CN111936291A - 用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置和方法 - Google Patents

用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN111936291A
CN111936291A CN201980011289.8A CN201980011289A CN111936291A CN 111936291 A CN111936291 A CN 111936291A CN 201980011289 A CN201980011289 A CN 201980011289A CN 111936291 A CN111936291 A CN 111936291A
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extrusion
housing
mandrel
extrusion apparatus
extrusion device
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霍尔格·塞德利茨
菲利克斯·库克
马丁·茨史克
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Cortbus Senftenberg University Of Technology Brandenburg
Brandenburgische Technische Universitaet Cottbus
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置(100)，所述挤出装置(100)由具有输入区域(2)和输出区域(3)的壳体(1)组成，其特征在于，在壳体(1)中设置了用于产生电场的装置(4)。此外，本发明还描述了一种用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的方法，其中依次执行以下步骤：a)提供根据本发明的挤出装置(100)和复合材料(10)；b)通过壳体(1)的输入区域(2)将复合材料(10)引入挤出装置(100)，c)产生电场；d)将产生的塑料半制品通过壳体(1)的输出区域(3)排出，以进行进一步处理。

Description

用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置和方法。
背景技术
为了改善挤出技术生产的塑料半制品的机械性能，所使用的复合材料通常富含碳纤维。但是，引入的纤维的取向目前仅受挤出时产生的流动过程的影响，由此导致纤维的分布不确定。从而致使挤出部件的机械性能不均匀。此外，还不能利用碳纤维的其他电位，例如电导率和巨大的热导率。
当前使用的挤出系统通过附加引入的流动通道来确定增塑的纤维增强复合材料的流动过程，所述流动过程有针对性地影响纤维的取向。但是，在这种情况下，纤维只能平行于型面(Profilebene)取向，或者在管材挤出的情况下，以螺旋状设置平行于管轴取向。在这种情况下，由于在增塑的复合材料流动的边缘区域和中心的流动速度不同，因此，也导致纤维取向的不确定，从而不能确保恒定的组件质量。
出版物“制造含石墨填料的热交换器用塑料管的方法”(DOI：http：//dx.doi.org/10.4421/PAPDEOTT002961)公开了通过挤压生产高导热塑料管，其中垂直于流动方向的碳纤维的取向在挤压工具中通过使用特殊的填充料以及通过流道的几何形状得以实现。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的是克服现有技术的缺点，并提供一种装置，通过该装置可以有针对性地影响塑料半制品中碳纤维的取向。
该目的通过提供根据主要权利要求的特征所述的用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置来实现。根据本发明的装置的有利的实施形式在从属权利要求中进行描述。
本发明的主题是用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置100，该挤出装置由具有输入区域2和输出区域3的壳体1组成，其中在壳体1中设置了用于产生电场的装置4。
特别优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中碳纤维增强塑料半制品是管状或扁平状。
优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中用于产生电场的装置4具有两个电极40、41。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中电极40、41为环状或扁平状。
特别优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中电极40、41被同心地或彼此平行地设置，并且在电极40、41之间形成环状或扁平状缝隙42。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，电极40、41中一个电极是正极，另一个电极是负极。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中用于产生电场的装置4设置在壳体1的输出区域3中。
优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中在壳体1中还设置了挤出芯轴5。
特别优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中挤出芯轴为旋转对称的并且与壳体1相距一定距离，使得在壳体的内部和挤出芯轴5之间形成环形间隙6。
特别优选挤出装置100，其中挤出芯轴5从输入区域2延伸至输出区域3。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中壳体1还具有芯轴保持工具8，该芯轴保持工具8部分地设置在挤出芯轴5内。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置，其中芯轴保持工具8具有出口端9，该出口端设置在挤出芯轴5内并且延伸至壳体1的输出区域3。
此外，还优选根据本发明的挤出装置100，其中壳体1还具有至少一个温度传感器7。
此外，本发明的另一个主题是用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的方法，其中依次执行以下步骤：
a)提供根据本发明的挤出装置100和复合材料10；
b)通过壳体1的输入区域2将复合材料10引入挤出装置100，
c)产生电场；
d)将产生的塑料半制品通过壳体1的输出区域3排出，以进行进一步处理。
优选根据本发明的方法，其中在步骤b)之后借助挤出芯轴5将复合材料10成型为环形间隙流。
特别优选根据本发明的方法，其中借助至少一个温度传感器7均匀地调节复合材料10的熔体的温度。
此外，还优选根据本发明的方法，其中在步骤d)之前将辅助空气11引入挤出装置100中。
在本发明中，管状塑料半制品优选为CFK管。
在本发明中，至少部分封闭的容器被称为壳体，由此影响挤出装置中的流动。
此外，在本发明中，还将至少50V的电压施加到用于产生电场的装置的电极上。本领域技术人员知道，所产生的电场的场强取决于所施加的电流强度。有利地，可以借助场强来控制在根据本发明的挤出装置内的碳纤维的取向。本领域技术人员可以通过少数简单的尝试来确定合适的电压和场强，以便产生所需的碳纤维的取向。
此外，在本发明中，碳纤维增强塑料半制品还由复合材料组成。复合材料由高模量碳纤维组成，这些碳纤维通过基础热塑性塑料基质固定地存在于颗粒状复合材料中。特别地，基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的塑料由于其热性质和化学性质而被用作基质基础材料。
使用高模量碳纤维的优点在于，除了高导热率和高比强度特性和高比刚度特性外，它们在纤维方向上还具有良好的导电性，并且还具有负热膨胀性。所谓的“超高模量”(UHM)特殊碳纤维具有1200W/m＊K的最高导热性能。
与热传导是各向同性的金属材料不同的是，碳纤维的热导率通常呈现强烈的各向异性，并且在纤维方向最高。由于高碳产率，UHM纤维是基于聚丙烯腈(50％)或聚环氧氯丙烷基(＞80％)制造的。在此，高热导率是由于在高达3000℃的温度下的制造过程中特殊的石墨化而产生的。这增加了石墨平面在纤维轴方向上的预取向，从而使得借助共价晶体键产生强烈的各向异性的材料性能。结果，分别根据横向于纤维方向的各向异性程度，热传导最大为17W/m＊K。在复合材料中，热导率会根据纤维含量而降低。因此，例如，在纤维体积含量为60％和塑料基质为40％的单向层状结构时，可以实现在纤维方向上的大于750W/m＊K的热导率。
在根据本发明的挤出装置和通过根据本发明的挤出装置执行的根据本发明的方法上有利的是，通过在挤出装置中施加电压单元来感应电场，在电场的场力线上可以通过最小电阻的路径以定义的方式对齐碳纤维。这样就可以通过具有与型面或与管轴的高法向分量的确定取向有针对性地在最大的力引入点上利用比强度特性和比刚度特性，以及在印刷电路板上的高电导率和巨大的碳纤维导热率。
同样有利的是，借助根据本发明的挤出装置可以以简单的方式改进现有技术中已知的挤出系统。
此外，还有利的是，借助根据本发明的挤出装置以及借助根据本发明的方法制造的碳纤维增强的管状塑料半制品可以在广泛的应用领域中使用。可能的应用领域为制造业和重工业，例如机械制造、发电厂技术、热技术、汽车技术、电气技术、化学产品。特别是在热技术领域，高导热碳纤维的有针对性的取向可用于有效的热回收和冷却系统，由于针对2020年和2030年的欧盟的第三个核心目标“气候变化和可持续能源经济”的缘故对所述热回收和冷却系统的需求很高。
附图说明
下面将借助附图对本发明进行更详细的阐述。图中显示：
图1示出了根据本发明的挤出装置的实施形式的纵剖视图；
图2示出了图1的实施形式的局部截面的透视图；
图3示出了挤出装置的纵剖视图；
图4示出了CFK管的局部截面的透视图；
图5示出了图4的实施形式的透视图；和
图6示出了碳纤维、塑料、陶瓷和金属的热导率的对比图。
1壳体；2输入区域；3输出区域；4用于产生电场的装置；40电极；41电极；42缝隙；5挤出芯轴；6环形间隙；7温度传感器；8芯轴保持工具；9出口端；10复合材料；11辅助空气；100挤出装置；101挤出机；1001双螺杆；1002漏斗；1003加热元件；1004碳纤维；102校准单元；
具体实施方式
下面将借助附图对本发明进行详细描述。
图1示出了根据本发明的挤出装置100的实施形式的纵剖视图。该挤出装置100由壳体1组成，该壳体包括输入区域2和输出区域3。因此，挤出装置100的壳体1的内部至少部分地与周围环境隔离。
挤出芯轴5设置在壳体1的内部。挤出芯轴5从壳体1的输入区域2延伸到输出区域3。挤出芯轴5与壳体的内部一起形成环形间隙6。复合材料10通过壳体1的输入区域2被引入到挤出装置100中。复合材料10由高模量碳纤维，优选UHM碳纤维组成，这些碳纤维通过基础热塑性塑料基质固定地存在于颗粒状复合材料中。特别地，基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的塑料由于其热性质和化学性质而被用作基质基础材料。
引入的复合材料10借助挤出芯轴5被引入到环形间隙6中。因此，复合材料10被转换为环形间隙流，并且经由环形间隙6有针对性地转移到缝隙42中，该缝隙42形成在用于产生电场的装置4的两个电极40、41之间。
用于产生电场的装置4优选设置在壳体1的输出区域3中。用于产生电场的装置4具有两个电极40、41，其中一个电极是正极，另一个电极是负极。通过施加电压会感应出电场，在电场的场力线上可以通过最小电阻的路径以与挤出装置100的轴的高法向分量对齐包含在复合材料10中的碳纤维。碳纤维优选从正极指向负极。
此外，壳体1还具有芯轴保持工具8，该芯轴保持工具至少部分地设置在挤出芯轴5内。芯轴保持工具8具有设置在挤出芯轴5内的出口端9。该出口端9延伸至壳体1的输出区域3。辅助空气11通过芯轴保持工具8被引入到挤出装置100中，并且经由出口端9被引导到壳体1的输出区域3。辅助空气确保了在挤出装置100中制造的碳纤维增强塑料半制品的内部轮廓的稳定。
此外，还在挤出装置100的壳体1中设置了至少一个温度传感器7。在图1所示的实施形式中示出了两个温度传感器7，其中一个温度传感器7设置在输入区域2中，另一个温度传感器7设置在挤压装置100的输出区域中。在此，温度传感器7确定均匀地调节复合材料10的熔体的温度。
图2示出了图1的实施形式的局部截面的透视图。在该视图中示出了挤出装置100的壳体1被优选构造成管。此外，在本实施形式中，挤出芯轴5还被构造成旋转对称的。再则，示出了用于产生电场的装置的两个电极40、41被构造成管状的。电极40、41彼此同心地设置，由此一来，电极40、41形成环形缝隙42(einen ringf rmigen Spalt)。缝隙42连接至挤出装置的环形间隙(Ringspalt)(未示出)，该环形间隙形成在挤出芯轴5与壳体的内部之间。在本视图中示出了内部的电极41设置在挤出芯轴5的外侧，而外部的电极40设置在壳体1的内侧。优选地，内部的电极41是正极，设置在外部的电极40是负极。在这种情况下，一旦施加电压，碳纤维就沿着磁力线从正极向负极对齐。
图3示出了集成在挤出过程内部的挤出装置的纵向截面。具有双螺杆1001的挤出机101设置在根据本发明的挤出装置100的前面。挤出机101具有多个加热元件1003和漏斗1002，通过它们将碳纤维1004引入到挤出机101中。在双螺杆1001中，碳纤维1004与现有的基质材料结合以形成复合材料10。然后，如前所述，在挤出机中制造的复合材料10被引入根据本发明的挤出装置100中，以使碳纤维面向电场对齐。然后，将粘性的塑料半制品通过挤出装置101的壳体的输出区域排放到校准单元102中。在校准单元102中确定塑料半制品的外径。从而通过对动态流动过程(计算流体动力学)的电流场和热电行为进行耦合分析来确定挤出过程期间增塑的复合材料10的性能，并确定挤出装置的尺寸。为了能够制造出特别高质量的塑料半制品，根据本发明的挤出装置100具有过程监控(工具内部压力、温度、电压)，均匀的热分布(加热元件的设置)以及用于可靠的过程控制的相应的调节装置以及温度和电压控制器。
图4示出了CFK管的局部截面的示意图，该CFK管可以借助于根据本发明的挤出装置和根据本发明的方法来制造。借助根据本发明的挤出装置，具有高法向分量的高导热碳纤维的取向可以在复合材料(未示出)内有针对性地沿着管轴排列。如此一来，就可以制造薄壁(t＝1.5mm)的CFK管，该管可用在高效的管热交换系统中。
图5示出了图4的CFK管的透视图。该图再次示出了具有高法向分量的碳纤维(细黑棒)的取向如何通过根据本发明的挤出装置沿管轴排列。
图6示出了碳纤维、塑料、陶瓷和金属的热导率(W/m＊K)的比较图。从该比较图中可以清楚地看出，塑料(例如PVDF或PP)几乎不能导热，而金属(例如铝和铜)可以导热。铝的导热系数为235W/m＊K，铜的热传导系数几乎是铝的两倍。但是，UHM特殊碳纤维具有1200W/m＊K的最高导热系数，其热传导系数是纯铜的3倍，是PP和PTFE的2700倍。
因此，借助根据本发明的挤出装置或根据本发明的方法可以通过有针对性地利用UHM碳纤维的各向异性的高热传导(ρ＝2.2g/cm3；λ＝1200W/m＊K)来实现由薄壁(t＝＜1.5mm)的高导热的CFK管制成的高效且耐化学腐蚀的管热交换系统。由于具有相对于管轴的高法向分量的纤维的特殊取向，碳纤维增强塑料的巨大导热性(ρ＝2.0g/cm3；λ＝750W/m＊K)在纤维方向得以利用，并实现了很高的管强度和管刚度。由此可以减小传热面积。这导致制造时间和成本显著减少。此外，由于UHM纤维的负热膨胀系数(＜－0.1＊10－6/K)，使用UHM纤维可使热管膨胀最小化，这样一来可以更换复杂的膨胀吸收系统，并且可以显著降低管道弯曲和泄漏的危险。此外，通过使用热塑性基质会大大降低系统重量，并能明显抵抗化学和介质负荷。为此，考虑基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的塑料作为基质基础材料，鉴于所述材料的热性能和化学性能，它们早已经用于制造管式热交换器几年了。

Claims (17)

1.用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置(100)，所述挤出装置(100)由具有输入区域(2)和输出区域(3)的壳体(1)组成，其特征在于，在所述壳体(1)中设置了用于产生电场的装置(4)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述碳纤维增强塑料半制品是管状或扁平状。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，用于产生电场的装置(4)具有两个电极(40，41)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述电极(40，41)为环状或扁平状。
5.根据权利要求4所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述电极(40，41)同心地或彼此平行地设置，并且在所述电极(40，41)之间形成环状或扁平状缝隙(42)。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述电极(40，41)中一个电极是正极，另一个电极是负极。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，用于产生电场的装置(4)设置在所述壳体(1)的输出区域(3)中。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，在所述壳体(1)中还设置了挤出芯轴(5)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述挤出芯轴(5)为旋转对称的并且与所述壳体(1)相距一定距离，使得在壳体的内部和所述挤出芯轴(5)之间形成环形间隙(6)。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述挤出芯轴(5)从输入区域(2)延伸至输出区域(3)。
11.根据权利要求8至10中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述壳体(1)还具有芯轴保持工具(8)，所述芯轴保持工具(8)部分地设置在挤出芯轴(5)内。
12.根据权利要求11所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述芯轴保持工具(8)具有出口端(9)，所述出口端设置在挤出芯轴(5)内并且延伸至壳体(1)的输出区域(3)。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)，其特征在于，所述壳体(1)还具有至少一个温度传感器(7)。
14.用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的方法，其中依次执行以下步骤：
a)提供根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的挤出装置(100)和复合材料(10)；
b)通过所述壳体(1)的输入区域(2)将复合材料(10)引入挤出装置(100)，
c)产生电场；
d)将产生的塑料半制品通过所述壳体(1)的输出区域(3)排出，以进行进一步处理。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤b)之后借助挤出芯轴(5)将复合材料(10)形成环形间隙流。
16.根据权利要求14或15所述的方法，其特征在于，借助至少一个温度传感器(7)均匀地调节复合材料(10)的熔体的温度。
17.根据权利要求14至16中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤d)之前将辅助空气(11)引入挤出装置(100)中。
CN201980011289.8A 2018-01-30 2019-01-29 用于制造碳纤维增强塑料半制品的挤出装置和方法 Pending CN111936291A (zh)

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