CN112007636B - 利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法 - Google Patents
利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,属于新型材料制备领域。本发明以钛片为基底,通过恒电流沉积得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列模板;再利用恒电流共沉积技术,在氧化锌纳米棒阵列上同时负载石墨烯量子点和贵金属纳米粒子;最后,在酸性溶液中溶解去除氧化锌模板,可得到自支撑石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。本发明采用的方法温和、绿色、高效,制备过程简单,可操作性强,适合大批量生产,所制备的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列具有较高的有效电化学活性面积,在电催化、质子交换膜燃料电池领域具有较好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明的技术方案涉及新型材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法。
背景技术
随着世界人口的不断增长及人类生活质量的提高,对能源的需求逐步增加。目前,对可再生能源驱动的能源转型的期望与当今能源体系对化石燃料的依赖居高不下的现实之间仍存在差距,可再生能源的间歇性和波动性导致的需求与供应不协调,是造成这一差距的主要因素之一(World Energy Outlook 2019, International Energy Agency,2019, https://www.iea.org/weo2019/)。为保证清洁能源被高效可持续利用,开发储能与转换技术已成为当今社会可持续发展的迫切需求。
氢气(H2),一种零排放的无碳燃料,因具有高能量密度(33.3 kW h kg-1)而被认为是最有发展前景的清洁能源载体(Science, 2004, 305, 972)。因此,制定切实可行的绿色产氢战略和高效能源转换技术是完全有必要的。除了从化石能源中得到氢气外,地球上有丰富的水(H2O)资源,利用以太阳能为主的可再生能源驱动的电化学过程,在合适的电催化剂作用下可以将H2O转化为H2(析氢反应,HER,2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH-),提供了一种清洁、高效的可持续制氢技术(Adv. Mater. 2019, 1808167)。而后,氢气可作为质子交换膜燃料电池中的清洁燃料,通过氢气氧化反应和氧气还原反应将化学能转化为电能,在动力汽车等运输工具中具有一定前景(Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 12278)。基于以上过程,不难看出,可将可再生能源以化学键的形式存储于氢气中,再借助于质子交换膜燃料电池这一能量转换装置,将氢燃料中的化学能转换为电能。这一个基于H2载体的“清洁能源→化学能→电 能”可持续过程极具吸引力,实现商业化应用的关键是要保证氢燃料的高效合成及燃料电池的高效能量转换,而电催化剂是决定电解水产氢效率和质子交换膜燃料电池能量转换效率的关键因素之一。
贵金属催化剂,特别是铂(Pt)基催化剂是催化析氢反应和质子交换膜燃料电池阴、阳极反应最为高效的电极材料,但其大规模商业化应用在成本和催化性能方面仍存在局限性:(1)铂族贵金属催化剂的价格昂贵且储量有限,经济成本高;(2)催化剂稳定性较差,其维持高效电催化性能的寿命较低。以商业化Pt/C为例,为提高Pt纳米粒子的分散性,将其负载在活性碳上,由于活性金属Pt组分与碳载体之间的相互作用较弱,在电催化过程中易发生Pt纳米粒子的团聚,从而降低催化活性;此外,商业化Pt/C材料为粉末形态,在组装电极时需要添加Nafion等粘结剂,不仅影响了催化剂的活性,在电解过程中更易因发生活性组分的团聚导致催化剂脱落,催化剂结构的不稳定性导致活性下降。
近年来,自支撑多孔结构的贵金属催化剂,特别是铂基纳米管阵列催化剂,作为电解水制氢或质子交换膜燃料电池的电极材料时(Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 3211;Small,2017, 13, 1604000),展现出比商业化Pt/C更好的电催化活性和催化稳定性。然而由于纯铂或铂合金纳米管阵列中,纳米粒子之间的相互堆积,导致部分活性位被覆盖,使其电化学活性面积有所损失,只有商业化Pt/C的一半。因此,尽管已报道的铂基纳米管阵列的面积比活性有所提升,但其质量比活性还有待提高,有必要对纯铂纳米管阵列改进,进一步提高铂催化剂的有效电化学活性面积和质量比活性,进而降低贵金属用量,提高能源转换效率和经济效益。
发明内容
针对现有贵金属基纳米管阵列催化剂存在的问题,本发明提供一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,以暴露更多的贵金属活性位,提高有效电化学活性面积,进而有利于催化性能的提高。本发明的制备方法温和高效,过程简单,可操作性强,可规模化生产。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含硝酸锌和硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在70~90℃条件下,利用恒电流沉积得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于含贵金属和石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至3~6,在室温下,采用恒电流共沉积将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于稀硫酸溶液中溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。
进一步,所述步骤(1)的混合水溶液中硝酸锌是浓度为0.01M~0.05M ,优选0.01M,硝酸铵的浓度为0.05M~0.1M,优选0.05M。
进一步,所述步骤(1)中的恒电流沉积时的电流为-0.5 mA/cm2~-1.5 mA/cm2,优选-1 mA/cm2,电沉积时间为90~120min,优选100min。
进一步,所述步骤(2)混合水溶液中贵金属的浓度为0.90 mM~1.5mM,优选1.16mM,石墨烯量子点的浓度为0.005 mg/mL~0.015 mg/mL,优选0.01 mg/mL,所述贵金属为铂、钌、金、钯或铱,以不同元素的贵金属溶液为电解液,可以得到不同种类的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列催化剂,其中铂、钌、金、钯或铱的源材料可以选用氯铂酸、氯化钌、氯金酸、氯化钯、氯化铱的水溶液。
进一步,所述步骤(2)恒电流沉积时的电流为-0.3mA/cm2~-0.7 mA/cm2,优选-0.5mA/cm2,电沉积时间为30~60min,优选40min。
进一步,所述步骤(3)中稀硫酸溶液的pH值为1.5~3,优选pH=2,静置时间为4~6小时,优选5小时。
利用本发明所述的方法制得的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相较于未掺杂的贵金属纳米管阵列,其有效电化学活性面积可以提高30~90%。
本发明的有益效果:本发明合成过程采用恒电流沉积制备氧化锌纳米棒阵列,通过调控电解液浓度、沉积温度、沉积电流和时间可得到不同尺寸的纳米棒阵列;采用恒电流共沉积法同时负载石墨烯量子点和贵金属纳米粒子,通过调控石墨烯量子点和贵金属溶液的浓度、电流密度和共沉积时间可制备出纳米粒子大小和分布比较均匀的复合纳米管阵列。就工艺过程而言,该制备方法简单高效,重复性好,对设备要求低,极易实现工业化生产。相比纯贵金属纳米管阵列,通过此技术得到的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列中,因石墨烯量子点和贵金属纳米粒子的粒径不同,可以暴露更多的活性位点(如图1所示,以贵金属铂为例),有利于提高有效电化学活性面积,进而提高催化活性;并且,石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列具有自支撑结构,在电催化过程中,纳米管阵列表面的贵金属纳米粒子不易团聚,有利于提高其催化稳定性和循环使用寿命。
附图说明
图1是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列的优势示意图;
图2是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列的扫描电镜图;
图3是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列的透射电镜图;
图4是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列的EDS-mapping图;
图5是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列和纯铂纳米管阵列的CV图和电化学活性面积对比;
图6是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列和纯铂纳米管阵列用于电催化氧气还原反应的性能对比;
图7是石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列和纯铂纳米管阵列用于电催化甲醇氧化反应的性能对比。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,对本发明做进一步说明。应理解,以下实施例仅用于说明本发明而非用于限制本发明的范围,该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据上述发明的内容作出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
本实施例利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列催化剂的方法如下:
(1)常温下,将1.5cm*2.5cm的钛片置于含0.01M硝酸锌和0.05M硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在75℃条件下,利用-1 mA/cm2恒电流沉积90min可得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于1.16 mM氯铂酸和0.01 mg/mL石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中(pH调至3),在室温下,采用-0.5 mA/cm2恒电流共沉积40min,将铂纳米粒子和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将得到的负载有石墨烯量子点和铂纳米粒子的纳米棒阵列置于pH为2的稀硫酸溶液中,静置5小时以溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列。
本实施例得到的石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列的扫描电镜图如图2所示,图中蜂窝状部分为纳米管阵列的反面,可以看出成功制备出中空管结构,从右上角的插图可以看出孔直径约为250 nm的纳米管阵列。石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列的透射电镜图如图3所示,由图可见,纳米管壁厚约为50 nm,石墨烯量子点和铂纳米粒子分布均匀(如图4实线框内所示)。
通过循环描伏安法(CV)在0.5M H2SO4电解液中研究不同纳米管阵列催化剂的电化学活性面积(如图5所示),通过计算得到石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列(GQD-Pt NTAs)的电化学活性面积为37.4 m2/g,而纯铂纳米管阵列(Pt NTAs)的电化学活性面积只有23.8m2/g。可以看出,石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米管阵列催化剂具有比纯铂纳米管阵列的更高的有效电化学活性面积,相较于未掺杂的贵金属纳米管阵列,石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的有效电化学活性面积提高57.6%。可以认为粒径不同的石墨烯量子点掺杂铂纳米粒子形成的纳米管阵列产生了更多孔结构,有利于暴露更多的活性位点,电化学活性面积的提高有利于提升铂基催化剂的电催化活性。对比石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列和纯铂纳米管阵列用于电催化氧气还原反应(如图6所示)的电催化性能,可以看到,掺杂石墨烯量子点的铂复合纳米管阵列电催化氧气还原的起始电位和半波电位都明显优于纯铂纳米管阵列;对比石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列和纯铂纳米管阵列用于电催化甲醇氧化反应(如图7所示)的电催化性能,可以看出,掺杂石墨烯量子点的铂复合纳米管阵列电催化甲醇氧化的面积比活性和质量比活性都远高于纯铂纳米管阵列,说明石墨烯量子点掺杂铂金属纳米管阵列在降低铂载量的同时提高了铂基催化剂的电催化活性,具有应用于储能转换装置(如直接甲醇燃料电池)中的潜力和优良的发展前景。
实施例2
本实施例利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含0.02M硝酸锌和0.05M硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在80℃条件下,利用-1.2 mA/cm2恒电流沉积120min得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于0.90mM氯化钌和0.005mg/mL石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至2,在室温下,采用-0.3 mA/cm2恒电流共沉积60min将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于pH=3的稀硫酸溶液中6小时溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。
利用本发明所述的方法制得的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相较于未掺杂的贵金属纳米管阵列,其有效电化学活性面积可以提高30%。
实施例3
一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含0.02M硝酸锌和0.08M硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在85℃条件下,利用-1.5 mA/cm2恒电流沉积90min得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于1.5mM氯金酸和0.015mg/mL石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至4,在室温下,采用-0.7mA/cm2恒电流共沉积60min将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于pH=1.5的稀硫酸溶液中4小时溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。
利用本发明所述的方法制得的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相较于未掺杂的贵金属纳米管阵列,其有效电化学活性面积可以提高60%。
实施例4
一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含0.01M硝酸锌和0.05M硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在90℃条件下,利用-1.2 mA/cm2恒电流沉积90min得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于1.3mM氯化钯和0.012mg/mL石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至3,在室温下,采用-0.4mA/cm2恒电流共沉积50min将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于pH=2.5的稀硫酸溶液中4.5小时溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。
利用本发明所述的方法制得的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相其有效电化学活性面积可以提高90%。
实施例5
一种利用恒电流共沉积制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列的方法,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含0.01M硝酸锌和0.05M硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在90℃条件下,利用-0.8 mA/cm2恒电流沉积110min得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于1.1mM氯化铱和0.008mg/mL石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至3,在室温下,采用-0.6mA/cm2恒电流共沉积45min将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于pH=3的稀硫酸溶液中6小时溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列。
利用本发明所述的方法制得的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相其有效电化学活性面积可以提高70%。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征以及本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (3)
1.一种石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列在电催化甲醇氧化反应中的应用,其特征在于:所述石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列相较于未掺杂的贵金属纳米管阵列,其有效电化学活性面积提高30~90%;利用恒电流共沉积的方法制备石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列,步骤如下:
(1)常温下,将钛片置于含硝酸锌和硝酸铵的混合水溶液中,在70~90℃条件下,利用恒电流沉积得到氧化锌纳米棒阵列;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的氧化锌纳米棒阵列置于含贵金属和石墨烯量子点的混合水溶液中,pH调至3~6,在室温下,采用恒电流共沉积将贵金属和石墨烯量子同时负载到氧化锌纳米棒阵列上;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的负载有贵金属纳米粒子和石墨烯量子点的氧化锌纳米棒阵列静置于稀硫酸溶液中溶解除去氧化锌模板,得到自支撑的石墨烯量子点掺杂贵金属纳米管阵列;
所述步骤(1)中的恒电流沉积时的电流为-0.5 mA/cm2~-1.5 mA/cm2,电沉积时间为90~120min;
所述步骤(2)混合水溶液中贵金属的浓度为0.90 mM~1.5mM,石墨烯量子点的浓度为0.005 mg/mL~0.015 mg/mL,所述贵金属为铂、钌、金、钯或铱;
所述步骤(2)恒电流沉积时的电流为-0.3mA/cm2~-0.7 mA/cm2,电沉积时间为30~60min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)的混合水溶液中硝酸锌的浓度为0.01M~0.05M,硝酸铵的浓度为0.05M-0.1M。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)中稀硫酸溶液的pH值为1.5~3,静置时间为4~6小时。
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