CN112138716A - 一种低温NOx吸附催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种低温NOx吸附催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN112138716A
CN112138716A CN202011076248.8A CN202011076248A CN112138716A CN 112138716 A CN112138716 A CN 112138716A CN 202011076248 A CN202011076248 A CN 202011076248A CN 112138716 A CN112138716 A CN 112138716A
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catalyst
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汪银环
汪珍珍
高亚庆
汪建平
朱爽
刘屹
朱庆
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ActBlue Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，涉及NOx吸附催化领域，包括催化剂活性组分及负载催化剂活性组分的载体，所述催化剂活性组分为沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的至少一种，所述催化剂活性组分上负载有金属钯。所述负载催化剂活性组分的载体为蜂窝陶瓷载体或金属载体或玻璃纤维载体或碳化硅载体。所述沸石分子筛的类型为LTA、BEA、FAU、MOR、MFI和CHA中的至少一种。所述铈锆储氧材料中的铈含量为0‑1。本发明的低温NOx吸附催化剂能够在低温工况下对NOx有效催化吸附。

Description

一种低温NOx吸附催化剂及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及NOx吸附催化领域，尤其涉及一种低温NOx吸附催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着排放法规的日益严格、燃油效率的提高、发动机排气温度的降低，发动机冷启动排放过程中尾气排放控制，尤其是NOx的排放将变得更加困难。目前用于控制NOx排放的两种主流控制技术是：稀燃NOx捕集器（LNT）和选择性催化还原（SCR），LNT在稀燃下吸附、存储NOx，富燃下释放NOx，但其吸附工作温度在200℃以上。而对于SCR技术，以分子筛材料为载体的铜基催化剂是目前最理想的SCR催化剂，还原氮氧化物而不管废气中的氧气的量。但SCR在低的运行温度，例如低于200℃的温度不能高效的还原NOx排放物。
由于加热排气后处理设备和实现催化剂起燃所需的时间延长， 例如在冷启动期间、光加速(lightacceleration)和低速载荷巡航期间， 自发动机冷启动排出的NOx排放物可以构成总 NOx 排放物中的40%左右。 随着甚至更严格的国家和区域立法降低了可以从柴油或汽油发动机排放的污染物的量，在冷启动期间降低排放成为主要的挑战。因此，用于降低在冷启动条件过程中排放的NOx的水平的方法被持续探索。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种低温NOx吸附催化剂及其制备方法和应用，解决现有技术中无法在低温工况下对NOx有效催化吸附导致机动车在冷启动时NOx排放超标的问题。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，包括催化剂活性组分及负载催化剂活性组分的载体，所述催化剂活性组分为沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的至少一种，所述催化剂活性组分上负载有金属钯。
进一步地，所述负载催化剂活性组分的载体为蜂窝陶瓷载体或金属载体或玻璃纤维载体或碳化硅载体。
进一步地，所述沸石分子筛的硅铝比为20-900。
进一步地，所述铈锆储氧材料中的铈含量为0-1。
进一步地，所述低温NOx吸附催化剂的钯含量为0.2g/L-2g/L。
本发明还提供了一种低温NOx吸附催化剂的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：制备含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料；
S2：制备含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料；
S3：将含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料涂覆在负载催化剂活性组分的载体上；
S4：将涂覆好含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的载体干燥、焙烧，得到低温NOx吸附催化剂。
进一步地，所述步骤S1中，以可溶性金属钯溶液为前驱体，与沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的一种或分别与沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的至少两种通过浸渍或离子交换的方式进行部分负载或全部负载，再通过干燥和焙烧制备成含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料。。
进一步地，所述步骤S2中，先将步骤S1中制备的含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料与去离子水混合得到混合物A，再将混合物A通过搅拌或乳化或球磨或砂磨的方式配置成具有流动性的浆液混合物B，将混合物B与有机溶胶搅拌得到含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料。
进一步地，所述步骤S3中，将步骤S2中制备的含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料通过上给料或下给料的方式使用半自动涂覆机涂覆到负载催化剂活性组分的载体上。
进一步地，所述步骤S4中，将涂覆好含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的载体在60-200℃下快速烘干20-60min，以1-20℃/min的升温速度升温至400-650℃焙烧1-6h。
本发明还提供了一种机动车废气排放系统，所述机动车废气排放系统中含有如权利要求1-5任一所述的低温NOx吸附催化剂。
进一步地，所述机动车废气排放系统中在低温NOx吸附催化剂下游设置后续处理高温释放的NOx的还原装置。
进一步地，所述后续处理高温释放的NOx的还原装置为将NOx还原成N2和H2O的还原装置。
本发明还提供了一种低温NOx吸附催化剂的应用，将低温NOx吸附催化剂应用于控制发动机 NOx排放物和控制发动机CO、HC 排放物。
进一步地，将低温NOx吸附催化剂应用于在车辆冷启动期间控制 NOx 排放物。
本发明具有如下有益效果：
本发明的低温NOx吸附催化剂在低温时有效吸附存储NOx，并且在达到催化转化器、LNT或SCR操作温度后，将储存的NOx释放并且随后由催化转化器分解，能够冷启动阶段的NOx排放超标的问题。该被动NOx 吸附剂还兼具氧化一氧化碳CO和碳氢化合物HC的功能。
附图说明
图1为不同PNA催化剂NOx吸收和释放曲线；
图2为PNA2对HC、CO的转化效率曲线。
具体实施方式
实施例1：
按照以下步骤制备低温NOx吸附催化剂：
1.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍氧化铝材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/氧化铝催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
2.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍铈锆储氧材料材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/铈锆催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
3.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍硅铝比为300的BEA分子筛材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
4.取300g上述步骤中制备的Pd/氧化铝催化剂活性组分涂层材料、Pd/铈锆催化剂活性组分涂层材料和Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料与650g去离子水混合均匀，通过乳化机乳化40min，加入50g有机溶胶，搅拌60min,制备出催化剂活性组分涂层浆料。
5.将步骤4中制备的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料通过上给料的方式，在半自动涂覆机上涂覆到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上，分两端涂覆，每端浆料量400g，吹扫压力-30Hz。
6.将步骤5中涂覆好催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体在120℃下干燥8h，然后在马弗炉中550℃焙烧4h，得PNA1催化剂。
实施例2：
按照以下步骤制备低温NOx吸附催化剂：
1.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍铈锆储氧材料材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/铈锆催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
2.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍硅铝比为30的SSZ-13分子筛材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
3.取300g上述步骤中制备的Pd/铈锆催化剂活性组分涂层材料和Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料与650g去离子水混合均匀，通过乳化机乳化40min，加入50g有机溶胶，搅拌60min,制备出催化剂活性组分涂层浆料，催化剂活性组分涂层浆料中钯含量为1g/L。
4.将步骤3中制备的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料通过上给料的方式，在半自动涂覆机上涂覆到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上，分两端涂覆，每端浆料量400g，吹扫压力-30Hz。
5.将步骤4中涂覆好催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体在120℃下干燥8h，然后在马弗炉中550℃焙烧4h，得PNA2催化剂。
实施例3：
按照以下步骤制备低温NOx吸附催化剂：
1.以硝酸钯溶液为前驱体，浸渍硅铝比为900的ZSM-5分子筛材料，干燥，焙烧，制备成Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
2.取100g上述步骤中制备的Pd/分子筛催化剂活性组分涂层材料与650g去离子水混合均匀，加入200g氧化铝和铈锆比为3：1的铈锆粉，通过乳化机乳化40min，加入50g有机溶胶，搅拌60min,制备出催化剂活性组分涂层浆料。
3.将步骤2中制备的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料通过上给料的方式，在半自动涂覆机上涂覆到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上，分两端涂覆，每端浆料量400g，吹扫压力-30Hz。
4.将步骤3中涂覆好催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体在100℃下干燥12h，然后在马弗炉中500℃焙烧4h，得PNA3催化剂。
分别切取尺寸为φ25mm*50.4mm的PNA1催化剂、PNA2催化剂和PNA3催化剂圆柱形小样，在吸附温度150℃、空速3万、气体组成为200ppm的NO、 5vol％的CO2、 200ppm的CO、5vol％的H2O，、14vol％的O2和N2平衡工况下，吸附NOx至饱和，升温脱附，升温速率5℃/min，升温至500℃，得到图1所示不同PNA催化剂NOx吸收和释放曲线和图2所示PNA2对HC、CO的转化效率曲线，由图像可知，PNA1催化剂、PNA2催化剂和PNA3催化剂对NOx均具有优良的低温吸附和高温脱附的功能，低温NOx吸附催化剂具有优良的氧化一氧化碳CO和碳氢化合物HC的功能。
实施例4：
将乙酸铜溶液与SSZ-13离子交换，制备成3重量％的Cu-CHA催化剂材料，涂敷在直通式堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上，制成NOx还原催化剂，封装成NOx催化转化器。将PNA1催化剂、PNA2催化剂和PNA3的任意一种封装成PNA催化转化器，并设置在NOx催化转化器的上游。PNA催化转化器、NOx催化转化器以及其他必要结构组件共同构成机动车废气排放系统。
本发明的低温NOx吸附催化剂在低温时有效吸附存储NOx，并且在达到催化转化器、LNT或SCR操作温度后，将储存的NOx释放并且随后由催化转化器分解，能够冷启动阶段的NOx 排放超标的问题。该被动NOx 吸附剂还兼具氧化一氧化碳CO和碳氢化合物HC的功能。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员，在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内，当可利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例，但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容，依据本发明的技术实质，在本发明的精神和原则之内，对以上实施例所作的任何简单的修改、等同替换与改进等，均仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。

Claims (16)

1.一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,包括催化剂活性组分及负载催化剂活性组分的载体，所述催化剂活性组分为沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的至少一种，所述催化剂活性组分上负载有金属钯。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,所述负载催化剂活性组分的载体为蜂窝陶瓷载体或金属载体或玻璃纤维载体或碳化硅载体。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,所述沸石分子筛的类型为LTA、BEA、FAU、MOR、MFI和CHA中的至少一种。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,所述沸石分子筛的硅铝比为20-900。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,所述铈锆储氧材料中的铈含量为0-1。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种低温NOx吸附催化剂，其特征在于,所述低温NOx吸附催化剂的钯含量为0.2g/L-2g/L。
7.制备如权利要求1-6任一所述的低温NOx吸附催化剂的方法，其特征在于,包括以下步骤：
S1：制备含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料；
S2：制备含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料；
S3：将含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料涂覆在负载催化剂活性组分的载体上；
S4：将涂覆好含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的载体干燥、焙烧，得到低温NOx吸附催化剂。
8.如权利要求7所述的一种制备低温NOx吸附催化剂的方法，其特征在于,所述步骤S1中，以可溶性金属钯溶液为前驱体，与沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的一种或分别与沸石分子筛、铈锆储氧材料和氧化铝中的至少两种通过浸渍或离子交换的方式进行部分负载或全部负载，再通过干燥和焙烧制备成含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料。
9.如权利要求7所述的一种制备低温NOx吸附催化剂的方法，其特征在于,所述步骤S2中，先将步骤S1中制备的含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层材料与去离子水混合得到混合物A，再将混合物A通过搅拌或乳化或球磨或砂磨的方式配置成具有流动性的浆液混合物B，将混合物B与有机溶胶搅拌得到含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料。
10.如权利要求7所述的一种制备低温NOx吸附催化剂的方法，其特征在于,所述步骤S3中，将步骤S2中制备的含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料通过上给料或下给料的方式使用半自动涂覆机涂覆到负载催化剂活性组分的载体上。
11.如权利要求7所述的一种制备低温NOx吸附催化剂的方法，其特征在于,所述步骤S4中，将涂覆好含高度分散的金属钯的催化剂活性组分涂层浆料的载体在60-200℃下快速烘干20-60min，以1-20℃/min的升温速度升温至400-650℃焙烧1-6h。
12.一种机动车废气排放系统，其特征在于，所述机动车废气排放系统中含有如权利要求1-6任一所述的低温NOx吸附催化剂。
13.如权利要求12所述的一种机动车废气排放系统，其特征在于，所述机动车废气排放系统中在低温NOx吸附催化剂下游设置后续处理高温释放的NOx的还原装置。
14.如权利要求13所述的一种机动车废气排放系统，其特征在于，所述后续处理高温释放的NOx的还原装置为将NOx还原成N2和H2O的还原装置。
15.权利要求1-6任一所述的低温NOx吸附催化剂的应用，其特征在于，将低温NOx吸附催化剂应用于控制发动机 NOx排放物和控制发动机CO、HC 排放物。
16.如权利要求15所述的低温NOx吸附催化剂的应用，其特征在于，将低温NOx吸附催化剂应用于在车辆冷启动期间控制 NOx 排放物。
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