CN112054075A - 一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,在各象限光敏元之间及其周围的衬底表面设置一个环极,该环极是用与衬底同型杂质,并与衬底背面电极同时扩散或注入形成的高低结,该环极通过引线与衬底背面的各象限光敏元的公共电极直接相连;在“双四”象限光电探测器的“内四”与“外四”象限光敏元之间不设置环极,在“单四”象限光电探测器的光敏元外沿所对应的环极中央部位,开设一个宽度为该光敏元外沿弧长的1/2~1/4的缺口。当带有环极缺口的该光敏元光照较强时,光敏元所产生的部分光生载流子,可以经电子通道分别进入“双四”的“外四”光敏元和“单四”光敏元周边的隔离二极管,从而提高光电探测器的饱和光功率,实现制导系统“深控”的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光电信息技术领域,具体来说,涉及一种无光电串扰、无电气干扰、扩展光动态范围,具有“精控”和“深控”能力的超高精度的硅象限光电探测器。
背景技术
四象限光电探测器是把四个性能完全相同的光电二极管按照直角坐标要求排列而成的光电探测器件,常用于激光制导中。用于激光制导的象限光电探测器的精度主要取决于光电探测器芯片象限间有无光电串扰、探测器盲区的大小以及光动态范围的宽窄等。通常,硅象限光电探测器象限间的光电串扰均在5%以上,当接收系统逐渐接近目标时,光电串扰也会逐渐增加至30%以上,要想通过光电探测器芯片的外围电路(包括前放、中放及主放等)来抑制光电串扰又不可能。并且,制导系统的光动态范围又主要受光电探测器的限制。
为此,发明人曾发明了专利号为ZL02128025.8的“消除象限光电探测器光电串扰的方法”和专利号为ZL201010622540.5的“无盲区无光电串扰的硅象限光电探测器制作方法”,它们分别对于提高光电探测系统的制导精度都起到了良好的作用。但是在前者专利中,由于因串扰而流出的那部分光电流被消灭,所以输出的光信号电流就有所损失;在后者专利中,既消除了光电探测器芯片的光探盲区,又克服了光电串扰,且无光信号电流的损失。但是,这两件专利中光动态范围没有得到增加。
发明内容
针对现有技术中硅象限光电探测器的光动态范围没有增加的不足之处,提供了一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,它不仅具有原先无盲区、消除了光电串扰的特性,还提高了光动态范围,使制导系统在“精控”的基础上进一步“深控”,缩小制导盲区,从而达到更加精准的打击。
为实现上述技术目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,其在各象限光敏元之间及其周围的衬底表面上设置一环极,该环极是用与衬底同型杂质,并与衬底背面电极同时扩散或注入形成的高低结,所述环极通过引线与衬底背面的各象限光敏元的公共电极直接相连;在“双四”象限光电探测器的“内四”象限光敏元和“外四”象限光敏元之间不设置环极,从而形成“内四”环极缺口;而在“单四”象限光电探测器的光敏元所对应的环极中央部位,开设一个宽度为该光敏元外沿弧长的的1/2~1/4长度的缺口,这种缺口称之为“电子通道”。
在“双四”象限光电探测器的“外四”光敏元外沿所对应的环极或者“单四”象限光电探测器的光敏元外沿所对应的环极外边0.1~0.15mm处,再设置0.2~0.5mm宽度的环形隔离二极管,该隔离二极管与各光敏元掺入的杂质同型,且同时扩散或注入而成。
采用上述技术方案的超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,应用时,在光电探测器反偏置电压下,各象限光敏元的背面纵向耗尽层与其各侧壁耗尽层连成一体,形成耗尽层“电子势垒”。当光敏元在光照下,所产生的光生载流子,其作不规则运动的“少子”—电子(P型衬底)或空穴(N型衬底),均不能通过该侧壁耗尽层“电子势垒”,从而彻底消除了相邻象限间的“光电串扰”,保证了系统“和差”运算的精度,也相应提高了响应度。然而在有“电子通道”的光敏元,光照较强时,光敏元所产生的部分光生载流子,可以经“电子通道”分别进入“双四”的“外四”光敏元和“单四”的隔离二极管,从而提高了光电探测器的饱和光功率,实现制导系统“深控”的目的。
隔离二极管加入与各光敏元同值的反偏置电压和同值的负载电阻后短路连接。在工作条件下,经光敏元“电子通道”流入的部分光生载流子和光电探测器外围电路和空间的感生电荷一并短路,实现无电气干扰的目的。
进一步限定,所述环极是依硅象限光电探测器各象限光敏元的数量和形状而定,对于硅象限光电探测器的管芯是圆形的“单四”象限光电探测器,它的管芯由四个扇形的光敏元构成,则环极的形状是一个带四个对称缺口的环形加十字形的组合形状;对于硅象限光电探测器的管芯是圆形的“双四”象限光电探测器,它的管芯是由“内四”和“外四”八个扇形的象限光敏元构成,则环极的形状是一个仅“外四”带同心的环形加经过“内四”的大十字形组合成的网状形状。
附图说明
图1为本发明一种超高精度的“双四”硅象限光电探测器管芯结构正视图;
图2为图1“双四”硅象限光电探测器管芯结构剖视图;
图3为本发明一种超高精度的“单四”硅象限光电探测器管芯结构正视图;
图4为图3“单四”硅象限光电探测器管芯结构剖剖面图。
图中标记说明:[n]是高阻n型硅(n-Si)衬底;[p+]是硼扩散层,1p+是芯片在周边的环形“隔离二极管”的p+层;[n+]是磷扩散层;其中1n+是光电探测器芯片周边的环极n+层,2n+是“双四”象限光电探测器的“内四”和“外四”各四个象限光敏元之间的环极n+层,3n+是芯片背面硅衬底表面n+层;[1]是SiO2层;[2]是Si3N4隐蔽层;[3]是电极金属Al层;[4]是光电探测器光敏元耗尽层的电位线。
具体实施方式
为了便于本领域技术人员的理解,下面结合实施例与附图对本发明作进一步的说明,实施方式提及的内容并非对本发明的限定。
本发明提供的硅象限光电探测器,一般有两种,一种是一般的单四象限光电探测器,一种是精度更高的“双四”象限光电探测器。
在“双四”象限光电探测器芯片中,每个象限光敏元之间,均设计一个具有“电子势垒”功能的环极(该环极的宽度为30um,而“外四”光敏元周围的环极宽度为100~150um),它是用芯片衬底同型杂质,并与衬底背面电极同时扩散或注入形成n+n(N型衬底)或p+p(P型衬底)的高低结。
在这个“双四”象限光电探测器的“內四”和“外四”象限光敏元之间不设置环极,此处即为“电子通道”(无“电子势垒”),以便光电探测器在逐渐接近目标,接收的光信号逐渐增强时,让光电探测器转换的光信号中的一部分电子(P型衬底)和空穴(N型衬底)越过上述电子通道,进入“外四”象限光敏元,使“内四”光敏元延时饱和,从而达到减小制导“盲区”,实现“飞弹”“深控”的目的。在“内四”象限光敏元之间以及“外四”象限光敏元之间,因有“电子势垒”的阻隔作用,其不规则运动的电子或空穴,在到达“电子势垒”处被返回而参加本象限的光电流。也就是说:它既完全消除了“光电串扰”,又没有光电流的损失。这样“内四”象限、“外四”象限在“飞弹”控制系统中分别进行的“和差”运算,就十分“精准”,从而实现了飞弹“精控”的目的。
在这“双四”象限光电探测器的“外四”象限光敏元对应的环极外沿100~150um处,再设置一个环宽为200~500um的环形隔离二极管,它与各光敏元掺入的杂质同型,且同时扩散或注入而成。该隔离二极管同时加上光电探测器芯片的偏置电压,并接入与“外四”象限光敏元等值的负载电阻后短路连接,这样就可以完全屏蔽光电探测器芯片外部和空间的电气干扰。
对于“单四”象限光电探测器,就是把上述“双四”象限光电探测器芯片的“内四”象限与“外四”象限的光敏元结合一体。在各光敏元的外沿对应的环极的中间部位,对应设置长度为该光敏元外沿长度的1/2~1/4的缺口,共四个,形成“电子通道”,再在环极的外边100~150um设置环形隔离二极管。其作用除屏蔽光电探测器外部和空间的“电气干扰”外,还同时接收由“单四”象限光电探测器,在“飞弹”逐渐接近目标时,经“电子通道”流入的部分强光信号电流,从而使光电探测器芯片“延时饱和”从而扩大光动态范围。
由此可见,无论“双四”象限光电探测器或“单四”象限光电探测器,这样的设计都实现了超高精度的制导效果。
下面分别给出两个不同的硅象限光电探测器实施例:
(1)“双四”象限光电探测器
一个“双四”象限光电探测器芯片,“内四”象限为Φ2mm,“外四”象限为Φ10mm,象限间的距离为0.2mm;各象限间的中间部位设有一个条宽为0.03mm的环极;在这“内四”和“外四”象限光敏元之间不设置环极,即没有“电子势垒”而成为“电子通道”;在离“外四”光敏元外沿0.1~0.15mm处,设置的环极宽度较宽,可为0.15~0.2mm(因为要光刻电极条孔,且金属化);在这部分“环极”外沿0.1~0.15mm的部位,再设置一个条宽为0.2~0.5mm的环形“隔离二极管”。
(2)“单四”象限光电探测器。
一个“单四”象限光电探测器,可以把上述“双四”象限光电探测器芯片的“内四”象限与“外四”象限光敏元直接合并一体,成为Φ10mm的单四象限光电探测器。再把“内四”象限的环极上的“电子通道”设置到各象限外沿所对应环极的中间部位,其弧长约为2.5mm(缺口长度),其余结构均不变。
下面给出了制造本发明超高精度的“双四”象限光电探测器的工艺过程。
(1)在n-Si衬底上氧化生长SiO2层[1];光刻“内四”象限、“外四”象限八个光敏元和环形隔离二极管的硼扩散窗口p+区;进行硼扩散形成各光敏元及“隔离二极管”的p+n结;再进行轻微的氧化,生长极薄的SiO2层[1]后再淀积氮化硅(Si3N4)掩蔽层[2]。
(2)在整个光电探测器芯片周围,即“内四”、“外四”八个象限光敏元之间刻出环极图形,即1n+、2n+区窗口;对硅片衬底背面进行减薄、抛光制作出3n+区窗口;再对这1n+区、2n+区、3n+区窗口进行磷扩散,以形成n+n高低结,再对这磷扩散窗口区进行氧化,生长SiO2层。
(3)在光电探测器的八个象限光敏元(p+区)、环形隔离二极管p+区及环极1n+中光刻出电极窗口,并腐蚀掉硅片背面3n+区表面的SiO2层。
(4)对光电探测器芯片正面和背面分别蒸镀金属铝电极层并反刻,将八个象限光敏元的p+区的电极孔、隔离二极管p+区的电极孔、环极1n+区等上面的铝膜及硅片衬底背后3n+区电极上的铝膜层保留下来,其余部分的铝膜层全部腐蚀掉。
(5)对光电探测器芯片进行硅铝合金后划片;分离芯片并通过中测选出合格管芯。至此,光电探测器芯片制作完毕。管芯在烧结、压焊时或在电路的焊接中,再将环极1n+层的铝电极与芯片背面的3n+区的铝电极用金丝连接一体;环形隔离二极管的p+区电极,经接入电阻(与光敏元的负载电阻等阻)后,再与芯片背面连成一体,使之短路以消除电气干扰等。
以上方法也可用于四象限等多种象限光电探测器的制作。而对于用P型硅为衬底制作象限光电探测器而言,仅把上述的硼磷扩散对换,并在光刻环极窗口时,同时在离各光敏元和环形隔离二极管边10~20μm处光刻出10~20μm宽的p+“切断环”窗口,并同时作硼扩散,形成p+p高低结,防止P型硅衬底表面的“N型沟道”——反型层,以免造成光敏元和隔离二极管特性不稳定甚至失效。其它过程均相同,而电极的极性相应也作变换即可。
Claims (3)
1.一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,其在各象限光敏元之间及其周围的衬底表面上设置一环极,该环极是用与衬底同型杂质,并与衬底背面电极同时扩散或注入形成的高低结,所述环极通过引线与衬底背面的各象限光敏元的公共电极直接相连,其特征在于:
在“双四”象限光电探测器的“内四”象限光敏元和“外四”象限光敏元之间不设置环极,从而形成“内四”环极缺口,在“单四”象限光电探测器的光敏元所对应的环极中央部位,开设一个宽度为该光敏元外沿弧长的的1/2~1/4长度的缺口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,其特征在于,在“双四”象限光电探测器的“外四”光敏元外沿所对应的环极或者“单四”象限光电探测器的光敏元外沿所对应的环极外边0.1~0.15mm处,再设置0.2~0.5mm宽度的环形隔离二极管,该隔离二极管与各光敏元掺入的杂质同型,且同时扩散或注入而成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种超高精度的硅象限光电探测器,其特征在于,所述环极是依硅象限光电探测器各象限光敏元的数量和形状而定,对于硅象限光电探测器的管芯是圆形的“单四”象限光电探测器,它的管芯由四个扇形的光敏元构成,则环极的形状是一个带四个对称缺口的环形加十字形的组合形状;对于硅象限光电探测器的管芯是圆形的“双四”象限光电探测器,它的管芯是由“内四”和“外四”八个扇形的象限光敏元构成,则环极的形状是一个仅“外四”带同心的环形加经过“内四”的大十字形组合成的网状形状。
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