CN112017626A - 轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室 - Google Patents
轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室,司机室的结构噪声传输通道上均安装有加速度计,空气噪声传输通道上均安装有传声器;该司机室内安装有多个次级声源;所述加速度计、传声器、次级声源均与有源噪声自适应控制器电连接。本发明多参考传感器信息融合提高了参考信号来源的全面性和准确性,参考信号的准确性有效提高了目标降噪区域的降噪量,具有较好的降噪体验和工程实用性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及轨道交通领域,特别是一种轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室。
背景技术
随着人们对轨道车辆乘坐舒适性的要求越来越高,司乘人员对车内噪声的要求也越高。由于司机长期需要进行驾驶操作,当司机室噪声较大时,司机容易出现驾驶疲劳甚至听力受损。目前司机室的降噪方法多采用被动隔声和密封降噪,然而这种方法对于低频噪声却无能为力。有源噪声控制技术的出现为司机室的低频降噪提供了可行方法,但由于线路环境复杂多变,难以获取准确的参考信号,从而导致有源降噪控制效果不佳。另外,误差传感器和次级声源的安装使座椅结构复杂,不便于工程化应用。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,针对现有技术不足,提供一种轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室,获取准确的参考信号,改善有源降噪控制效果。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明所采用的技术方案是:一种轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,包括以下步骤:
1)获取司机室各噪声传输通道的噪声参考信号,计算得到所述噪声参考信号的频域信号,利用所述频域信号获取各噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线;所述噪声参考信号包括结构噪声参考信号和空气噪声参考信号;
2)在不同列车运行速度等级下,根据所述噪声参考信号及司机耳朵位置附近的空气噪声监测信号的相关性,获取所述噪声参考信号的加权系数;
3)根据列车速度,选择对应速度等级下的噪声参考信号的加权系数,对每个噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线进行加权融合计算,得到综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线;获取司机室每个虚拟误差传声器的噪声误差信号,计算得到所述噪声虚拟误差信号的频域信号,利用所述频域信号获取各噪声虚拟误差信号的频谱幅值曲线;
4)根据综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线和虚拟误差信号的频谱幅值曲线产生次级声源控制信号,对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节,获得司机室内各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量,根据各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量调节各扬声器信号的幅值和相位。
本发明获取司机室结构噪声参考信号和空气噪声参考信号,参考信号覆盖各频段的噪声信号,提高了参考信号来源的全面性和准确性;对每个噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线进行加权融合计算,可以得到准确的综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线,并利用次级声源控制信号获取调节量,因此本发明的方法可以准确计算降噪量(即各次级声源信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量),极大地改善了降噪控制效果。
步骤1)中,所述结构噪声参考信号为加速度计信号;所述空气噪声参考信号为传声器信号;所述加速度计信号由安装于司机室结构噪声传输通道(即结构噪声传递路径)上的参考加速度计获取;所述传声器信号由安装于司机室空气噪声传输通道(即空气噪声传递路径)上的参考传声器获取。多种参考传感器信息融合提高了参考信号来源的全面性和准确性。
步骤1)中,各噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线的获取过程包括:对各噪声参考信号进行快速傅里叶变换,获得频域信号,取三分之一倍频程和A计权,获得频谱幅值曲线。该计算过程极大地提高了计算速度,同时三分之一倍频程可以保证计算精度,A计权保证了参考信号与人耳对声信号敏感的相关性。
步骤2)中,所述司机耳朵位置附近的空气噪声监测信号由安装于司机耳朵位置附近的传声器获取,所述司机耳朵位置由安装在司机前窗位置中部的用于跟踪司机头部位置的位置跟踪传感器获取。位置跟踪传感器可以是摄像头、红外摄像机等。
步骤4)中,利用虚拟误差传声器的声信号对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节;所述虚拟误差传声器的声信号由安装于司机室天花板或侧墙上的多个传声器获取,或者由安装于司机室座椅上的物理误差传声器获取,物理误差传声器直接安装在司机室座椅上,省却了多个传声器,且不需要事先建立传声器与虚拟传声器之间的传递函数,不需要位置跟踪传感器。
步骤4)中,对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节的具体实现过程包括:将所述虚拟误差传声器的声信号和次级声源控制信号作为有源降噪方法的输入,迭代调整计算步长和计算阶数,当有源降噪方法收敛时,则自适应调节结束,输出各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量。该调节过程简单,容易实现,且调节结构精确。
扬声器安装于司机室内声压为68dB(A)以上的区域内,能激励司机室空腔模态响应,有效降低目标区域(司机耳朵区域位置)在典型频率时的噪声幅值。
作为一个发明构思,本发明还提供了一种轨道交通车辆司机室,该司机室的每个结构噪声传输通道上均安装有加速度计,每个空气噪声传输通道上均安装有传声器;该司机室内安装有多个次级声源;所述加速度计、传声器、次级声源均与有源噪声自适应控制器电连接。本发明的司机室内安装有各种参考传感器,可以准确获取各个频段的噪声信号。
所述多个次级声源分别安装于司机室内天花板上和侧墙上;或者所述多个次级声源安装于司机室内座椅上。所述司机室天花板或侧墙上安装有多个远程误差传声器;或者所述司机室座椅上安装有物理误差传声器。所述司机室前窗位置中部安装有用于跟踪司机头部位置的位置跟踪传感器。
与现有技术相比,本发明所具有的有益效果为:
1、本发明多参考传感器信息融合提高了参考信号来源的全面性和准确性,参考信号的准确性有效提高了目标降噪区域的降噪量,具有较好的降噪体验和工程实用性。
2、虚拟误差传声器技术降低了司机座椅的复杂性,提高了调节可操作性以及司机使用的便利性。
附图说明
图1为本发明一实施例的采用多参考传感器信息融合和移动虚拟误差传声器技术的轨道车辆司机室有源降噪装置示意图;
图2为本发明一实施例的采用多参考传感器信息融合和虚拟误差传声器技术的轨道车辆司机室有源降噪装置示意图;
图3为本发明一实施例的采用多参考传感器信息融合和远场扬声器区域控制技术的轨道车辆司机室有源降噪装置示意图;
图4为本发明一实施例的采用多参考传感器信息融合技术的轨道车辆司机室有源降噪装置示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明中,结构噪声是指由金属振动产生的噪声,频率一般在400hz以下,该部分噪声信号采用加速度计获取。空气噪声是指由空气传声导致的噪声,频率一般在400hz以上,该部分噪声信号采用传声器获取。
如图1所示,本发明实施例1中,鉴于轨道车辆司机室噪声来源的复杂性和全方位性,在司机室外部、司机室外壳壁板、司机室外壳壁板与内装之间、司机室内装壁板以及空调送风风道口安装有参考传加速度计和参考传声器,用于获取参考加速度信号和参考传声器信号,并将各参考信号进行频谱分析和加权信息融合,获得准确的综合参考信号。
参考传感器的安装装置如下:在司机室外壳地板下安装有参考传声器,在司机室外壳内表面的地板和侧墙位置安装有参考加速度计,在司机室外壳地板和司机室内装地板间安装有传声器,在司机室内装地板、侧墙和顶盖的内表面安装有参考加速度计,在空调风道出风口安装有参考传声器。
各参考信号的频谱分析是指提取各参考信号的频谱幅值特征数据,即对分段或采样周期内的时域加速度参考信号和时域传声器参考信号分别进行快速傅里叶(FFT)变换,获得频域信号,并取三分之一倍频程和A计权(A计权声级是模拟人耳对40方纯音的响度,当信号通过时,其低频、中段频(1000Hz以下)有较大的衰减),获得频谱幅值曲线;频谱幅值曲线就是以三分之一倍频程为横坐标,对应的加速度级幅值曲线或声压级幅值曲线为纵坐标构成的曲线。
加权信息融合,是指事先获得轨道交通车辆在不同列车运行速度等级下,司机室各参考信号与司机耳朵位置传声器信号的相干性系数,即分别对单个参考信号和司机室耳朵位置传声器信号进行FFT变换,获得两个频域信号,对这两个频域信号进行相干/相关性函数分析(如在MATLAB中),获得相干/相关系数,并归一化处理后(对各参考信号的相关系数求和,再用各相关系数作分子除以这个和值)获得各参考信号的加权系数。
在有源噪声控制过程中,提取司机室列车控制系统中的列车速度信号,选择对应速度等级下的各参考信号的加权系数,对各参考信号的频谱幅值曲线进行加权计算,获得综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线(频谱幅值曲线计算过程参考公开号为CN109405961A的发明专利申请)。
相关系数(Correlation coefficient)是反应变量之间关系密切程度的统计指标,相关系数的取值区间在1到-1之间。1表示两个变量完全线性相关,-1表示两个变量完全负相关,0表示两个变量不相关。数据越趋近于0表示相关关系越弱。
鉴于座椅上安装次级声源喇叭和误差传声器,增加座椅的复杂程度和不便于司机座椅的调节操作,并为了适应司机头部的运动和司机高矮的变化,采用可移动虚拟误差传声器来获取司机耳朵附近(距离司机耳朵0.1m,离地板高度为1.2m的位置)的误差信号。
将远程误差传声器安装在司机室天花板和侧墙上,事先在司机室环境下获取远程传声器与司机座椅人工头在不同位置区域的左右耳传声器的传递函数关系,从而由多个远程传声器的声信号推算出移动虚拟误差传声器的声信号(见:《物理学报》第68卷第5期 复杂声学环境中人耳附近空间有源降噪研究综述)。
远程误差传声器的个数根据移动虚拟误差传声器的声信号预测精度和经济性进行确定(当预测精读满足控制最低要求时所用的传声器的数量,如用5个远程传声器预测一个位置的声信号的精读比3个远程传声器的精度高,然而5个的经济成本更高;当用3个远程传声器的预测精读满足最低精读要求时,考虑3个的成本低,使用3个远程传声器即可。
在实际应用中,司机头部位置由安装在司机前窗位置中部的人头位置跟踪传感器(即用于获取司机头部位置的传感器,例如https://baike.so.com/doc/6436712-6650392.html)获取。
位置跟踪传感器也可以是摄像头、红外摄像机等。
有源噪声自适应控制器采用多通道有源前馈系统,根据参考信号产生次级声源控制信号,再根据移动虚拟误差传感器的信号(见:《物理学报》第68卷第5期 复杂声学环境中人耳附近空间有源降噪研究综述)对次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节控制(根据外部参考信号的实时变化,以及反馈信号【即误差信号】,自适应的改变主动降噪算法(见:《科学技术与工程》第18卷第35期 基于多通道系统的封闭空间低频噪声主动控制;或者,《多通道自适应Filter-X LMS算法框图》,王春云等)参数,包括计算步长和阶数等(自适应调节的同时,次级声源也输出信号,直到收敛稳定后,即误差传感器监测的误差信号小于限定值时,不再调节次级声源的输出值而保持当前输出值,直到外界环境发生变化引起误差传声器监测到超出限值的误差信号时,再次启动自适应调节算法进行新一轮的调节),从而优化算法的收敛速度,并获得最优且稳定的次级扬声器输出信号,来削弱司机耳朵附近的原声场信号,达到降低原声场的目的),获得各扬声器信号的输出幅值调节量和相位调节量,通过循环迭代(在外界瞬时稳态条件下的连续几个采用周期的输入输出的迭代计算,使目标区域的虚拟误差传声器的值逐渐变小,当小于目标限值时即说明控制已经收敛),使移动虚拟误差传声器的监测值快速收敛到目标限值(理论上,目标限值为0,但实际中由于干扰和器件的限制,不可能使噪声相消为0,于是设置一个较小的值作为算法控制效果的收敛值,如0.005等)。
多通道是指次级声源的个数为多个。次级声源为扬声器或喇叭。次级声源的个数和布置位置事先通过声场仿真优化计算获取,根据声场模态仿真计算获取典型频率及其声场分布,针对典型频率的声场分布情况,找声压较高(声压范围68dB(A)以上)的区域布置扬声器,可有效降低该区域在该频率时的噪声幅值,并用试验进行验证。实验中,在仿真位置放置扬声器,并辐射出该频率噪声,验证降噪效果,并试验对比研究其他位置上,辐射该频率噪声时,降噪量是否小于仿真优化找到的该位置的降噪量,从而验证了仿真位置处的降噪效果最佳。
在轨道车辆司机室有源降噪装置中,有源噪声控制器的输入输出采用FPGA系统,计算核心采用DSP处理器。
本发明实施例2如图2所示,虚拟误差传声器采用非移动式,省却了人头位置跟踪传感器。
本发明实施例3如图3所示,远程误差传声器安装在司机室座椅上,可以使用1个误差传声器,减少远程误差传声器的个数,提高虚拟误差传声器信号的计算精度。不需要人头位置跟踪传感器。
本发明实施例4如图4所示,在司机座椅上安装次级声源和误差传声器(次级声源和误差传声器的个数均为2个),提高了虚拟误差传声器信号的计算精度,缩小了次级声源的传递距离,提高了次级声源的频率范围和控制精度。但次级声源安装在座椅上,增加了座椅的复杂程度和座椅头靠的尺寸,座椅需要定制。参考信号的获取方法与实施例1相同。
实践证明,参考信号的准确性有效提高了目标降噪区域的降噪量,具有较好的降噪体验和工程实用性。
本发明实施例5中,轨道交通车辆司机室的每个结构噪声传输通道上均安装有加速度计,每个空气噪声传输通道上均安装有传声器;该司机室内安装有多个次级声源;所述加速度计、传声器、次级声源均与有源噪声自适应控制器电连接。
具体地,在司机室外壳地板下安装有参考传声器,在司机室外壳内表面的地板和侧墙位置安装有参考加速度计,在司机室外壳地板和司机室内装(司机室内壁)地板间安装有传声器,在司机室内装地板、侧墙和顶盖的内表面安装有参考加速度计,在空调风道出风口安装有参考传声器。
如图1、2、3,多个次级声源分别安装于司机室内天花板上和侧墙上,司机室天花板或侧墙上安装有多个远程传声器;如图4,多个次级声源也可以安装于司机室内座椅上,司机室座椅上安装有物理误差传声器。
司机室前窗位置中部安装有用于跟踪司机头部位置的位置跟踪传感器,例如摄像头等。
Claims (10)
1.一种轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)获取司机室各噪声传输通道的噪声参考信号,计算得到所述噪声参考信号的频域信号,利用所述频域信号获取各噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线;所述噪声参考信号包括结构噪声参考信号和空气噪声参考信号;
2)在不同列车运行速度等级下,根据所述噪声参考信号及司机耳朵位置附近的空气噪声监测信号的相关性,获取所述噪声参考信号的加权系数;
3)根据列车速度,选择对应速度等级下的噪声参考信号的加权系数,对每个噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线进行加权融合计算,得到综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线;获取司机室每个虚拟误差传声器的噪声虚拟误差信号,计算得到所述噪声虚拟误差信号的频域信号,利用所述频域信号获取各噪声虚拟误差信号的频谱幅值曲线;
4)根据综合参考信号的频谱幅值曲线和虚拟误差信号的频谱幅值曲线产生次级声源控制信号,对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节,获得司机室内各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量,根据各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量调节各扬声器信号的幅值和相位。
2.根据权利要求1所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,所述结构噪声参考信号为加速度计信号;所述空气噪声参考信号为传声器信号;所述加速度计信号由安装于司机室结构噪声传输通道上的参考加速度计获取;所述传声器信号由安装于司机室空气噪声传输通道上的参考传声器获取。
3.根据权利要求1所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,各噪声参考信号的频谱幅值曲线的获取过程包括:对各噪声参考信号进行快速傅里叶变换,获得频域信号,取三分之一倍频程和A计权,获得频谱幅值曲线。
4.根据权利要求1所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,所述司机耳朵位置附近的空气噪声监测信号由安装于司机耳朵位置附近的传声器获取,所述司机耳朵位置由安装在司机前窗位置中部的位置跟踪传感器获取。
5.根据权利要求1所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中,利用虚拟误差传声器的声信号对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节;所述虚拟误差传声器的声信号由安装于司机室天花板或侧墙上的多个远程误差传声器获取,或者由安装于司机室座椅上的误差传声器获取。
6.根据权利要求5所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,对所述次级声源控制信号进行自适应调节的具体实现过程包括:将所述虚拟误差传声器的声信号和次级声源控制信号作为有源降噪方法的输入,并调整计算步长和计算阶数,当虚拟误差信号小于设定限值时,自适应调节结束,各扬声器信号幅值的调节量和相位的调节量的输出不再变化;当外界环境变化引起虚拟误差信号超过设定限值时再次启动有源降噪方法,改变各扬声器的输出信号。
7.根据权利要求1~6之一所述的轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法,其特征在于,所述扬声器安装于司机室内声压为68dB(A)以上的区域内。
8.一种轨道交通车辆司机室,其特征在于,该司机室的每个结构噪声传输通道上均安装有参考加速度计,每个空气噪声传输通道上均安装有参考传声器;该司机室内安装有多个次级声源;所述司机室天花板或侧墙上安装有多个远程误差传声器;所述参考加速度计、参考传声器、次级声源、远程误差传声器均与有源噪声自适应控制器电连接。
9.根据权利要求8所述的轨道交通车辆司机室,其特征在于,所述多个次级声源分别安装于司机室内天花板上和侧墙上;或者所述多个次级声源安装于司机室内座椅上;优选地,所述司机室座椅上安装有至少一个远程误差传声器。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的轨道交通车辆司机室,其特征在于,所述司机室前窗位置中部安装有用于跟踪司机头部位置的位置跟踪传感器;优选地,所述司机室声压为68dB(A)以上的区域内安装有多个扬声器。
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CN112652289A (zh) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-04-13 | 西安艾科特声学科技有限公司 | 一种消防车驾驶室局部空间有源噪声控制系统及方法 |
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WO2022037308A1 (zh) * | 2020-08-21 | 2022-02-24 | 中车株洲电力机车有限公司 | 轨道交通车辆有源降噪方法及司机室 |
CN117520788A (zh) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 成都亚度克升科技有限公司 | 基于人工智能和大数据分析的音箱参数确定方法和系统 |
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