CN111955297A - Method for passivating heavy metals in rice field and increasing nitrogen retention amount - Google Patents
Method for passivating heavy metals in rice field and increasing nitrogen retention amount Download PDFInfo
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- CN111955297A CN111955297A CN202010839495.2A CN202010839495A CN111955297A CN 111955297 A CN111955297 A CN 111955297A CN 202010839495 A CN202010839495 A CN 202010839495A CN 111955297 A CN111955297 A CN 111955297A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for passivating heavy metals in a rice field and increasing nitrogen holding capacity, which comprises the steps of selecting a rice planting area, applying base fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and irrigation, and keeping the water depth to be 3-4 cm; transplanting rice seedlings to a rice planting area, and keeping the depth of water on the field surface to be 3-4 cm; spraying microalgae biological fertilizer water after the seedlings turn green, regularly observing periphyton in the planting area, adding the microalgae biological fertilizer water according to the growth situation, and maintaining the depth of the water on the surface of the field to be 1-2 cm; after the rice is harvested, the lower part of the straw is reserved, and the periphyton and the straw in the rice field are turned into the ground by rotary tillage. The invention constructs periphyton communities by applying microalgae biofertilizer, changes the pH value of soil through photosynthesis and growth metabolic activity of algae, and secretes a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances, thereby improving the heavy metal adsorption and passivation capability and biological nitrogen fixation capability of periphyton. The method has the characteristics of low cost, flexibility and easy operation, and is a green ecological technical method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agriculture and environmental protection, relates to the field of heavy metal passivation and fertility improvement of paddy fields, and particularly relates to a method for passivating heavy metals and increasing the nitrogen holding capacity of paddy soil.
Background
Heavy metal pollution is one of the main types of soil pollution, and in China and even in the world, due to the discharge of industrial and mining three wastes, excessive use of pesticides and the like, heavy metals are accumulated in soil around an industrial and mining area and in farmland, and the health quality of the soil is reduced. Therefore, the soil heavy metal pollution remediation technology is receiving much attention. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal element with extremely strong biological toxicity, has strong chemical activity and lasting toxicity in the environment, is easy to endanger the health of human beings through the enrichment function of a food chain, and induces the pathological changes of the liver, the kidney and the skeleton. The method for repairing the heavy metal polluted soil such as cadmium and the like comprises physical repair, chemical repair and biological repair. The physical remediation mainly comprises soil dressing, soil leaching and electric remediation, and although the remediation effect is good, the cost is high. Chemical remediation mainly reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals by adding chemical reagents (such as lime, ground phosphate rock and the like), but soil hardening is easily caused after long-term application, and the soil structure is damaged. Bioremediation includes phytoextraction and microbial remediation, and the phytoextraction is to enrich the plants by super-accumulation and then remove heavy metals by collecting the plants. However, this method takes up a lot of land and affects the yield of the food. The microbial remediation is to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil and reduce the risk of heavy metals entering crops by utilizing some microbes with the functions of adsorbing, precipitating heavy metals and the like. In addition, the cadmium-polluted soil has low nutrient content, improves the bioavailability of the soil nutrient while passivating heavy metals, and is beneficial to realizing the synchronous and stable improvement of the quality and the yield of crops.
A large number of researches show that the microbial remediation can effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals and reduce the crop absorption. CN110922977A discloses a method for applying a microbial soil remediation agent to remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, which mainly utilizes a compound bacteria preparation (bacillus licheniformis, pseudomonas, bacillus subtilis, clostridium butyricum and the like), a surfactant, a cured organic matter, humic acid, clay, fly ash, carboxymethyl chitosan and the like, improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil through the surfactant, and finally improves the enrichment capacity of the heavy metal such as the microbial agent, the cured organic matter, the humic acid and the like. However, the components of the remediation agent in the method are complex, and the remediation effect can be ensured by maintaining the water content of the soil at 25-40%. CN106591277A discloses a preparation and application method of Bacillus with functions of heavy metal passivation and phosphorus removal, which is mainly characterized in that Bacillus cereus is subjected to expanded culture, then biochar is added into fermentation liquor of the Bacillus cereus and the Bacillus cereus is continuously cultured to obtain immobilized Bacillus, so that the content of available phosphorus in soil is increased while the bioavailability of cadmium is reduced, and the growth of crops is guaranteed.
Rice is one of the main grain crops in China, and the rice planting area in China reaches 3000 hectares. However, the monitoring shows that the current season utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in rice planting in China is lower than 30%, the loss rate is high, the main reason of low nitrogen utilization rate is high, and the loss of nitrogen in liquid forms such as runoff accounts for about 10% of the fertilizing amount. Increasing the holding amount of nitrogen in the rice field has important significance for improving the utilization rate of the nitrogen and reducing the loss of the nitrogen.
In summary, how to improve the holding ability of the nitrogen in the rice field and reduce the nitrogen loss while reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals is a problem to be solved urgently at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects of the prior art and provides a method for passivating heavy metals in a paddy field and increasing nitrogen retention.
Technical scheme
Periphyton is a microbial aggregate formed in a flooding environment, is mainly formed by interweaving algae, bacteria and extracellular polymers generated by the algae, is rich in population and has strong adaptability to the environment. The inventor researches and discovers that a large number of adsorption sites are distributed on the cell wall of algae in periphyton, so that a large amount of heavy metal can be adsorbed, and extracellular polymers secreted by the periphyton can also adsorb and complex the heavy metal, so that passivation of the heavy metal is enhanced. In addition, the inventor also finds that periphyton can absorb nitrogen with high efficiency, the nitrogen content of the periphyton can reach more than 10% (dry weight), biomass left on the soil surface after the periphyton is subjected to apoptosis is easily decomposed by bacteria, the nitrogen can be released into the soil in a short period, and the nitrogen content and the bioavailability of the soil are increased. Based on the above, the invention aims to reduce the biological effectiveness of the heavy metal in the paddy field soil and increase the nitrogen holding capacity of the soil, adopts the working idea of 'culturing periphyton in situ in the paddy field and then constructing a heavy metal passivation and nitrogen holding system', and designs according to the route of 'periphyton culture and community optimization-heavy metal passivation-nitrogen holding increase', so as to provide a method for passivating the heavy metal in the paddy field and increasing the nitrogen holding capacity, and the specific scheme is as follows:
a method for passivating heavy metals in paddy fields and increasing nitrogen retention capacity comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a rice planting area, applying a base fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage on the rice planting area by using a rotary cultivator, then irrigating, and keeping the water depth to be 3-4 cm;
(2) transplanting rice seedlings to a rice planting area, and keeping the depth of water on the field surface to be 3-4 cm;
(3) after the rice seedlings turn green, uniformly spraying microalgae bio-fertilizer water into the field surface water, wherein the microalgae bio-fertilizer water is prepared by mixing microalgae bio-fertilizer and water in a ratio of 1: (8-12), wherein the microalgae biofertilizer is a mixture of freeze-dried nostoc, spirogyra and biochar; regularly observing the growth condition of periphyton in a rice planting area, adding microalgae bio-fertilizer water according to the growth condition, and maintaining the depth of the surface water of the rice field to be 1-2 cm;
(4) after the rice is harvested, the lower part of the straws are reserved, rotary tillage is carried out by adopting a rotary cultivator, periphyton and the straws in the rice field are turned into the ground, the rotary tillage depth is 8-10cm, and the rice or other crops are planted after the rotary tillage.
Further, in the step (1), the application amount of the base fertilizer in each mu of rice planting area is as follows: 150kg of nitrogen fertilizer 180kg of N/ha, 50-60kg of phosphate fertilizer 50-60kg of P/ha and 60-75kg of potassium fertilizer K/ha.
Further, in the step (1), the rotary tillage depth is 8-12 cm.
Further, in the step (3), the using amount of the microalgae biological fertilizer water is 20-25 kg/mu.
Further, in the step (3), the dry weight ratio of nostoc, spirogyra and biochar in the microalgae biofertilizer is 1:1: 3.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a method for passivating heavy metals in a paddy field and increasing nitrogen holding capacity, which constructs periphyton communities by applying microalgae bio-fertilizer, so that blue-green algae and green-green algae grow rapidly to form the periphyton communities, changes the pH value of soil through photosynthesis and growth metabolic activity of the algae, and secretes a large amount of extracellular polymers, thereby improving the heavy metal adsorption and passivation capability and biological nitrogen fixation and inorganic nitrogen absorption capability of the periphyton, improving the organic matter content of the soil by periphyton residues while passivating heavy metals such as cadmium and increasing the nitrogen of the soil, improving the soil environment quality and improving the soil fertility from multiple aspects, and having good ecological environmental benefit and economic benefit. The method has the characteristics of low cost, flexibility and easy operation, and is a brand-new and green ecological technical method.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
The experiment was carried out in the rice field of the old city of Yunnan province
A method for passivating heavy metals in paddy fields and increasing nitrogen retention capacity comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting 1 mu of rice field, and applying a base fertilizer, wherein the specific dosage is as follows: 150kg of N/ha of nitrogenous fertilizer, 60kg of P/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 70kg of K/ha of potassium fertilizer. Carrying out rotary tillage on a rice planting area by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 10cm, then irrigating, and keeping the water depth to be 3 cm;
(2) transplanting rice seedlings to a rice planting area, and keeping the depth of water on the field surface to be 3 cm;
(3) after the rice seedlings turn green, uniformly spraying microalgae bio-fertilizer water into the field surface water, wherein the water consumption of the microalgae bio-fertilizer is 20 kg/mu, and the microalgae bio-fertilizer water is prepared by mixing microalgae bio-fertilizer and water in a ratio of 1: 10, wherein the microalgae biofertilizer is a mixture of freeze-dried nostoc, spirogyra and biochar (the dry weight ratio of the nostoc, spirogyra and biochar is 1:1: 3); the preparation method of the microalgae biofertilizer comprises the following steps: adding biochar into nostoc and spirogyra culture solution, centrifuging to remove supernatant, adding 2% trehalose as a protective agent, and freeze-drying to obtain the product;
and observing the growth condition of periphyton in the rice planting area every week, and adding microalgae bio-fertilizer water according to the growth condition to ensure the extracellular polymer secretion, nitrogen absorption and biological nitrogen fixation of periphyton and maintain the depth of the surface water of the rice field to be 2 cm.
(4) After the rice is harvested, retaining the lower straws, measuring the total nitrogen content of the soil, the content of Cd in an effective state and the content of Cd in the rice, carrying out rotary tillage by adopting a rotary cultivator, turning the periphyton and the straws in the rice field into the ground, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 8-10cm, and planting the rice or other crops after rotary tillage.
The same as example except that the microalgae biofertilizer was not sprayed as comparative example 1.
The measurement results of the nitrogen content of periphyton and soil and the Cd content of different forms of soil and rice show that the coverage rate of periphyton in the paddy field in example 1 is 26%, which is obviously higher than 15% of that in comparative example 1, and the number of the soil microorganisms OTU in the paddy field in example 1 is increased by 12% compared with that in comparative example 1; in comparative example 1, the total nitrogen content of the topsoil of the rice field is 1.2-1.4g/kg, while in example 1, 1.5-1.7g/kg is achieved; the content of Cd in the soil effective state of the comparative example 1 is 1.1-1.2mg/kg, and the content of Cd in the soil effective state of the example 1 is 0.9-1.0 mg/kg; the Cd content in rice of comparative example 1 was 4.0-4.2mg/kg, while that of example 1 was 2.1-3.4 mg/kg.
Example 2
The experiment was carried out in the rice field of the old city of Yunnan province
A method for passivating heavy metals in paddy fields and increasing nitrogen retention capacity comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting 1 mu of rice field, and applying a base fertilizer, wherein the specific dosage is as follows: 180kg of N/ha of nitrogenous fertilizer, 50kg of P/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 65kg of K/ha of potash fertilizer. Carrying out rotary tillage on a rice planting area by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 10cm, then irrigating, and keeping the water depth to be 4 cm;
(2) transplanting rice seedlings to a rice planting area, and keeping the water depth of the field surface to be 4 cm;
(3) after the rice seedlings turn green, uniformly spraying microalgae bio-fertilizer water into the field surface water, wherein the using amount of the microalgae bio-fertilizer water is 25 kg/mu, and the microalgae bio-fertilizer water is prepared by mixing microalgae bio-fertilizer and water in a ratio of 1: 10, wherein the microalgae biofertilizer is a mixture of freeze-dried nostoc, spirogyra and biochar (the dry weight ratio of the nostoc, spirogyra and biochar is 1:1: 3);
and observing the growth condition of periphyton in the rice planting area every week, and adding microalgae bio-fertilizer water according to the growth condition to ensure the extracellular polymer secretion, nitrogen absorption and biological nitrogen fixation of periphyton and maintain the depth of the surface water of the rice field to be 2 cm. The preparation method of the microalgae biofertilizer comprises the following steps: adding biochar into nostoc and spirogyra culture solution, centrifuging to remove supernatant, adding 2% trehalose as a protective agent, and freeze-drying to obtain the product;
(4) after the rice is harvested, retaining the lower straws, measuring the total nitrogen content of the soil, the content of Cd in an effective state and the content of Cd in the rice, carrying out rotary tillage by adopting a rotary cultivator, turning the periphyton and the straws in the rice field into the ground, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 10cm, and planting the rice or other crops after rotary tillage.
The same as example except that microalgae biofertilizer was not sprayed as comparative example 2.
The measurement results of the nitrogen content of periphyton and soil and the Cd content of different forms of soil and rice show that the coverage rate of periphyton in the paddy field in example 2 is 22 percent, which is obviously higher than 15 percent of that in comparative example 2, and the number of the soil microorganisms OTU in the paddy field in example 2 is increased by 11 percent compared with that in comparative example 2; in comparative example 2, the total nitrogen content of the topsoil of the rice field is 1.2-1.4g/kg, while in example 2, the total nitrogen content reaches 1.6-1.7 g/kg; the content of Cd in the soil effective state of the comparative example 2 is 1.1-1.2mg/kg, and the content of Cd in the soil effective state of the example 2 is 0.8-0.9 mg/kg; the Cd content in rice of comparative example 2 was 4.0-4.2mg/kg, while that of example 2 was 2.1-3.1 mg/kg.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for passivating heavy metals in paddy fields and increasing nitrogen retention capacity is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting a rice planting area, applying a base fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage on the rice planting area by using a rotary cultivator, then irrigating, and keeping the water depth to be 3-4 cm;
(2) transplanting rice seedlings to a rice planting area, and keeping the depth of water on the field surface to be 3-4 cm;
(3) after the rice seedlings turn green, uniformly spraying microalgae bio-fertilizer water into the field surface water, wherein the microalgae bio-fertilizer water is prepared by mixing microalgae bio-fertilizer and water in a ratio of 1: (8-12), wherein the microalgae biofertilizer is a mixture of freeze-dried nostoc, spirogyra and biochar; regularly observing the growth condition of periphyton in a rice planting area, adding microalgae bio-fertilizer water according to the growth condition, and maintaining the depth of the surface water of the rice field to be 1-2 cm;
(4) after the rice is harvested, the lower part of the straws are reserved, rotary tillage is carried out by adopting a rotary cultivator, periphyton and the straws in the rice field are turned into the ground, the rotary tillage depth is 8-10cm, and the rice or other crops are planted after the rotary tillage.
2. The method for passivating paddy heavy metals and increasing nitrogen retention as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the base fertilizer application rate per mu of rice planting area is: 150kg of nitrogen fertilizer 180kg of N/ha, 50-60kg of phosphate fertilizer 50-60kg of P/ha and 60-75kg of potassium fertilizer K/ha.
3. The method for passivating heavy metals in paddy field and increasing nitrogen retention according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the rotary tillage depth is 8-12 cm.
4. The method for passivating heavy metals in paddy field and increasing nitrogen retention according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the amount of microalgae biofertilizer water is 20-25 kg/acre.
5. The method for passivating rice paddy heavy metals and increasing nitrogen retention according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, wherein in the step (3), the dry weight ratio of nostoc, spirogyra and biochar in the microalgae biofertilizer is 1:1: 3.
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| CN112875871A (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2021-06-01 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Nitrogen interception and reuse method based on periphyton in rice field |
| CN113348998A (en) * | 2021-06-22 | 2021-09-07 | 孟凡友 | Method for planting rice by using microalgae biological nutrient solution |
| CN113860956A (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2021-12-31 | 云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所 | Arsenic-reducing selenium-increasing regulating agent for crops in heavy metal background area and use method thereof |
| CN115026128A (en) * | 2022-06-17 | 2022-09-09 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Rice field heavy metal inhibition control and absorption method based on periphyton |
| CN115401065A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-29 | 南京林业大学 | Rice field cadmium pollution in-situ prevention and control method based on periphyton and application thereof |
| WO2023040874A1 (en) * | 2021-09-18 | 2023-03-23 | 江西农业大学 | Use of diatom in rice planting and method for co-cultivating rice and diatom |
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| CN112875871A (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2021-06-01 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Nitrogen interception and reuse method based on periphyton in rice field |
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| WO2023040874A1 (en) * | 2021-09-18 | 2023-03-23 | 江西农业大学 | Use of diatom in rice planting and method for co-cultivating rice and diatom |
| CN113860956A (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2021-12-31 | 云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所 | Arsenic-reducing selenium-increasing regulating agent for crops in heavy metal background area and use method thereof |
| CN115026128A (en) * | 2022-06-17 | 2022-09-09 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Rice field heavy metal inhibition control and absorption method based on periphyton |
| CN115026128B (en) * | 2022-06-17 | 2023-08-18 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Rice field heavy metal resistance control and digestion method based on periphyton |
| CN115401065A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-29 | 南京林业大学 | Rice field cadmium pollution in-situ prevention and control method based on periphyton and application thereof |
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