CN112094162A - Biochar-based composition for improving soil physicochemical property and increasing soil microbial activity and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Biochar-based composition for improving soil physicochemical property and increasing soil microbial activity and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a biochar-based composition for improving soil physicochemical properties and increasing soil microbial activity and a preparation method thereof. The raw materials of the biochar-based composition are as follows: biochar and organic fertilizer; both are made from agricultural and forestry waste. The invention can effectively increase the content of organic carbon in soil, improve the pH value of the soil and further improve the activity of soil microorganisms in the soil. The biochar-based composition prepared by the invention is loose and porous, has large specific surface area, contains a large amount of organic matters and the like, and has wide application prospect in agricultural production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a biochar-based composition for improving soil physicochemical properties and increasing soil microbial activity and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Soil degradation is a main problem which restricts the sustainable development of agriculture in China, most of the soil degradation focuses on economically developed areas, and the degradation of acid soil in south China is common.
The south China is a typical southern intensive farming area in China, and is dense in population, rich in water and soil resources, but small in occupied land per capita. In the long-term intensive agricultural development process with more people and less land, water and soil resources as agricultural development carriers appear: soil degradation is serious due to the problems of water and soil loss, soil acidification, barrenness, cultivation, stony desertification, soil pollution, desertification and the like. The ecological environment of the soil is deteriorated, various soil degradation conditions cause that the soil is small in erosion, shallow, sandy, thin and drought and a soil reservoir, the soil supply is less, the soil productivity is reduced, and the agricultural production is seriously influenced. The root is the end, and the occurrence of the soil degradation phenomenon is influenced by factors such as climatic factors, soil utilization conditions, social and economic development factors and the like. The soil degradation causes the loss of soil production capability and the failure of soil ecological environment function. Therefore, how to improve the soil and increase the soil fertility has become urgent.
Soil deterioration or damage affects the diversity of soil microorganisms. The number, type and composition of soil microorganisms vary with the degree of soil contamination and deterioration, which reflects the damage or restoration potential of an ecosystem, and in general, soil deterioration or damage has a negative effect on the number and type of soil microorganisms. The problems of soil acidification, heavy metal pollution and the like caused by soil degradation can increase soil aluminum ions and heavy metal ions, generate toxicity to crops, inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms and greatly influence the water body acidification.
Biochar is a novel environment repairing material, is a product formed by thermal cracking under an anoxic condition, and contains more than 70% of carbon. Wood, livestock and poultry manure, plant residues, even municipal sludge and the like can be used as raw materials of the biochar. Research shows that the biochar added into the soil can fix the carbon in the soil and prevent the carbon from passing through CO2Is discharged to the atmosphere; organic pollutants and heavy metals are adsorbed and fixed, so that the activity of the organic pollutants and the heavy metals is reduced; improving the pH of the soil; improving the water holding capacity of the soil and other positive effects.
However, most laboratories use peat, caustic sludge, lime and other alkaline regulators to prepare carbon-based soil conditioners for treating polluted soil. However, the sludge generally contains harmful substances such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, and has a great environmental risk. And the research on the number, the types and the compositions of soil microorganisms is less common.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a biochar-based composition for improving the physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing the microbial activity of the soil.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the above-mentioned biochar-based composition.
The invention provides a biochar-based composition which can improve soil properties and increase soil microbial activity by taking waste generated in an agricultural production process as a biochar raw material, adding an organic fertilizer and granulating.
The raw materials of the biochar-based composition are as follows: biochar and organic fertilizer; both are made from agricultural and forestry waste. The invention also provides an application of the biochar-based composition in soil improvement, and an application of the biochar-based composition in increasing the microbial activity of soil. The invention can effectively increase the content of organic carbon in soil, improve the pH value of the soil and further improve the activity of soil microorganisms in the soil. The biochar-based composition prepared by the invention is loose and porous, has large specific surface area, contains a large amount of organic matters and the like, and has wide application prospect in agricultural production.
In the composition, the content of caffeic acid is related to C circulating functional bacteria, the content of tanshinone IIA is related to N circulating functional bacteria, the content of salvianolic acid A is related to the ratio of N/P and N/S related functional bacteria, and the existence of the salvia miltiorrhiza can increase the number and the activity of cellulose decomposition bacteria, phosphorus bacteria related to S, P element circulation, sulfurous bacteria and aromatic compound flora.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the invention provides a biochar-based composition which comprises the following components: salvia miltiorrhiza, biochar, an organic fertilizer, a dispersing agent, an adhesive and humic acid.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the organic fertilizer comprises livestock manure, furfural residues, soybean meal and saccharides.
According to the embodiment of the invention, by weight, the red sage root is 10-16 parts, the biochar is 50-80 parts, the livestock manure is 34-36 parts, the furfural residue is 10-15 parts, the soybean meal is 12-16 parts, the saccharides are 4-7 parts, the dispersing agent is 0.5-4 parts, and the adhesive is 0.6-3 parts.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the biochar is selected from wheat straw, peanut hulls, rice hulls and wood chips.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the livestock manure is selected from pig manure, cow manure.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the saccharide is a plant polysaccharide selected from at least one of chitosan and zymosan.
The invention provides a preparation method of a biochar-based composition, which comprises the following steps:
1) weighing the components according to any one of the above components;
2) mixing and fermenting an organic fertilizer, furfural residues, bean pulp, saccharides and salvia miltiorrhiza, and adding humic acid to obtain a finished organic fertilizer;
3) mixing the biochar, the finished organic fertilizer, the dispersing agent and the adhesive, crushing, mixing with the adhesive, granulating and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the fermentation temperature in the step 2) is 40-50 ℃, and the fermentation time is 34-48 h.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the biochar preparation method in the step 3) is implemented by insulating the biochar at 520 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere of 400-.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the heat preservation time is 3-4 h; the alkaline solution is at least one of ammonia water, potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the effect of improving the degraded soil is obvious. The biochar-based composition prepared by the invention can increase the content of mineral nutrients in soil; the biochar has the characteristics of loose and porous surface structure, large specific surface area, strong adsorption capacity and the like, can provide a good inhabitation environment for soil microorganisms, and provides protection for beneficial microorganisms in soil; the adsorption effect of the biochar can also be long-acting and stably passivate harmful heavy metals in farmland soil, so that the biological effectiveness is reduced; the organic fertilizer can increase organic matters in soil, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and enhance the fertilizer and water retention capacity of the soil.
2) The biochar-based composition has wide material sources, and the biochar, the organic fertilizer and other raw materials are selected from industrial and agricultural wastes, so that the process is simple and the cost is low; is easy for large-scale industrial production.
3) Safe and environment-friendly, and is environment-friendly. The biochar-based composition and the application method thereof can also increase soil carbon sink and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The raw materials are subjected to harmless treatment, and secondary pollution is avoided in the application process.
4) Humic acid is a carrier of soil life, provides carbon sources and nitrogen sources for microorganisms and has a life-prolonging effect, and has a promoting effect on the number, variety and diversity of the microorganisms.
5) The organic fertilizer not only can fully utilize wastes generated after the extraction of the traditional Chinese medicines to realize the utilization of wastes, but also can provide the organic fertilizer with sterilization, disease and insect pest prevention and rich nutrient components for agricultural production. The addition of the traditional Chinese medicine residues can increase the number and respiratory rate of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in soil, and the effect is optimal. The effective component tanshinone in the salvia miltiorrhiza residue can improve the bacteriostasis and disease resistance of crops.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the effect of different treatments on the yield of common head cabbage, wherein T1 is the biochar-based composition of example 2, T2 is the biochar-based composition of a common commercial organic fertilizer combination (without herb residue), and T3 is the finished biochar prepared in example 2; t4 is the biochar-based composition prepared in example 2.
Detailed Description
Example 1 (biochar-based composition 1)
Drying the wheat straws, and crushing into biomass powder. Heating to 500 ℃ within 60 minutes at the speed of 10 ℃ per minute in the nitrogen atmosphere, carrying out heat preservation reaction for 4 hours, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain a biochar crude product; and grinding the biochar crude product, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, activating with ammonia water, washing and drying to obtain 80 parts of the wheat straw biochar finished product.
18 parts of pig manure; 18 parts of cow dung; 15 parts of furfural residues; 14 parts of soybean meal; 6 portions of sugar (chitosan) and 10 portions of herb residue (the main component is salvia miltiorrhiza). The raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the proportion for fermentation, wherein the fermentation temperature is 45 ℃, the fermentation time is 36 hours, and the raw materials are dried. Adding 3 parts of zeolite powder and 5 parts of humic acid to obtain the finished product of the organic fertilizer.
Uniformly mixing biochar and an organic fertilizer finished product according to a mass ratio of 100:20, uniformly mixing with 4 parts of dispersing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate) and 3 parts of adhesive (clay) in a mixer, and crushing into fine powder of 800-1000 meshes by an ultramicro jet mill; adding the obtained fine powder and an aqueous solution of an adhesive (clay) into a mixer, uniformly mixing, granulating by using an extrusion granulator, drying at 60-80 ℃, and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition 1.
The physical and chemical properties of the biochar-based composition 1 are detected as follows: pH is 10.07, organic matter content is 73.29%, quick-acting nitrogen is 17.79mg/kg, available phosphorus is 190.35mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium is 33112.00 mg/kg.
Example 2 (biochar-based composition 2)
Drying the peanut shells, and crushing the peanut shells into biomass powder. Heating to 450 ℃ within 60 minutes at the speed of 10 ℃ per minute in the nitrogen atmosphere, carrying out heat preservation reaction for 3.5 hours, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain a biochar crude product; and grinding the crude biochar finished product, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, activating with ammonia water, washing and drying to obtain 50 parts of peanut shell biochar finished product.
18 parts of pig manure; 16 parts of cow dung; 13 parts of furfural residues; 12 parts of soybean meal; 7 portions of saccharides and 16 portions of Chinese medicine dregs (the main component is salvia miltiorrhiza). The raw materials are uniformly mixed according to a ratio and fermented, wherein the fermentation temperature is 42 ℃, the fermentation time is 34h, the raw materials are dried, and 3 parts of zeolite powder and 5 parts of humic acid are added to obtain the finished product of the organic fertilizer.
Uniformly mixing the biochar and the finished organic fertilizer product according to the mass ratio of 100:19, uniformly mixing the mixture, 0.5 part of dispersant (sodium hexametaphosphate) and 0.6 part of adhesive (clay) in a mixer, and crushing the mixture into fine powder of 800 meshes to 1000 meshes by an ultramicro jet mill; adding the obtained fine powder and an aqueous solution of an adhesive (clay) into a mixer, uniformly mixing, granulating by using an extrusion granulator, drying at 70-90 ℃, and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition 2.
The physical and chemical properties of the biochar-based composition 2 are detected as follows: pH 9.81, organic matter content 76.16%, quick-acting nitrogen 126.58mg/kg, available phosphorus 231.89mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium 31000.00 mg/kg.
Example 3 (biochar-based composition 3)
Drying the rice hulls and then crushing the rice hulls into biomass powder. Heating to 400 ℃ within 60 minutes at the speed of 10 ℃ per minute in the nitrogen atmosphere, carrying out heat preservation reaction for 3.2 hours, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain a biochar crude product; and grinding the crude biochar finished product, sieving by using a 60-mesh sieve, activating by using ammonia water, washing and drying to obtain 60 parts of the rice hull biochar finished product.
16 parts of pig manure; 18 parts of cow dung; 14 parts of furfural residues; 15 parts of soybean meal; saccharide 6 parts, and herb residue (Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix as main ingredient) 12 parts. The raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the proportion for fermentation, wherein the fermentation temperature is 47 ℃, the fermentation time is 48 hours, the raw materials are dried, and 3 parts of zeolite powder and 5 parts of humic acid are added to obtain the finished product of the organic fertilizer.
Uniformly mixing the biochar and the finished organic fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:18, uniformly mixing the mixture with 2 parts of dispersing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate) and 2 parts of adhesive (clay) in a mixer, and crushing the mixture into fine powder of 800 meshes to 1000 meshes by an ultramicro jet mill; adding the obtained fine powder and an aqueous solution of an adhesive (clay) into a mixer, uniformly mixing, granulating by using an extrusion granulator, drying at 40-60 ℃, and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition 3.
The physical and chemical properties of the biochar-based composition 3 are detected as follows: pH 9.91, organic matter content 75.16%, quick-acting nitrogen 86.58mg/kg, available phosphorus 201.89mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium 30000.00 mg/kg.
Example 4 (biochar-based composition 4)
And drying the wood chips, and crushing the wood chips into biomass powder. Heating to 520 ℃ within 60 minutes at the speed of 10 ℃ per minute in the nitrogen atmosphere, carrying out heat preservation reaction for 3.3 hours, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain a biochar crude product; and grinding the crude biochar finished product, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, activating with ammonia water, washing and drying to obtain 70 parts of sawdust biochar finished product.
18 parts of pig manure; 17 parts of cow dung; 10 parts of furfural residues; 16 parts of soybean meal; sugar 4 parts, and herb residue (radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae as main ingredient) 13 parts. The raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the proportion for fermentation, wherein the fermentation temperature is 50 ℃, the fermentation time is 40 hours, the raw materials are dried, and 3 parts of zeolite powder and 5 parts of humic acid are added to obtain the finished product of the organic fertilizer.
Uniformly mixing the biochar and the finished organic fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:18.5, uniformly mixing the mixture with 1.5 parts of dispersing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate) and 1 part of adhesive (clay) in a mixer, and crushing the mixture into fine powder of 800 meshes to 1000 meshes by an ultramicro jet mill; adding the obtained fine powder and an aqueous solution of an adhesive (clay) into a mixer, uniformly mixing, granulating by using an extrusion granulator, drying at 50-70 ℃, and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition 4.
The physical and chemical properties of the biochar-based composition 4 are detected as follows: pH 9.71, organic matter content 70.27%, quick-acting nitrogen 66.58mg/kg, available phosphorus 182.89mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium 25000.00 mg/kg.
The effect of the biochar-based composition is detected.
Difference in disease prevention and yield increase
The inventor carried out experiments in the vegetable center of Dongguan, and compared the biochar-based composition (T1) in example 2 with a biochar-based composition (T2) prepared from a common commercial organic fertilizer combination (containing no herb residue and purchased from New agricultural Fertilizer science and technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou) at an application rate of 3000 kg/ha.
TABLE 1 Experimental statistics of the insect prevention and yield increase effects of the present invention
The experiment result shows that the biochar-based composition (T1) added with the traditional Chinese medicine residues can increase the yield of the flowering cabbage, and compared with the biochar-based composition (T2) combined with a common commercial organic fertilizer (without traditional Chinese medicine residues), the yield is increased by 12.1%, and meanwhile, the insect prevention rate is increased by 15%. The results show that the biochar-based composition added with the Chinese medicine residue (the main component of codonopsis pilosula) can effectively increase the yield of the cabbages and improve the insect resistance rate of the cabbages, and has obvious effect.
Field test of soil improvement effect of charcoal-based composition
The test point is located in the puddle of the white cloud area of Guangzhou, Guangdong province, and the surface soil (0-20cm) of the field is collected for analysis before the test, and the basic physicochemical properties are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 basic physicochemical properties of soil of test plot
The experimental steps are as follows: uniformly spreading each biochar-based composition into a corresponding cell before planting the common head cabbage, turning over, uniformly mixing a conditioner and soil, wherein the dosages of the biochar finished product and the biochar-based composition are 5000kg/ha, and sowing the common head cabbage after one week. The test had a total of 5 treatments, each being (CK) blank control no fertilizer; (T1) fertilizer; (T2) Chicken manure organic fertilizer (21T/hm)2) (ii) a (T3) the finished peanut shell biochar prepared in example 2; (T4) the biochar-based composition prepared in example 2. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and randomly arranged; there are 15 test cells. After the common head cabbage is mature, the influences of the yield in different treatment groups on the pH value of soil, the content of organic matters in the soil, the activity of soil enzyme and the activity of microorganisms are detected. The results are shown in FIG. 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.
As a result: as shown in fig. 1, the yield of common head cabbage was improved by using the biochar-based composition under field conditions, wherein the biochar-based composition prepared in example 2 (T4) was most significant, 4.99 times higher than the control; besides the control, the yield of the common head cabbage treated by the fertilizer (T1) is the lowest and is 2.95 times of the control; the yield increasing effect of the organic fertilizer and the finished biochar product which are applied independently is similar to that of the control yield, and is 4.15 times and 4.32 times of that of the control yield, and the yield is increased by 57.1% by applying the biochar-based composition (T4) compared with the fertilizer (T1) which is applied independently.
As can be seen from table 3, the addition of the biochar-based composition (T4) significantly increased the vitamin content and soluble sugar content of common head cabbage, which were 1.17 and 1.62 times higher than the control, respectively, as being optimal in all treatments. However, the nitrate content in the common head cabbage was significantly increased by applying the fertilizer (T1) and the biochar finish (T3) alone, and the nitrate content in the biochar-based composition treatment (T4) was not significantly different from the control.
TABLE 3 quality of Brassica oleracea in the treatment groups
TABLE 4 Effect of different charcoal-based compositions on Soft rot of common head cabbage
As can be seen from table 4, the addition of the biochar-based composition (T4) significantly reduced the incidence of common head cabbage soft rot, by 33.6% and 36.1% compared to the control and fertilizer treatments (T1), respectively, which is the best of all treatments. The fertilizer (T1) and the organic fertilizer treatment (T2) were applied alone, and the incidence of disease did not change significantly compared to the control, and the biochar finish (T3) also reduced the incidence of developing common head cabbage, but the effect was less excellent than the biochar-based composition (T4).
TABLE 5 Effect of different biochar-based composition treatments on soil Properties
As shown in table 5, the biochar-based composition (T4) and the finished biochar (T3) both significantly improved soil properties, and the pH of the soil to which the finished biochar prepared in example 2 (T2) was applied reached 7.46, which is 1.31 higher than the pH of the control; the biochar-based composition prepared in example 2 (T4) increased by 1.18, but the difference between the two was not significant. The application of the biochar-based composition (T4) also significantly improved the soil organic matter content, the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, and the available potassium, with the improvement being the best in treatment (except for the organic matter content), and the biochar-based composition (T4) prepared in example 2 was applied with the soil organic matter content, the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, and the available potassium being 2.33, 3.23, 7.29, and 5.62 times as high as the control CK, respectively.
TABLE 6 Effect of different biochar-based composition treatments on soil microorganisms
As can be seen from table 6, the application of organic fertilizer (T2), biochar finished product (T3) and biochar-based composition (T4) all significantly increased the respiration of soil, wherein the biochar-based composition (T4) increased the respiration of soil most significantly, which is 3.87 times higher than the control, indicating that the application thereof can increase the activity of microorganisms in soil and accelerate the metabolism thereof. After harvesting of the common head cabbage, the application of the biochar-based composition (T4) increased the number of bacteria in the soil microorganisms compared to the blank (CK) and the single application of fertilizer (T1), but the highest number of soil bacteria was the single application of organic fertilizer treatment (T2); the number of fungi was also significantly increased, with the highest number of fungi for the biochar-based composition (T4), 3.40 times that of the control; the number of actinomycetes after application of the biochar-based composition (T4) was higher than the control, but significantly lower than that after single application of fertilizer (T1) and organic fertilizer (T2). Illustrating that the application of the biochar-based composition (T4) had a major effect on the amount of fungi in the soil.
TABLE 7 Effect of different biochar-based composition treatments on soil enzyme Activity
As can be seen from table 7, the application of organic fertilizer (T2), biochar product (T3) and biochar-based composition (T4) all significantly improved the enzymatic activity of soil (including invertase, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase), wherein the biochar-based composition (T4) improved the enzymatic activity most significantly, 1.28, 2.33, 3.23 and 7.29 times higher than the control, respectively, indicating that the application of biochar-based composition (T4) can improve the activity of microorganisms in soil and enhance the activity of enzymes in soil.
The above experiments were repeated for product 1, product 3, and product 4 to obtain similar experimental results, which are not repeated herein.
In summary, the present invention provides a biochar-based composition, which comprises the following raw materials: biomass and organic fertilizer; the biomass is selected from any one or more of agricultural and forestry waste. The invention also provides an application of the biochar-based composition in soil improvement, and also provides an application of the biochar-based composition in activating microorganisms in soil and improving the activity of soil enzymes. According to experimental determination, the technical scheme provided by the invention can effectively improve the pH value of soil, increase the content of organic matters in the soil and improve the activity of soil enzymes and the activity of microorganisms; further, the yield of crops planted in the soil is improved, and the quality of the crops is improved. Meanwhile, the biochar-based composition provided by the invention also has the advantages of low cost, convenience and easiness in obtaining and difficulty in causing secondary pollution.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A biochar-based composition, comprising the following components: salvia miltiorrhiza, biochar, an organic fertilizer, a dispersing agent, an adhesive and humic acid.
2. The biochar-based composition according to claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer comprises livestock manure, furfural residues, soybean meal, and sugars.
3. The biochar-based composition according to claim 2, characterized by comprising, by weight, 10-16 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, 50-80 parts of biochar, 34-36 parts of livestock manure, 10-15 parts of furfural residue, 12-16 parts of soybean meal, 4-7 parts of saccharides, 0.5-4 parts of a dispersant and 0.6-3 parts of an adhesive.
4. Biochar-based composition according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the biochar is selected from wheat straw, peanut hulls, rice hulls and wood chips.
5. Biochar-based composition according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the livestock manure is selected from pig manure, cow manure.
6. The biochar-based composition according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the saccharide is a plant polysaccharide selected from at least one of chitosan and zymosan.
7. A method of preparing the biochar-based composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising:
1) weighing the components according to any one of claims 1 to 6;
2) mixing and fermenting an organic fertilizer, furfural residues, bean pulp, saccharides and salvia miltiorrhiza, and adding humic acid to obtain a finished organic fertilizer;
3) mixing the biochar, the finished organic fertilizer, the dispersing agent and the adhesive, crushing, mixing with the adhesive, granulating and drying to obtain the biochar-based composition.
8. The method for preparing the biochar-based composition according to claim 7, wherein the fermentation temperature in the step 2) is 40-50 ℃, and the fermentation time is 34-48 h.
9. The method for preparing the biochar-based composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein the biochar finished product in the step 3) is prepared by insulating and grinding biochar at 520 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere of 400-.
10. The method of preparing the biochar-based composition according to claim 9, wherein the incubation time is 3-4 hours; the alkaline solution is at least one of ammonia water, potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate.
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