O2制备。电化学法原位在线合成H2O2的关键技术要点在于高选择性、高活性的电催化剂。Jirkovsky等人发现由Au包围的单个表面Pd原子可以显著抑制O-O键的断裂,从而对H2O2的生成表现出高催化活性和催化选择性。基于孤立活性位点的概念发展而来的Pd-Au,Pt-Pd,W-Au或Pt-Hg等合金已成功运用于电化学合成H2O2。然而,这些合金中的部分金属的溶解电位比O2的还原电位更负,因此在合成过程中部分金属会从合金中溶解出来,留下Pt或Pd壳。元素浸出会阻碍氧还原(ORR)的长期稳定性,而浸出的成分(特别是有毒的Hg)使得生产的H2O2需要进一步的纯化。因此双金属合金在稳定性方面存在一定的局限。
除了对金属合金化来获得孤立活性位点,从而提高催化剂活性外,有文献已证明将非金属元素(如氮,磷,硫和硼)掺入碳材料形成另一类碳基的非金属催化剂。但是该催化剂对两电子ORR制备H2O2的选择性和活性都有待提高。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本发明的第一个目的是提供一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂,该催化剂对电化学合成H2O2具有高催化活性高选择性。
具体地,一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂,包括Pt/C,所述Pt/C中含有被毒化离子毒化的Pt原子。
本发明所述毒化指的是特定离子与Pt原子有着强相互作用,形成很强的化学键,从而使Pt的活性位点失去原有的四电子ORR催化活性,转变为两电子的ORR过程。
所述毒化离子选自硫氰酸根离子。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂的制备方法。
具体地,一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将Pt/C分散在含毒化离子的溶液中,搅拌后进行固液分离得到离子毒化贵金属催化剂。
所述Pt/C与毒化离子的质量比为1:240~250,在一个实施例中可采用1:242。
所述毒化离子在溶液中的浓度为0.5~1mol.L-1,在一个实施例中可采用1mol L-1。
所述毒化离子选自硫氰酸根离子,其中硫氰酸根离子可来自硫氰酸钠。
所述搅拌温度为75~85℃,搅拌时间为10~12h。
固液分离前静置10~12h,通过长时间静置,使毒化离子与Pt/C进行更充分的作用。
本发明的第三个目的是提供一种电极,所述电极包括电极基底,所述电极基底表面负载有上述离子毒化贵金属催化剂。
所述电极基底选自玻碳、铂等。
所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂的负载量为0.10~0.20mg cm-2。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种电极的制备方法。
具体地,一种电极的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将离子毒化贵金属催化剂分散在溶剂中得到浆料,然后将浆料涂覆在电极基底表面,得到电极。
所述溶剂选自水、乙醇、N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的任意一种或几种,优选水和乙醇,其中的N-甲基吡咯烷酮会对催化剂性能有一定的削弱。
本发明的再一目的在于提供所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂在电化学合成H2O2中的应用。
具体地,一种合成H2O2的方法,包括如下步骤:以酸性溶液为电解液,向电解液中通入氧气,以上述电极为工作电极进行电解,生成H2O2。
所述酸性电解液pH约为1,可采用0.1mol L-1HClO4溶液。
相对于现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
(1)本发明通过采用浸滞吸附法,使毒化离子对贵金属催化剂进行毒化,提供一种离子毒化贵金属调控氧还原路径,为电化学制备H2O2提供了一个新的策略。
(2)本发明的离子毒化贵金属催化剂对电化学合成H2O2具有高催化活性以及高选择性。
(2)本发明的制备方法简单,材料来源广泛,可以有效简化工艺流程和操作过程,材料合成时间明显减少,且所需设备简单,可行性强。
附图说明
图1为Pt/C和Pt/C-SCN的X射线光电子能谱图;
图2为Pt/C(a)和Pt/C-SCN(b)的高分辨透射电子显微镜图;
图3为Pt/C-SCN与Pt/C的循环伏安(CV)曲线(a)、线性扫描伏安(LSV)曲线(b);
图4为由LSV曲线结果计算出的H2O2选择性(c)以及Pt/C-SCN催化剂由高锰酸钾滴定结果得出的H2O2法拉第效率(d)。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体的实施例进一步说明本发明的技术方案。
以下各实施例采用的药品采购信息如下:
无水乙醇(200Proof),高氯酸(70%,99.999%),Pt/C(20wt%),过氧化氢(3wt%,99.999%),萘酚(5%)购于Sigma-Aldrich。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂,具体为SCN-毒化Pt/C催化剂,其制备方法如下:
将20mg的Pt/C(20wt%)和1.21g硫氰酸钠溶解于15ml去离子水中,在80℃下磁力搅拌11h,接着静置12h。然后进行固液分离,收集黑色固体。将黑色固体放置在60℃的鼓风干燥箱干燥10h。最后,将干燥的黑色固体在研钵里研磨成黑色粉末,得到离子毒化贵金属催化剂,标记为Pt/C-SCN。
本实施例还提供一种负载上述Pt/C-SCN的电极,其制备方法为:在研磨中将5mgPt/C-SCN和150μL粘结剂萘酚、360μL去离子水和540μL乙醇混合,形成浆料。将上述浆料滴到固定面积(0.2475cm-2)的旋转环盘(RRDE)(美国PINE的AFE7R9GCPT)电极上,待浆料完全干透,即得到负载Pt/C-SCN的电极(Pt/C-SCN负载量为0.20mg.cm-2),标记为电极1。
作为比较,采用相同的方法将Pt/C负载到RRDE电极(Pt/C-SCN负载量为0.20mg.cm-2)上,得到电极2。
或将浆料滴到固定面积(0.5024cm-2)的玻碳电极(天津艾达恒晟科技发展有限公司GC380),待浆料完全干透,即得到负载Pt/C-SCN的电极(Pt/C-SCN负载量为0.20mg.cm-2),标记为电极3。
本实施例的Pt/C-SCN表征结果如下:
(1)利用X射线光电子能谱仪(ESCALAB 250Xi,Al Ka:1486.6eV)对Pt/C和Pt/C-SCN进行表面化学价态分析,得到相应全谱图谱,如图1所示。
(2)利用透射电子显微镜(JEOL JEM-2100F,200kV)对Pt/C和Pt/C-SCN进行物理表征,得到对应催化剂的形貌,如图2所示。
电化学性能测试:
对实施例1的离子毒化贵金属催化剂进行电化学性能测试,具体如下:
(1)Pt/C-SCN与Pt/C电化学性能比较
在一个约250mL电解池中,以0.1mol L-1HClO4作为电解液(pH=1),以实施例1的电极1作为工作电极,石墨棒作为对电极,Hg/Hg2Cl2(饱和KCl)作为参比电极,在美国PINE旋转圆盘电极装置和上海辰华CHI760E电化学工作站进行电化学氧还原合成H2O2性能测试。在反应前,在反应装置中通入氩气(Ar)30min,使电解液Ar饱和,对Pt/C-SCN进行循环伏安法测试(CV),结果如图3a所示。然后再在反应装置中通入氧气(O2)30min,使电解液O2饱和,对Pt/C-SCN进行线性扫描伏安法测试(LSV),结果得到1600rpm下的极化曲线(下)和环电极曲线(上)如图3b所示。再将图3b的结果通过计算得到该催化剂的H2O2的选择性,其中IR代表环电流、ID代表盘电流.N代表环盘电极收集效率(0.37),结果如图4c所示。同时,作为比较,采用电极2作为工作电极,在相同条件下对Pt/C进行上述循环伏安法测试和线性扫描伏安法测试。
另外,以实施例1的电极3为工作电极,在上海辰华CHI760E电化学工作站对Pt/C-SCN进行一系列恒电位电解测试。反应前,在反应装置中通入氧气30min,当电子转移达到一个库伦时,终止反应,使用高锰酸钾进行滴定,最后与理论产率进行比较。Pt/C-SCN在恒电位电解后,以高锰酸钾滴定结果得出选择性误差棒结果如图4d所示。
Pt/C催化剂的特征峰为清晰可见的氢的吸脱附峰(氢的欠电位沉积)、Pt-氧化还原峰。然而,在CV反应中,Pt/C-SCN催化剂的氧化还原峰急剧减少,这表明大部分Pt活性位点被SCN阻断(图3a)。采用RRDE,在1600r.p.m.转速和10mV s-1的扫描速率下,Pt/C-SCN催化剂在饱和O2 0.1M HClO4溶液中获得其催化性能(图3b)。对于圆盘电流,结果表明Pt/C-SCN催化剂的起峰电位(定义为电流密度-0.1mA cm-2的电位)为0.689V(vs RHE),接近于热力学极限0.70V(vs RHE)。相比之下,Pt/C的起峰电位相对于RHE约为0.93V,这说明Pt/C催化剂有利于ORR的4电子反应。此外,在0.6~0.1V范围内,Pt/C-SCN催化剂的环形电流比Pt/C大8倍,说明Pt/C-SCN催化剂表面有利于H2O2的形成。根据RRDE结果计算Pt/C-SCN和Pt/C的H2O2选择性,如图4d所示,结果表明,Pt/C-SCN催化剂合成H2O2具有良好的选择性,在整个电位范围内选择性超过84%。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种离子毒化贵金属催化剂,其特征在于:包括Pt/C,所述Pt/C中含有被毒化离子毒化的Pt原子;所述毒化离子选自硫氰酸根离子;所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂是由包括如下步骤的制备方法制成:将Pt/C分散在含毒化离子的溶液中,搅拌后进行固液分离得到离子毒化贵金属催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂,其特征在于:所述Pt/C与毒化离子的质量比为1:240~250。
3.根据权利要求1所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂,其特征在于:所述毒化离子在溶液中的浓度为0.5~1mol·L-1。
4.根据权利要求1所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂,其特征在于:所述搅拌温度为75~85℃。
5.一种电极,其特征在于:所述电极包括电极基底,所述电极基底表面负载有权利要求1~4中任意一项所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂。
6.一种如权利要求5所述的电极的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:将离子毒化贵金属催化剂分散在溶剂中得到浆料,然后将浆料涂覆在电极基底表面,得到电极。
7.权利要求1~4中任意一项所述离子毒化贵金属催化剂在电化学合成H2O2中的应用。
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