CN112048048A - 一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112048048A
CN112048048A CN202010971698.7A CN202010971698A CN112048048A CN 112048048 A CN112048048 A CN 112048048A CN 202010971698 A CN202010971698 A CN 202010971698A CN 112048048 A CN112048048 A CN 112048048A
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parts
foaming
reaction kettle
stirring
polyurethane foam
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CN112048048B (zh
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郭凯
蔡谨琳
方正
陶俊杰
陶惠新
陈可泉
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Nanjing Tech University
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Nanjing Tech University
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Abstract

本发明涉及聚氨酯发泡材料技术领域，具体公开了一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法，所述的聚氨酯发泡材料书以植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂为原料制成的。本发明采用式I所示的化合物为表面活性剂，其活性高，可以降低溶液表面张力，形成胶束，起到增溶作用，使物料很好的相溶，进一步提高物料的溶解度；且本发明提供通过控制植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂的质量比以及反应条件，有效的使泡孔分布均匀，从而可以降低聚氨酯发泡材料的导热系数，提高聚氨酯发泡材料的保温性能。

Description

一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及聚氨酯发泡材料技术领域，具体涉及一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
聚氨酯发泡材料是以聚合物为基体材料，通过物理或化学方法使内部产生大量的泡孔结构。聚氨酯发泡材料是由异氰酸酯与多元醇反应而制成的一种具有氨基甲酸酯链段重复结构单元的聚合体。由于发泡材料独特的泡孔结构赋予了其一系列优良性能，如密度低、隔热隔音、比强度高、缓冲、保温性能好等，因此在包装业、工业、农业、交通运输业、军事工业、航天工业以及日用品等领域具有广泛应用。其保温性能是各种泡沫材料中最优的，同时，聚氨酯发泡材料具有优异的材料强度，是目前冰箱、太阳能、热力管道、建筑、冷链等保温领域常用的保温材料。但是现有的用于保温行业的聚氨酯材料的导热系数不是太低，保温性能不够优良。且现有技术中的表面活性剂在应用过程中，若添加量少，会出现分层的现象，其混溶性不好，而加多了会影响性能。
现基于此，确有必要提供一种新的聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法，以解决上述问题。
发明内容
发明目的：本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对现有技术的不足，提供一种聚氨酯发泡材料，以解决聚氨酯发泡材料存在的导热系数过高，保温性能不好的问题。
本发明还要解决的技术问题是提供上述聚氨酯发泡材料的制备方法。
为了解决上述第一个技术问题，本发明公开了一种聚氨酯发泡材料，以植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂为原料制成。
其中，所述的表面活性剂为式Ⅰ所示的化合物；
Figure BDA0002684309450000021
其中，所述的植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂的质量比为105-110:95-100:45-55:5-20:2-7:1-2:0.5-2:10-25，优选为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
其中，所述的植物油多元醇的羟值为400-500mg KOH/g；其中，所述的植物油多元醇来源于芝麻油、花生油、大豆油、棉花籽油等。
其中，所述的异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯(PAPI)和碳化二亚胺改性二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中至少两个组分的混合物；优选地，所述的异氰酸酯为PAPI与MDI的混合物；进一步优选地，两者的质量比为6:4。
其中，所述的发泡剂为三氟碘甲烷、1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)和五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc)中的任意一种或几种组合，优选为HFC-245fa。
其中，所述的催化剂为1,5,7-三叠氮双环(4,4,0)癸-5-烯(TBD)、1,8-二氮杂二环十一碳-7-烯(DBU)和1,5-二氮杂双环(4,3,0)壬-5-烯中(DBN)的任意一种或几种组合；优选地，所述的催化剂为TBD与DBU的混合物；进一步优选地，两者的质量比为7:3。
其中，所述的扩链剂为1,4-丁二醇(BDO)、1,6-己二醇和甘油中的任意一种，优选为BDO。
其中，所述的交联剂为2,2-二羟甲基丁醇(TMP)和过氧化二异丙苯中的任意一种或两种组合，优选TMP。
其中，所述的泡沫稳定剂为有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805。
为解决上述第二个技术问题，本发明公开了上述聚氨酯发泡材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)按照配方比将植物油多元醇、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂和交联剂加入到反应釜中，于50-60℃，以600-800r/min的转速搅拌30-40min，然后再加入一半发泡剂继续搅拌20-25min；
(2)按照配方比将异氰酸酯和泡沫稳定剂加入到另一反应釜中于60-70℃，以270-350r/min的转速搅拌20-30min，然后再加入一半发泡剂继续搅拌15-20min；
(3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35-40℃，枪头流速为900-1000g/s。
有益效果：与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下优势：
(1)本发明提供了一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法，通过控制植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂的质量比，以及反应条件，同时通过采用式I所示的化合物为表面活性剂，可有效的使泡孔分布均匀，从而可以降低聚氨酯发泡材料的导热系数，提高聚氨酯发泡材料的保温性能，还可以降低聚氨酯发泡材料的密度，提高聚氨酯发泡材料的压陷强度、伸长率、撕裂强度。
(2)本发明采用催化剂1,5,7-三叠氮双环(4,4,0)癸-5-烯(TBD)、1,8-二氮杂二环十一碳-7-烯(DBU)、1,5-二氮杂双环(4,3,0)壬-5-烯(DBN)的催化活性更高，用量更少，更经济环保。
(3)本发明采用式I所示的化合物为表面活性剂，其活性高，可以降低溶液表面张力，形成胶束，起到增溶作用，使物料很好的相溶，进一步提高物料的溶解度和组合物料的均一性，且放置长时间如6个月不会出现分层，在南方北方不同气候不同温度环境下，都能够有很好的操作性。
具体实施方式
根据下述实施例，可以更好地理解本发明。然而，本领域的技术人员容易理解，实施例所描述的内容仅用于说明本发明，而不应当也不会限制权利要求书中所详细描述的本发明
各原料的用量“份”为“重量份”。
以下实施例中，若无特殊说明，所用的表面活性剂为式I所示，
Figure BDA0002684309450000031
其反应路径如下所示：
Figure BDA0002684309450000041
反应条件：
1、将反应物a(150mmol，21.9g)，正己醇(100mL)加入到反应瓶里，在室温下反应2小时后过滤得到产物b。
2、将反应物b(100mmol，12.8g)，十四烷酰氯(150mmol，36.9g)，碳酸氢钠(150mmol，15.75g)，水(100mL)，二氯甲烷(100mL)加入到反应瓶里，室温下反应6小时后过滤得到产物c。
3、将水(100mL)，反应物c(50mmol，12.7g)和NaOH(100mmol，4.0g)添加到烧瓶中，50℃搅拌8小时后，趁热将溶液过滤来去除不溶性杂质。将滤液冷却至室温然后将温度调节至中性pH。产品从水中沉淀出来，过滤、洗涤、干燥得到表面活性剂。
HRMS(ESI)for C20H40N2O3,m/z[M+H]+:calcd 357.3072,found 357.3113；1H NMR(300MHz,MeOD)δ4.31–4.18(m,1H,CHCOOH),2.61(t,J＝6.6Hz,2H,CH2NH2),2.31–2.10(m,2H,COCH2),1.55–1.21(m,28H,CH2),0.93(dd,J＝25.1,7.0Hz,3H,CH3).13C NMR(75MHz,MeOD)δ178.26(s),174.25(s),55.28(s),41.53(s),36.48(s),32.93(d,J＝1.5Hz),32.01(s),29.53(dd,J＝18.5,6.0Hz),25.99(s),23.25(d,J＝16.0Hz),22.65(s),13.37(s).Elemental analysis for C20H39N2O3Na,calcd 378.29,C％calcd 63.46,found 63.50,H％calcd 10.39,found 10.42,N％calcd 7.40,found 7.38.
实施例1
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、7份TBD、3份DBN、4份表面活性剂、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
实施例2
1)将105份植物油多元醇(来源于芝麻油)(羟值为400mgKOH/g)、7.5份DBU和7.5份DBN、表面活性剂6份、1份1,6一己二醇和2份过氧化二异丙苯转移至反应釜中搅拌40min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为800r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为60℃；搅拌40min后所述反应釜中加入27.5份HFC-365mfc继续搅拌25min。
2)将50份TDI和50份MDI、25份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为350r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为60℃；搅拌25min后所述反应釜中加入27.5份HFC-365mfc继续搅拌20min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为40℃，枪头流速为900g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为105:100:55:15:6:1:2:25。
实施例3
1)将110份植物油多元醇(来源于花生油)(羟值为420mgKOH/g)、12份TBD和8份DBU、表面活性剂7份、2份甘油和2份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌35min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为600r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为55℃；搅拌35min后所述反应釜中加入27.5份三氟碘甲烷继续搅拌23min。
2)将57份MDI和38份碳化二亚胺改性MDI、25份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为270r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为65℃；搅拌23min后所述反应釜中加入27.5份三氟碘甲烷继续搅拌17min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为38℃，枪头流速为950g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为110:95:55:20:7:2:2:25。
实施例4
1)将105份植物油多元醇(来源于棉花籽油)(羟值为480mgKOH/g)、3份TBD和2份DBN、表面活性剂2份、1份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌40min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为55℃；搅拌40min后所述反应釜中加入22.5份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将66.5份TDI和28.5份PAPI、10份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为65℃；搅拌25min后所述反应釜中加入22.5份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为39℃，枪头流速为980g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为105:95:45:5:2:1:0.5:10。
实施例5
1)将110份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)(羟值为500mgKOH/g)、3份TBD、7份DBN、5份表面活性剂、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为800r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57份TDI和38份MDI、20份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为350r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为110:95:50:10:5:1.5:0.5:20。
对比例1：表面活性剂替换为多聚甲基硅氧烷
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、7份TBD、3份DBN、4份多聚甲基硅氧烷、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例2：表面活性剂替换为月桂基磺化琥珀酸单酯二钠
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、7份TBD、3份DBN、4份月桂基磺化琥珀酸单酯二钠、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例3：表面活性剂替换为单月桂基磷酸酯
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、7份TBD、3份DBN、4份单月桂基磷酸酯、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例4：表面活性剂替换为聚山梨酯
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、7份TBD、3份DBN、4份聚山梨酯、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:10:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例5：
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、15份TBD、4份表面活性剂、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:15:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例6：
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、13份DBN、4份表面活性剂、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:13:4:1.5:0.5:15。
对比例7：
1)将108份植物油多元醇(来源于大豆油)羟值为450mgKOH/g、18份DBU、4份表面活性剂、1.5份BDO和0.5份TMP转移至反应釜中搅拌30min，所述反应釜搅拌转速为700r/min，并控制所述反应釜内的温度为50℃；搅拌30min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌20min。
2)将57.6份PAPI和38.4份MDI、15份有机硅泡沫稳定剂AK-8805加入另一反应釜中进行混合，控制所述反应釜搅拌转速为300r/min，并控制反应釜内的温度为70℃；搅拌20min后所述反应釜中加入25份HFC-245fa继续搅拌15min。
3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料，发泡目标腔体的温度为35℃，枪头流速为1000g/s。
植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂，其质量比为108:96:50:18:4:1.5:0.5:15。
在上述聚氨酯发泡材料的制备过程中，实施例所制备的过程，物料能够较好的相溶，均一度比较好；而对比例1-4中，在采用其他表面活性的情况下，制备过程中其物料相溶性较差，大概24小时后会产生分层的现象。
根据GB/T 6343-2009测定泡沫塑料的密度；
根据GB/T 20467-2006测定泡沫塑料的压陷强度；
根据GB/T 6344-2008测定泡沫塑料的伸长率；
根据GB/T 10808-2006测定泡沫撕裂强度；
根据GB/T 10295-2008测定泡沫的导热系数。
表1给出了根据本发明实施例的组合获取的聚氨酯发泡材料的性能指标，与现有技术的聚氨酯发泡材料相比，本发明的聚氨酯发泡材料的导热系数更低，更适合用于冰箱、太阳能、热力管道、建筑、冷链等保温领域的保温材料。
表1聚氨酯发泡材料的性能指标
Figure BDA0002684309450000111
本发明提供了一种聚氨酯发泡材料及其制备方法的思路及方法，具体实现该技术方案的方法和途径很多，以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。本实施例中未明确的各组成部分均可用现有技术加以实现。

Claims (10)

1.一种聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，以植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂为原料制成；
其中，所述的表面活性剂为式Ⅰ所示的化合物；
Figure FDA0002684309440000011
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的植物油多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂、交联剂和泡沫稳定剂的质量比为105-110:95-100:45-55:5-20:2-7:1-2:0.5-2:10-25。
3.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的植物油多元醇的羟值为400-500mg KOH/g。
4.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯和碳化二亚胺改性二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中至少两个组分的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的发泡剂为三氟碘甲烷、1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷和五氟丁烷中的任意一种或几种组合。
6.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的催化剂为1,5,7-三叠氮双环(4,4,0)癸-5-烯、1,8-二氮杂二环十一碳-7-烯和1,5-二氮杂双环(4,3,0)壬-5-烯中的任意一种或几种组合。
7.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的扩链剂为1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇和甘油中的任意一种或几种组合。
8.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的交联剂为2,2-二羟甲基丁醇和过氧化二异丙苯中的任意一种或两种组合。
9.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯发泡材料，其特征在于，所述的泡沫稳定剂为有机硅泡沫稳定剂。
10.权利要求1～9中任意一项所述聚氨酯发泡材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
(1)按照配方比将植物油多元醇、催化剂、表面活性剂、扩链剂和交联剂加入到反应釜中，于50-60℃，以600-800r/min的转速搅拌30-40min，然后再加入一半发泡剂继续搅拌20-25min；
(2)按照配方比将异氰酸酯和泡沫稳定剂加入到另一反应釜中于60-70℃，以270-350r/min的转速搅拌20-30min，然后再加入另一半发泡剂继续搅拌15-20min；
(3)通过枪头混合步骤(1)和步骤(2)的物料，并注入发泡目标腔体中进行发泡得到聚氨酯发泡材料。
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