CN111972537A - 一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法,属于食品加工技术领域。所述方法是以蛋清蛋白作为原料,经过离子交换树脂吸附、酶解、发酵及低温喷雾干燥或电离喷雾干燥等工艺制备蛋清分离蛋白粉。本发明技术操作简单,适用于工艺化生产,制备的蛋清分离蛋白粉,蛋白含量高达98%,具有抑制腐败菌生长和调节肠胃的功能,可作为食品添加剂、营养强化剂应用到固体饮料、保健食品、功能食品等各类食品中,具有广阔的市场应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法,属于食品加工技术领域。
背景技术
蛋清蛋白质是食物中最理想的优质蛋白质,富含多种活性成分,营养价值非常高。相比较大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白等蛋白质,蛋清蛋白的研究较少,蛋制品的种类非常单一。目前市场上常见的蛋清蛋白加工产品是蛋白液和蛋白粉,由于其优良的功能性,包括凝胶性、乳化性、起泡性等,主要是作为食品原料或者配料应用于烘焙产品、肉制品、糖果等食品中。此外,据研究报道,蛋清蛋白还具有抗氧化性、抗菌性、抗炎活性等多种生理功能,但基于蛋清蛋白的高营养价值特性及生理功能开发的相关产品目前市场上还处于空白状态。因此,亟需开发新型的具有一定生理活性的蛋清蛋白产品,可应用于固体饮料、保健食品、功能食品等领域,从而提高蛋清蛋白的应用价值。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法,蛋白含量高达98%,天然安全,营养丰富,且具有优异的抗菌特性,可作为食品添加剂或者营养强化剂应用到固体饮料、保健食品、功能食品等产品的开发。
本发明提供一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)蛋清分离:取新鲜鸡蛋数枚洗净,将其破壳,弃去蛋黄,保留蛋清备用;
(2)预处理:用食品酸度调节剂调节蛋清液pH至3.5~4.5,离心或者过滤去除沉淀,收集上清液;
(3)树脂吸附:调节步骤(2)收集得到的上清液的pH,随后采用离子交换树脂层析柱吸附,再洗脱树脂,收集洗脱液;
(4)浓缩:将步骤(3)所得洗脱液经过超滤设备浓缩;
(5)结晶:调节步骤(4)所得浓缩液的pH和温度,加入NaCl,搅拌均匀,静置,板框过滤去除结晶,收集滤液;
(6)酶解:在步骤(5)所得滤液中加入蛋白酶进行酶解;
(7)浓缩:将步骤(6)所得酶解液经过超滤设备浓缩;
(8)发酵:将步骤(7)所得浓缩液通入发酵罐发酵;
(9)灭菌、干燥:将步骤(8)所得发酵液经巴氏灭菌后,再干燥制得蛋清分离蛋白粉。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(2)中食品酸度调节剂包括醋酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、碳酸钠、柠檬酸钠和柠檬酸钾中的一种或多种,调节蛋清液pH至3.5~4.5,所述离心转速为5000~8000g。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(3)中调节蛋清液pH至6.5~7.5,所使用的树脂为弱酸性阳离子交换树脂,树脂用量为蛋清液体积的20%~50%(g/L),搅拌吸附时间为3.5~8.5h,洗脱液为质量分数10~20%(NH4)2SO4溶液,洗脱时间为0.5~2.5h,洗脱次数为1~5次。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(4)中浓缩至固形物含量为10%~20%。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(5)中调节浓缩液pH至8.5~10.5,温度为4~15℃,NaCl的添加量为浓缩液质量的4%~10%,静置时间为10~24h。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(6)中酶解包括木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶中的一种或者两种及以上,pH为6.5~8.5,温度为35~55℃,酶解时间为0.5~2h,酶量为1000~5000U/g。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(7)中浓缩至固形物含量为20%~25%。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(8)中发酵菌种采用乳酸菌与酵母菌混合发酵,乳酸菌与酵母菌的活菌比为1:1~8:1,乳酸菌与酵母菌的总活菌数为1×108~1×1010CFU/g底物,接种量在0.5~4.5%,发酵时间3~6h,发酵温度40~45℃。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(9)中巴氏灭菌条件为65~68℃,3min。干燥方式为低温喷雾干燥或者电离喷雾干燥等,进风温度为110~140℃,出风温度为55~65℃。
本发明提供了一种应用上述方法制备得到的蛋清分离蛋白粉。
本发明提供一种上述蛋清分离蛋白粉在固体饮料、保健食品或功能食品中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种蛋白固体饮料,所述饮料配方为浓缩乳清蛋白粉50~80%,蛋清分离蛋白粉5~20%,乳糖10~15%,低聚果糖1~5%。
本发明还提供了一种功能性压片糖果,所述压片糖果配方为全脂奶粉5~20%,蛋清分离蛋白粉5~20%,薄荷香精1~5%,山梨糖醇30~50%,低聚果糖20~40%,麦芽糊精5~10%,硬脂酸镁1~5%。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明技术制备的蛋清分离蛋白粉,蛋白含量高达98%,天然安全,营养丰富,且具有优异的抗菌特性,可作为食品添加剂或者营养强化剂应用到固体饮料、保健食品、功能食品等产品的开发。
(2)本发明工艺中涉及酶解技术和发酵技术,产品更容易被人体吸收,且具有调节肠胃的功能。
附图说明
图1产品对腐败微生物生长的抑制作用;a)荧光假单胞菌;b)链球菌;c)沙门氏菌;d)微杆菌。实1-实施例1;实2-实施例2;对1-对比例1;对2-对比例2。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的优选实施例进行说明,应当理解实施例是为了更好地解释本发明,不用于限制本发明。
下述实施例涉及的乳酸菌为保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Bulgaria),购于中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,产品编号为CICC 20247,发酵接种的种子液中活菌数为1×109CFU/mL以上。
下述实施例涉及的酵母菌为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces Cerevisiae),购于中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,产品编号为CICC 31105,发酵接种的种子液中活菌数为1×109CFU/mL以上。
木瓜蛋白酶,酶活为2×105U/g;中性蛋白酶,酶活为3×105U/g;碱性蛋白酶,酶活为2×105U/g,均来源于安琪酵母股份有限公司。
1.蛋白质含量的测定
采用凯氏定氮法进行测定。
2.抑菌性的测定
沙门氏菌/链球菌/荧光假单胞菌/微杆菌二次传代培养,富集得到50mL菌液,4℃、2000g离心15min,去上清后用生理盐水重悬菌体,重复此操作3次。菌体最后重悬于生理盐水中,加入甘油混匀,分装成小管保存在-20℃备用。将菌体融化后,用生理盐水稀释到菌落总数为10-8CFU/mL,取50mL进行涂布,37℃倒置培养14h后观察现象。
实施例1:
(1)蛋清分离:取新鲜鸡蛋数枚洗净,将其破壳,弃去蛋黄,保留蛋清备用;
(2)预处理:采用柠檬酸调节蛋清液pH至4.3,离心(8000g)去除沉淀,收集上清液保存于0~4℃备用;
(3)树脂吸附:调节步骤(2)预处理得到的蛋清液pH至7.2,随后采用离子交换树脂层析柱吸附,再洗脱树脂,收集洗脱液。所使用的树脂为弱酸性阳离子交换树脂,树脂用量为蛋清液体积的50%,搅拌吸附时间为6.5h,洗脱液为浓度18%的(NH4)2SO4溶液,洗脱时间为2h,洗脱次数为4次;
(4)浓缩:将步骤(3)所得洗脱液经过超滤设备浓缩至固形物含量18%;
(5)结晶:调节步骤(4)所得浓缩液pH至8.5,温度为15℃,加入NaCl溶液至总浓缩液质量的5%,搅拌均匀,静置24h,板框过滤去除结晶;
(6)酶解:调节步骤(5)所得滤液pH至7.5,加入木瓜蛋白酶,酶量为5000U/g,酶解温度为40℃,酶解时间为1.5h;
(7)浓缩:将步骤(4)所得酶解液经过超滤设备浓缩至固形物含量25%;
(8)发酵:分别制备保加利亚乳杆菌CICC 20247和酿酒酵母CICC 31105种子液,将保加利亚乳杆菌CICC 20247和酿酒酵母CICC 31105种子液混合,得到微生物复合菌剂,使活菌比为5:1;然后,将步骤(7)所得浓缩液通入发酵罐中;再将微生物复合菌剂以4%(v/v)的接种量接种至浓缩液中,使得乳酸菌和酵母菌总活菌数为1.1×109CFU/g底物,发酵时间5h,发酵温度43℃;
(9)灭菌、干燥:将步骤(6)所得蛋清液经65℃,3min巴氏灭菌后,再采用低温喷雾干燥(进风温度为120℃,出风温度为60℃)制得蛋清分离蛋白粉。
实施例2
(1)蛋清分离:取新鲜鸡蛋数枚洗净,将其破壳,弃去蛋黄,保留蛋清备用;
(2)预处理:采用柠檬酸调节蛋清液pH至4.2,离心(6000g)去除不溶物,收集上清液保存于0~4℃备用;
(3)树脂吸附:调节步骤(2)预处理得到的蛋清液pH至6.5,随后采用离子交换树脂层析柱吸附,再洗脱树脂,收集洗脱液。所使用的树脂为弱酸性阳离子交换树脂,树脂用量为蛋清液体积的40%,搅拌吸附时间为6h,洗脱液为浓度18%的(NH4)2SO4溶液,洗脱时间为1h,洗脱次数为4次;
(4)浓缩:将步骤(3)所得洗脱液经过超滤设备浓缩至固形物含量18%;
(5)结晶:调节步骤(4)所得浓缩液pH至10.5,温度为4℃,加入NaCl至总浓缩液质量的9%,搅拌均匀,静置16h,板框过滤去除结晶;
(6)酶解:调节步骤(5)所得滤液pH至7.0,加入中性蛋白酶,酶量为1000U/g,酶解温度为40℃,酶解时间为0.5h;
(7)浓缩:将步骤(4)所得酶解液经过超滤设备浓缩至固形物含量20%;
(8)发酵:分别制备保加利亚乳杆菌CICC 20247和酿酒酵母CICC 31105种子液,将保加利亚乳杆菌CICC 20247和酿酒酵母CICC 31105种子液混合,得到微生物复合菌剂,使活菌比为5:1;然后,将步骤(7)所得浓缩液通入发酵罐中;再将微生物复合菌剂以4%(v/v)的接种量接种至浓缩液中,使得乳酸菌和酵母菌总活菌数为1.1×109CFU/g底物,发酵时间5h,发酵温度43℃;
(9)灭菌、干燥:将步骤(6)所得蛋清液经65℃,3min巴氏灭菌后,再采用低温喷雾干燥(进风温度为120℃,出风温度为60℃)制得蛋清分离蛋白粉。
实施例3:一种蛋白固体饮料
本实施例提供一种蛋白固体饮料,所述饮料配方为浓缩乳清蛋白粉70%,蛋清分离蛋白粉15%,乳糖12%,低聚果糖3%,制备方法为原料预处理、配料、均质、杀菌、真空浓缩、喷雾干燥、冷却和包装。该饮料具有补充营养、提高免疫力、保护肠胃健康等功能。
实施例4:一种功能性压片糖果
本实施例提供了一种功能性压片糖果,所述压片糖果配方为全脂奶粉10%,蛋清分离蛋白粉10%,薄荷香精1%,山梨糖醇43%,低聚果糖30%,麦芽糊精5%,硬脂酸镁1%,制备方法为原料预处理、配料、混合、制粒、烘干、整粒、压片和包装。该产品具有提高免疫力、调节肠胃等功能。
对比例1
省略实施例1中的步骤(6),其他条件或者参数与实施例1一致。
对比例2
省略实施例1中的步骤(8),其他条件或者参数与实施例1一致。
对比例3
省略实施例1中的步骤(6)~(8),其他条件或者参数与实施例1一致。
表1不同制备条件下蛋清分离蛋白抑制腐败菌生长情况的影响
由表1可知,酶解和发酵作用均可以显著提高蛋清分离蛋白抑菌性,且两者存在协同作用。以沙门氏菌为例,对比例3和对比例1的对照结果显示:对比例3无酶解和发酵步骤,得到的蛋清分离蛋白抑菌性较低,抑菌直径为2.9mm,对比例1涉及酶解作用,得到的蛋清分离蛋白抑菌性显著提高,达15.8mm。对比例3和对比例2的对照结果显示:对比例2涉及发酵步骤,得到的蛋清分离蛋白抑菌性显著提高,为8.2mm,但效果低于对比例1。实施例1和对比例1-2对照结果显示,实施例涉及酶解和发酵步骤,得到的蛋清分离蛋白抑菌圈直径达33.2mm,较单独酶解和单独发酵作用的效果之和更优越,说明酶解和发酵作用在提高蛋清分离蛋白抑菌性方面相互作用,具有一定的协同作用。
虽然本发明已以较佳实施例公开如上,但其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技术的人,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,都可做各种的改动与修饰,因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种蛋清分离蛋白粉的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)蛋清分离:取新鲜鸡蛋数枚洗净,将其破壳,弃去蛋黄,保留蛋清备用;
(2)预处理:用食品酸度调节剂调节蛋清液pH至3.5~4.5,离心或者过滤去除沉淀,收集上清液;
(3)树脂吸附:调节步骤(2)收集得到的上清液的pH,随后采用离子交换树脂层析柱吸附,再洗脱树脂,收集洗脱液;
(4)浓缩:将步骤(3)所得洗脱液经过超滤设备浓缩;
(5)结晶:调节步骤(4)所得浓缩液的pH和温度,加入NaCl,搅拌均匀,静置,板框过滤去除结晶,收集滤液;
(6)酶解:在步骤(5)所得滤液中加入蛋白酶进行酶解;
(7)浓缩:将步骤(6)所得酶解液经过超滤设备浓缩;
(8)发酵:将步骤(7)所得浓缩液通入发酵罐发酵;
(9)灭菌、干燥:将步骤(8)所得发酵液经巴氏灭菌后,再干燥制得蛋清分离蛋白粉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中调节蛋清液pH至6.5~7.5,所使用的树脂为弱酸性阳离子交换树脂,树脂用量为蛋清液体积的20%~50%,搅拌吸附时间为3.5~8.5h,洗脱液为10~20%(NH4)2SO4溶液,洗脱时间为0.5~2.5h,洗脱次数为1~5次。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中浓缩至固形物含量为10%~20%。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中调节浓缩液pH至8.5~10.5,温度为4~15℃,NaCl的添加量为浓缩液质量的4%~10%,静置时间为10~24h。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(6)中酶解包括木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶中的一种或多种,pH为6.5~8.5,温度为35~55℃,酶解时间为0.5~2h,酶量为1000~5000U/g。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(8)中发酵菌种采用乳酸菌与酵母菌混合发酵,乳酸菌与酵母菌的活菌比为1:1~8:1,乳酸菌与酵母菌的总活菌数为1×108~1×1010CFU/g底物,发酵时间3~6h,发酵温度40~45℃。
7.应用权利要求1-6任一项所述的方法制备得到的蛋清分离蛋白粉。
8.权利要求7所述的蛋清分离蛋白粉在固体饮料、保健食品或功能食品中的应用。
9.一种蛋白固体饮料,其特征在于,所述饮料配方为浓缩乳清蛋白粉50~80%,蛋清分离蛋白粉5~20%,乳糖10~15%,低聚果糖1~5%。
10.一种功能性压片糖果,其特征在于,所述压片糖果配方为全脂奶粉5~20%,蛋清分离蛋白粉5~20%,薄荷香精1~5%,山梨糖醇30~50%,低聚果糖20~40%,麦芽糊精5~10%,硬脂酸镁1~5%。
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