CN111927452B - Ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method - Google Patents
Ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 244
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for continuously mining an ore body by cooperating an upper plate and a lower plate and descending, which relates to the technical field of mining and comprises the following steps: dividing a body to be mined into mining stages, and dividing an upper disc area and a lower disc area in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the body; stopes are respectively arranged in the upper wall area and the lower wall area along different directions; in the vertical direction, one of the upper disc area and the lower disc area is ahead of the other area for recovery; mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes; and after stope stoping, filling a goaf, wherein the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for stoping of the lower stope. The method is suitable for the ore body of the underground metal nonmetal mine from medium inclination to steep inclination and above medium thickness or from horizontal to gentle inclination, and can realize the partition synergetic downward continuous mining of the ore body.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mining, in particular to a continuous mining method for cooperation of an upper plate and a lower plate of an ore body.
Background
The body to be mined of an underground metal/nonmetal mine is usually formed after undergoing long-term complex geological structure movement, the mineralization effect of the body is usually enriched in a peripheral area of a larger geological fault structure, and the long-term geological structure movement after mineralization also influences the quality of engineering geological rock mass of the body, so that the quality of the rock mass of each ore body is different, and the ore body can be classified into a plurality of typical occurrence state characteristics. In addition, the metallic/non-metallic minerals are generally derived from hydrothermal magma deep in the earth's crust or from their post-mineralization deterioration, resulting in a substantial gradual extension of the metallic/non-metallic mineral bodies into the deep space.
In order to safely, economically and efficiently mine underground metal/nonmetal ore bodies, particularly for ore bodies with a complex geological structure containing broken or soft ore sections and ore bodies to be mined in a deep high-ground-stress environment, a mining method reasonably matched with the geological structure, the quality of rock bodies and the ground stress level of the ore bodies is selected during mining design, so that the comprehensive production capacity and the mining efficiency of each mining unit in the ore bodies are improved as much as possible, the safety of a mining process is ensured, the recovery rate of ores is improved, the mining cost is reduced, and the mining economic benefit of a mining enterprise is increased.
When the ore body to be mined contains broken or soft ore sections in different ranges, particularly the ore grade in the broken or soft ore sections is actually higher in most cases, and the quality of engineering geological rock mass of the rest ore sections in the ore body to be mined is relatively good, according to the prior technical scheme, the following mining methods are generally adopted for the typical ore body:
the prior art scheme is as follows: and reserving ore rocks with certain thickness at one side with relatively good quality of the rock mass as an isolation ore pillar, artificially isolating broken or soft ore section areas, and returning to mining broken or soft ore sections after the mining of the ore sections with relatively good quality of the rock mass is finished. However, the overall production capacity of the body to be mined is reduced, the mining section with relatively good quality of rock mass is mined firstly, the redistributed ground stress is more concentrated in the broken or soft mining section, and when the mining section returns to the mining section in the later period, the ground stress environment is worsened, the mining difficulty and safety are worse, and the ore mining rate is integrally lower. And after the mining of the ore section with relatively good rock mass quality is finished in advance, the peripheral roadway engineering structure needs to be kept and maintained for a long time so as to be served for the mining of broken or soft ore sections in the later period, so that the long-time multi-area roadway engineering safety maintenance cost is high, and the later period can also need to re-mine the transportation and mining-preparation engineering roadway for the mining of the broken or soft ore sections, so that the exploitation-preparation cost is increased.
The second prior art scheme is as follows: and (3) taking certain engineering reinforcement measures such as grouting, anchor rod/anchor cable support and the like in advance in the broken or soft ore section area, then combining and mining the broken or soft area and the ore section area with relatively good rock mass quality, and no longer considering the ore section boundary with relatively poor rock mass quality and relatively good rock mass quality when dividing the stope. In the scheme, the engineering cost of the pretreatment measures for the broken or soft ore sections is high, the grouting reinforcement or anchor rod/anchor cable support effect is difficult to evaluate, the safety stability risk is large after the large-scale stope combined by the ore sections with different rock mass qualities is mined, the actual boundary of the stope is difficult to control, and the ore loss rate and the dilution rate of the stope are high.
In addition, for the ore body with high ground stress in the deep part or the ore body existing in the high ground stress environment and the crushed soft geological structure in a superposition mode, the mining method of the technical scheme I can further aggravate the problem of dynamic disasters of the crushed soft ore section subjected to delayed mining, and can more easily induce safety accidents such as rock burst or rock instability and the like; in the second technical scheme, even if a high-cost pretreatment engineering reinforcement measure is adopted, in the mining process, whether the pretreatment measure can meet the stability requirement of the rock mass merged under the high-stress environment is difficult to ensure, the effectiveness of reinforcement or support is difficult to evaluate, and the safety risk is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for continuously mining ore bodies by cooperating an upper plate and a lower plate and descending, so as to solve the technical problems of low mining efficiency, poor safety and high mining cost in the existing ore body mining.
The ore body upper and lower tray collaborative descending continuous mining method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
dividing a body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages along the vertical direction, and dividing an upper disc area and a lower disc area in each stage perpendicular to the trend of the ore body;
stopes are respectively arranged in an upper disc area and a lower disc area, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper disc area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower disc area;
vertically, one of the upper disc area and the lower disc area is ahead of the other area for recovery;
mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes;
and after stope stoping, filling a goaf, wherein in two vertically adjacent stopes, the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for stoping of the lower stope.
Further, in the step of vertically dividing the body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages, and dividing the upper wall area and the lower wall area in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the body, the dividing method of the upper wall area and the lower wall area comprises the following steps:
classifying the quality of the engineering rock mass of the ore body to be mined in a grading way;
dividing the body to be mined into an upper wall area and a lower wall area according to the boundary of the engineering rock mass quality classification of the body to be mined; and in the upper wall area and the lower wall area, the quality of the engineering rock mass of one is superior to that of the other.
Further, in the step of vertically dividing the body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages, and dividing the upper wall area and the lower wall area in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the body, the dividing method of the upper wall area and the lower wall area comprises the following steps:
when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disaster, the whole body to be mined is divided into two regions with different widths, wherein the region with the smaller width is mined in advance relatively, and the other region is mined in delay relatively.
Further, when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disaster;
dividing the body to be mined into an upper wall area and a lower wall area according to the boundary of the engineering rock mass quality classification of the body to be mined; wherein, in the upper wall area and the lower wall area, the quality of the engineering rock mass of one is superior to that of the other;
and the area mined in advance is the area on one side with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass.
Further, in the step of arranging stopes in an upper panel area and a lower panel area respectively, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper panel area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower panel area:
the arrangement direction of the stopes in the upper panel area and the arrangement direction of the stopes in the lower panel area are mutually vertical or oblique, and the intersection angle of the stopes between the two areas is 30-90 degrees.
Furthermore, when the areas with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass in the upper wall area and the lower wall area of the ore body to be mined are extremely crushed to be crushed or extremely soft to be soft, and the engineering rock mass on the other side has relatively good quality, the stopes are arranged along the trend of the ore body in the areas with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass, and the stopes are arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body in the areas with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass;
alternatively, when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and there is a risk of earth pressure hazards, then in the advanced ahead mining area, the stopes are arranged along the run of the ore body, and in the delayed mining area, the stopes are arranged perpendicular to the run of the ore body.
Further, in the step of vertically extracting, one of the upper disc area and the lower disc area is ahead of the other: in the vertical direction, the level of a stope working face in the leading stope area is lower than that of a stope bottom face in the lagging stope area;
when the body to be mined is an upper wall area and a lower wall area which are divided according to the characteristics that one side is an area with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass and the other side is an area with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass, the area with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass is ahead of the area with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass in the vertical mining direction for mining;
or when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disasters, in the vertical mining direction, the area where the stopes are arranged along the trend of the ore body is mined in advance of the area where the stopes are arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body.
Further, when one side area of the ore body to be mined is extremely crushed to be crushed or extremely soft to be soft, the stope arranged in the area selects any one of a downward access filling mining method or a downward layered filling mining method, or the combination of the downward access filling mining method and the downward layered filling mining method; a stope arranged in a region with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass on the other side selects any one of a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method, or a combination of the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method;
or when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disaster, adopting any one of a downward access filling mining method or a downward layered filling mining method or a combination of the downward access filling mining method and the downward layered filling mining method in a stope arranged in an advanced mining area; and stopes arranged in the lagging mining area on the other side adopt any one of a downward access filling mining method or a downward layered filling mining method, or a combination of the downward access filling mining method and the downward layered filling mining method, or adopt any one of a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method, or a combination of the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method.
Further, mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes in the following steps:
when a stage open stope subsequent filling mining method is used in a certain area, stopes vertically adjacent to each other refer to stopes vertically corresponding to adjacent stages;
when a sublevel open stoping subsequent filling mining method, a downward layering mining method or a downward access filling mining method is used in a certain area, vertically adjacent sublevel stopes, layering stopes or access stopes are divided in a certain mining stage;
between the upper and lower adjacent stopes, the upper stope must be stoped first, then the lower stope must be stoped, and no original rock isolated ore pillar is left between the two stopes, so as to realize the continuous stope from top to bottom in layers, sections or stages.
Further, after stope stoping, filling a goaf, and in two vertically adjacent stopes, using a filling body of an upper stope as a direct roof for stoping of a lower stope:
the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for the stope of the lower stope, the mechanical strength and the structural parameters of the filling body meet the stope requirement of the lower stope, and the method comprises the following steps:
if a stage open stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open stope subsequent filling mining method is adopted, a cemented filling layer with the thickness not less than 5m and the strength not less than 1MPa is applied to the bottom of the upper stope filling body;
if a downward layering or downward access filling mining method is adopted, a cemented filling layer with the thickness not less than 1m and the strength not less than 1MPa should be arranged at the bottom of the filling body of the upper stope.
The ore body upper and lower tray collaborative descending continuous mining method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: dividing a body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages along the vertical direction, and dividing an upper disc area and a lower disc area in each stage perpendicular to the trend of the ore body; stopes are respectively arranged in an upper disc area and a lower disc area, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper disc area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower disc area; vertically, one of the upper disc area and the lower disc area is ahead of the other area for recovery; mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes; and after stope stoping, filling a goaf, wherein in two vertically adjacent stopes, the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for stoping of the lower stope. The mining body to be mined is divided into an upper wall area and a lower wall area, one of the upper wall area and the lower wall area is subjected to advanced stoping, and the other of the upper wall area and the lower wall area is subjected to delayed stoping, so that the area subjected to advanced stoping and filling can effectively block a high-stress transmission path, a ground stress environment after pressure relief is provided for large-scale mining of the mining section on the other side, and the danger of collapse is not easy to occur. And the whole downward mining sequence is adopted, so that the high stress area can be continuously transferred to the deep part, a favorable stress environment is created for the upper and lower discs of the stoping operation surface to cooperatively mine, and the safety problem of high ground pressure risk in mining of high ground stress ore bodies is solved. And the upper plate area and the lower plate area are mined cooperatively, so that stable and continuous ore recovery in the upper plate area and the lower plate area of the ore body is ensured. The filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for the stope of the lower stope, so that the problems of poor safety and stability of the original rock roof and high risk of roof rock burst in the environment of broken or soft ore rock or high ground stress are effectively solved. The method does not need to carry out the pretreatment measures such as grouting reinforcement, anchor rod/anchor cable support and the like, thereby reducing the production cost.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a logic diagram of stope distribution and mining sequence thereof in a typical section on a vertical section perpendicular to the trend of an ore body in the ore body upper and lower tray cooperative descending continuous mining method provided by the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
3-8 are key mining and charging sequence process diagrams of a typical stope in an upper and lower tray area on a vertical section perpendicular to the trend of the ore body in the ore body upper and lower tray cooperative descending continuous mining method according to the embodiment of the invention;
fig. 9 is a diagram of a collaborative mining scheme in which an upper-tray area filling stope on a vertical section perpendicular to the direction of an ore body is ahead of a lower-tray area filling stope in the ore body upper-tray and lower-tray collaborative descending continuous mining method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a diagram of a collaborative mining scheme in which an upper-tray-area filling stope on a horizontal section along the strike of an ore body is ahead of a lower-tray-area filling stope in the ore body upper-tray-lower-tray collaborative continuous mining method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Icon: 100-areas of relatively poor quality of the engineered rock mass; 200-the area of relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass; 300-a goaf; 410-a first filling body; 420-a second filling body; 430-a third filling body; 440-fourth packing.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The ore body upper and lower tray collaborative descending continuous mining method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
and dividing the body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages along the vertical direction, wherein the upper disc area and the lower disc area are divided in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the ore body.
As shown in fig. 1, the body to be mined is divided in the vertical direction into several mining stages, such as stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and the rest of the stages extending downwards in the figure. The body to be mined may be the whole ore body, or may be a typical ore section in the vertical direction as shown in fig. 1, or may be a typical ore section along the direction of the ore body as shown in fig. 2.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, in a certain stage, the ore body is divided into an upper tray area and a lower tray area perpendicular to the trend of the ore body, and the dividing method comprises the following steps:
if the quality of the engineering rock mass of the upper plate and the lower plate is poor on one side, for example, the quality of the area 100 with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass is extremely broken to broken or extremely soft to soft, and the other side is the area 200 with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass, the mining body is divided into an upper plate area and a lower plate area according to the boundary of the classification of the engineering rock mass quality grades, wherein the area with poor quality of the engineering rock mass can be on the upper plate and on the lower plate.
Aiming at an ore body to be mined, if the ore body to be mined is in a deep stress area and rock burst and other ground pressure disaster risks exist, one divided upper plate area or lower plate area is relatively small in width, generally 1-3 stope widths, the other divided upper plate area or lower plate area is large in width, the deep stress area, namely the mining level of the ore body to be mined below the ground surface by 800m, and the stress of the ore body to be mined is high. Such as the stope width of the row 1, row 2 to row N of the left area of fig. 1, which is relatively mined first, the stope of this area is relatively mined first to achieve a pressure relief effect of the rock, while the stope of the other area is relatively mined later, such as the stopes 1-1, 2-1 and 3-1 of the right area of fig. 1.
If the quality of the engineering rock mass of the body to be mined, which has the upper wall and the lower wall, is poor on one side, such as extremely broken to broken or extremely soft to soft, and the quality of the engineering rock mass on the other side is relatively good, and the body to be mined is simultaneously characterized in that the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has rock burst and other ground pressure disaster risks, the upper wall area and the lower wall area are divided mainly according to the classification boundary of the quality of the engineering rock mass.
Stopes are respectively arranged in the upper disc area and the lower disc area, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper disc area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower disc area.
The arrangement direction of the stopes in the upper panel area and the arrangement direction of the stopes in the lower panel area are mutually vertical or oblique, and the intersection angle of the stopes between the two areas is 30-90 degrees. In this embodiment, in fig. 1 and 2, the arrangement direction of the stopes in the upper tray area and the arrangement direction of the stopes in the lower tray area may be perpendicular to each other, while in the upper tray area or the lower tray area, the arrangement directions of the stopes in the single area are generally the same, the stopes in the upper tray area in fig. 1 and 2 are both arranged along the trend of the ore body, the stopes in the lower tray area are both arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body, and the arrangement directions of the two types of stopes are perpendicular to each other.
When the area 100 with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass in the upper wall area and the lower wall area of the ore body to be mined is extremely crushed to be crushed or extremely soft to be soft, and the engineering rock mass on the other side has relatively good quality, the stope is arranged along the trend of the ore body in the area 100 with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass, and the stope is arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body in the area 200 with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass. And the stope of the area with poor quality has a small stope stoping section, and more ores can be stoped by arranging the stope along the trend of the ore body.
When the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of rock burst disaster, the stope is arranged along the trend of the ore body in an advanced preceding mining area, and the stope is arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body in a delayed mining area. The stope stop.
Vertically, one of the upper and lower disc zones is mined in advance of the other.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, in the upper panel area of the preceding mining, stopes of the lower panel area of the delayed mining cannot be stoped until stopes of the stopes are not stoped and the filling is completed. The level of the stoping working face in the leading stoping area is not higher than the level of the bottom face of the stope in the lagging stoping area, and under the general condition, the working face of the leading stoping area and the working face of the lagging stoping area have a height difference in the vertical direction, for example, 1 stope height difference exists between the working faces of the stopes of the upper and lower panel areas in the vertical direction in fig. 5.
As shown in fig. 6, the advancing progress of the stope being mined as shown in stage 2 (or subsection) of the upper tray area meets the requirements, after which the stope rock of stage 1 (or subsection) shown in the lower tray area can be mined. As also shown in fig. 8, when the stope advance stoping progress in the 3 rd stage (or segment) of the upper tray area meets this requirement, stope rocks in the 2 nd stage (or segment) shown in the lower tray area can be stoped. And by analogy, the upper and lower tray collaborative mining of the upper tray area stope ahead of the lower tray area is realized.
As shown in fig. 1 to 8, when the upper wall area of the ore body to be mined is extremely broken to broken or extremely soft to soft ore body, the stope arranged in the upper wall area is selected to be a downward access or downward horizontal layered filling mining method, and the stope arranged in the lower wall area with relatively good quality of the engineering rock body on the other side is selected to be a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method or a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method.
Mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes.
In the footwall area shown in fig. 1 to 8, if a stage open stope subsequent filling mining method is adopted, stopes corresponding to the vertical adjacent stopes, specifically, stopes corresponding to the vertical adjacent stages, that is, stopes 1-1 at the 1 st stage and stopes 2-1 at the 2 nd stage in the drawing, are stoped and filled first, and then stopes 2-1 are stoped subsequently. The same sequence, also shown in fig. 6 and 8, is the logical relationship of mining sequence between footwall area stage stopes. The mining sequence among the stopes in the footwall area in the same stage, such as the mining sequence among the 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and 2-K stopes in the 2 nd stage in fig. 2, is not particularly required, and the sequence of 'mining one by one' or 'mining one by more' can be adopted, but the strength requirement of the filling bodies of the stopes in the stage is required to be ensured.
In the footwall area shown in fig. 1 to 8, if a sublevel open stope subsequent filling mining method is adopted, stopes vertically corresponding to adjacent sublevels are located between the vertically adjacent stopes, that is, stopes 1 to 1 are stoped and filled between stopes 1 to 1 of the 1 st sublevel and stopes 2 to 1 of the 2 nd sublevel in the drawing, and so on, stope 1 to 1 is stoped and filled first, then stope 2 to 1 is stoped subsequently, and so on.
In the upper plate area shown in fig. 1 to 8, if a downward layering or downward access filling mining method is adopted, the vertical adjacent stopes refer to vertically adjacent layering or access stopes divided within a certain mining stage or segment, that is, layering or access stopes between the 1 st layering, the 2 nd layering and the M th layering of the upper plate area in fig. 1; the mining sequence is that after the 1 st layer of each layer or access stope is mined and filled, the 2 nd layer of each layer or access stope can be mined again, and so on. However, the mining and filling sequence between the stopes in the upper tray area in the same layer, such as the stopes 1-M-1, 1-M-2 and 1-M-N in the Mth layer in FIG. 1, is not particularly required, and the mining and filling sequence may be in the order of "mining one by one" or "mining one by more" but the strength requirement of the stope filling bodies in the layer is ensured.
As shown in fig. 3-8, between the upper and lower adjacent stages, sections, layers or access stopes, according to the method that the upper stope is stoped first and then the lower stope is stoped, no original rock isolation ore pillar is left between the upper and lower adjacent stopes, so as to realize the continuous stope from top to bottom between the stages, sections or layers.
And after stope stoping, filling the goaf 300, wherein the filling body of the upper stope in two vertically adjacent stopes is used as a direct roof for stoping of the lower stope.
If downward cut-and-fill mining is used, as in the upper panel area shown in fig. 1-8, the bottom fill of the upper stope fill, i.e., the first fill 410 shown in fig. 4, should be a layer of cemented fill having a thickness of not less than 1m and a strength of not less than 1 MPa. However, the strength of the second filling body 420 in the range of the remaining height of the downward stratification or downward access stope is generally not less than 0.2 MPa. The second pack 420 may also be a non-cemented pack if in the same extraction strata the pack is no longer exposed laterally in the future due to extraction of a surrounding stope.
If a staged or staged open-stope subsequent fill mining method is used, as shown in the footwall area of fig. 1-8, the bottom fill of the upper stope fill, i.e., the third fill 430 shown in fig. 7, should be a layer of cemented fill having a thickness of not less than 5m and a strength of not less than 1 MPa. However, the strength of the fourth fill 440 for a range of remaining heights in a stope or sublevel is typically no less than 0.5MPa, and the fourth fill 440 may also be a non-cemented fill if the stope fill is no longer exposed laterally in the same extraction stage or sublevel from surrounding stopes in the future.
The mining body to be mined is divided into an upper wall area and a lower wall area, one of the upper wall area and the lower wall area is subjected to advanced stoping, and the other of the upper wall area and the lower wall area is subjected to delayed stoping, so that the area subjected to advanced stoping and filling can effectively block a high-stress transmission path, a ground stress environment after pressure relief is provided for large-scale mining of the mining section on the other side, and the danger of collapse is not easy to occur. And the whole downward mining sequence is adopted, so that the high stress area can be continuously transferred to the deep part, a favorable stress environment is created for the upper and lower discs of the stoping operation surface to cooperatively mine, and the safety problem of high ground pressure risk in mining of high ground stress ore bodies is solved. And the upper plate area and the lower plate area are mined cooperatively, so that stable and continuous ore recovery in the upper plate area and the lower plate area of the ore body is ensured. The filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for the stope of the lower stope, so that the problems of poor safety and stability of the original rock roof and high risk of roof rock burst in the environment of broken or soft ore rock or high ground stress are effectively solved. The method does not need to carry out the pretreatment measures such as grouting reinforcement, anchor rod/anchor cable support and the like, thereby reducing the production cost.
The problems solved by the scheme include:
(1) when mining an ore body with a complicated geological structure and containing broken or soft ore sections, an isolating ore pillar with a certain thickness is generally reserved in the previous scheme, corresponding broken or soft ore sections are manually isolated, and the broken or soft ore sections are mined in a return mode after the mining of the ore sections with relatively good quality of other engineering rock masses is finished.
In addition, the ore body upper and lower tray cooperative descending continuous mining method provided by the invention can effectively solve the problems that long-term maintenance and reservation are needed for the roadway engineering in the prior mining area, the safety maintenance cost of the roadway engineering in multiple areas for a long time is high, the engineering roadways such as transportation, mining accuracy and the like need to be excavated again when the crushed or soft ore section is mined in the later period and the mining cost is high, and the local ore pressing and discarding of the crushed or soft ore section are serious and the like caused by delayed mining of the crushed or soft ore section.
(2) When mining the complex geological structure ore body containing broken or soft ore sections, the pretreatment measures such as grouting reinforcement, anchor rod/anchor cable support and the like can be taken into consideration in other previous schemes, then the broken or soft area and the other ore section areas with better engineering rock quality are merged for mining, and the boundary of the ore section with poorer engineering rock quality and better engineering rock quality is not taken into consideration when dividing the stope. The comprehensive production capacity of the ore body is improved.
(3) When the ore body with a complicated geological structure containing broken or soft ore sections and the thick ore body in a high ground stress environment are mined, the upper and lower trays of the ore body cooperate with the descending continuous mining method to carry out continuous descending filling and stoping between stopes in upper and lower adjacent stages and between subsection, layering or access stopes in the stages, and the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof plate for stoping of the lower stope, so that the problems of poor safety and stability of a crude rock roof and high risk of roof rock burst in the broken or soft ore or high ground stress environment are effectively solved, and the artificially-prepared filling body roof plate can better meet the safety mining requirements of the ore body.
(4) The method can realize the mutual matching and connection of the mining processes of the upper and lower trays of the ore body in time and space, effectively solves the matching problem of the comprehensive production capacity of the whole ore section of the collaborative mining of the upper and lower trays of the ore body through the progress management of the advanced mining and the delayed mining section, ensures the stable and continuous mining of the ore by the upper and lower trays of the ore body, concentrates the production operation surface on a certain mining level for enhanced mining through the management of the advanced mining progress, and is favorable for realizing the safety control of the mining operation surface under the mining environment with poor quality of ore rock and high ground stress.
(5) The method for continuously mining the ore body by the cooperation of the upper and lower trays and descending can effectively block a high stress transmission path through the downward access of one ore section or the advanced stoping of a layered stope when a thick ore body is mined in a high ground stress environment, provide a ground stress environment after pressure relief for the larger-scale mining of the ore section on the other side, and integrally adopt a downward mining sequence, so that a high stress area can be continuously transferred to the deep part, a favorable stress environment is created for the cooperative mining of the upper and lower trays of a stoping working face, and the safety problem of high ground pressure risk of the mining of the high ground stress ore body is solved.
The detailed scheme of the application is explained by concrete cases implemented in the field:
as an example of the practical use of the present invention, for example, a large underground mine is mined to a depth exceeding 1000m, and the ground stress environment of the ore body is high. The ore body is mainly present in the fracture zone and its peripheral extension. The main fracture zone alteration area is positioned at the upper part of an ore body, the rocks of the main fracture zone alteration area are broken and are strongly altered, cracks develop, the quality and the stability of an engineering rock mass are poor, but the ore grade of the main fracture zone alteration area is high, and the value is high. In addition, in the ore body area at the lower part of the main fracture zone, a thicker ore enrichment area is still available, the area is relatively thicker, the quality and the stability of the rock are relatively better, and the rock in the area is still broken and has more developed cracks. The main ore body of the mine forms a binary geological structure of an upper broken rich ore zone and a lower thick broken mineral zone. The main ore body of the mine extends for nearly 1km along the trend of the ore body, the dip angle is average 50 degrees, and the average thickness is 30-70 m.
Because the ore body is thick and inclined moderately, the quality of the engineering rock mass is generally poor, the quality of the engineering rock mass in a near main fracture area is poor to extremely poor, and the ground stress of deep mining is high. Therefore, in the originally designed mining method of the mine, ore rocks with the thickness of 5-10 m are reserved in a region with relatively good quality of engineering rock mass at the lower part of a main fracture zone alteration region in advance to serve as an isolation ore pillar, the broken ore rocks in the main fracture zone are isolated artificially, and the isolation layer is used for controlling the ground pressure and preventing the ore rocks in the broken zone from caving and collapsing into a lower mining region. Then, in the area 200 where the quality of the engineering rock mass at the lower part of the ore body is relatively good, upward horizontal stratification and upward access filling mining methods are adopted comprehensively. According to the mining mode, the main fracture area with the higher ore grade in the ore body is isolated, the fracture area is not mined firstly, and the opportunity is searched and returned for recycling at the later stage.
In the original mining mode adopted by mines, the stability of the main fractured zone alteration area is poor, and during later mining, the ground stress redistribution caused after mining of the lower ore body area is more concentrated in the main fractured zone, so that the mining safety of the extremely broken ore-rich zone is poor, and the ore recovery rate is low. In the early stage of mines, relatively stable ore rocks near the lower part are mined by upward horizontal stratification and upward access, the mining efficiency is low, and the comprehensive production capacity is relatively low for the whole ore body. When the mine enterprises require to enlarge the capacity, nearly hundreds of working faces for upward horizontal layering and upward access mining need to be simultaneously carried out, and in the mining mode, when the mining is carried out at the deep part, more personnel and working faces cause high safety risk, poor ventilation effect, severe underground working environment, low labor productivity, too many working faces cause a series of problems of large management difficulty and the like.
When the method is used for illustrating the mining of the thick metal ore body with relatively good quality of the ore section engineering rock mass containing the extremely-crushed ore zone to the crushed ore zone and the lower part of the crushed ore zone of the mine in the moderate-inclination to inclined deep high-stress environment, the method for continuously and cooperatively mining the upper and lower trays of the ore body downward as shown in the figures 9 and 10 specifically comprises the following steps and requirements:
(1) and dividing the body to be mined into an upper ore body area containing a fracture zone and a lower ore body area with relatively better quality of the engineering rock mass relatively close to the lower part by taking the main fracture zone alteration area relatively close to the upper part of the main ore body of the mine as a boundary line.
(2) In the upper plate area, stopes are arranged along the trend of the ore body. And designing a stope in the upper panel area by adopting a downward access filling mining method, wherein the width, the height and the length of the downward access stope are 4-5 m, 4-5 m and 50-80 m. And 2-4 stope widths of downward access ways are arranged in the upper disc area in parallel in the direction vertical to the ore body.
(3) In the hanging plate area, stoping and filling are carried out on each layered approach stope one by one, after stoping of each downward approach is finished, filling of the dead zone of the approach stope is carried out in time, full tailings with the ash-sand ratio of 1:5 are used for cemented filling within the height range of 1.5m upwards of the bottom surface of the approach, the uniaxial compressive strength is not lower than 2MPa, and then full tailings with the ash-sand ratio of 1:12 are used for cemented filling within the remaining height range, and the uniaxial compressive strength is not lower than 0.8 MPa.
(4) And in the lower plate area, stopes are arranged in downward access stopes perpendicular to or crossed obliquely at 60-80 degrees to the upper plate ore body, and the stopes in the lower plate area are designed by adopting an overall downward medium-length hole segmented open stope subsequent filling mining method. The width of a typical downward subsection stope is about 10m, the height is 12-15 m, and the length is 20-60 m.
(5) The width of 5-10 downward sublevel stopes can be correspondingly arranged within the length range of the upper plate approach stope arranged along the trend in the direction perpendicular to the trend direction of the ore body, namely the direction perpendicular to the upper plate approach stope. Within a mining subsection, a 'three-by-one' mining sequence is adopted among a plurality of downward subsection stopes arranged. And (3) timely filling the goaf 300 after stoping in each downward subsection stope, filling the goaf with full tailings with a sand-lime ratio of 1:4 within a height range of 5-6 m from the bottom surface of the goaf upwards, wherein the uniaxial compressive strength of the goaf is not lower than 3MPa, and then uniformly filling the goaf with full tailings with a sand-lime ratio of 1:10 within the remaining height range, wherein the uniaxial compressive strength of the goaf is not lower than 1 MPa.
(6) And a downward access stope arranged in the upper panel area is required to be ahead of a downward subsection stope arranged in the lower panel area for stoping, and the advance height of the stope is not lower than the height of 1 downward subsection stope, namely the advance height is not lower than 12-15 m. As shown in fig. 9 and 10, at least when the downward access stope of the upper tray area recovers to the 2 nd downward access layer of the 3 rd mining section, the stope of the 2 nd mining section of the lower tray area can be recovered, and so on, the upper and lower trays of the main ore body of the mine can be cooperatively used for downward continuous mining.
(7) In order to achieve continuous stoping in a sublevel stope which can be ahead of a footwall area, and avoid the problem that mining of the footwall area and the footwall area is not continuous in connection, which causes fluctuation of mine ore removal capacity, matching calculation of ore body footwall and footwall collaborative mining capacity is needed, the collaborative mining requirement means that the footwall stope of the footwall area should always keep ahead of the stoping of the footwall area, and the advance height is continuously not lower than 1 height of the footwall sublevel stope. Under the requirement of the collaborative mining capacity, the production capacity of the downward access mining, the production capacity of the downward sublevel mining and the lead time of the downward access mining can be obtained through inverse calculation.
The ore body upper and lower tray continuous descending type collaborative mining method provided by the embodiment of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the mining method realizes the subarea mining of the broken ore body and improves the low-lean-loss extraction index of the broken ore body. The current situation of mining the original upper-tray or lower-tray crushed ore body is changed, and the technical problem of mining the crushed ore body is solved;
(2) the unloading exploitation of the high-stress ore body is realized, and the exploitation safety of the deep high-stress ore body is guaranteed. The method comprises the following steps of (1) independently dividing a part of a high-stress ore body to carry out advanced stoping, blocking a high-stress transmission path, and continuously transferring high stress to a deep part, so that a favorable stress environment is created for large-scale mining of other ore bodies in the level, and dynamic disasters possibly triggered by mining of high-stress areas are reduced;
(3) the mining of the cooperation of the upper and lower plates of the ore body is realized, and the continuous and stable propulsion of the upper and lower plates of the ore body is ensured. According to the field geological condition, the ore body is divided into an upper tray ore body and a lower tray ore body, the ore bodies in the two areas are continuously pushed without any isolation ore pillars, the overall recovery rate of resources is improved, and the deep mining rock burst dynamic disaster risk control is facilitated.
The key points of the technology of the invention are as follows:
the mining method is particularly suitable for mining of ore bodies on the upper wall or the lower wall of the ore body or ore bodies wholly in a high stress section aiming at the ore bodies of underground metal nonmetal mines inclined to a steep incline and thicker than the medium thickness or thick ore bodies horizontally inclined to a gentle incline, and the mining method divides the ore bodies to be mined into an upper ore body stope and a lower ore body stope by taking the range of the crushed ore bodies or the direction vertical to the maximum main stress as a boundary, and the upper ore body stope and the lower ore body stope are arranged vertically or obliquely. The stopes of the two areas can adopt different mining methods, the stope area needs to be ahead of the stope area of the later mining area, and the advance height needs to be larger than the maximum stope height of the later mining area. And the step (inner) adopts a top-down continuous stoping sequence, then filling is carried out, and the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof of the lower stope, so that stable and continuous collaborative mining of the upper and lower trays of the ore body is ensured.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The ore body upper and lower tray collaborative descending continuous mining method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
dividing a body to be mined into a plurality of mining stages along the vertical direction, and dividing an upper disc area and a lower disc area in each stage perpendicular to the trend of the ore body;
stopes are respectively arranged in an upper disc area and a lower disc area, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper disc area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower disc area;
vertically, one of the upper disc area and the lower disc area is ahead of the other area for recovery;
mining sequences from top to bottom are adopted between vertically adjacent stopes;
and after stope stoping, filling a goaf (300), wherein in two vertically adjacent stopes, the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for stoping of the lower stope.
2. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to claim 1, wherein the ore body to be mined is divided into a plurality of mining stages in the vertical direction, and in the step of dividing the upper tray area and the lower tray area in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the ore body, the method for dividing the upper tray area and the lower tray area comprises the following steps:
classifying the quality of the engineering rock mass of the ore body to be mined in a grading way;
dividing the body to be mined into an upper wall area and a lower wall area according to the boundary of the engineering rock mass quality classification of the body to be mined; and in the upper wall area and the lower wall area, the quality of the engineering rock mass of one is superior to that of the other.
3. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to claim 1, wherein the ore body to be mined is divided into a plurality of mining stages in the vertical direction, and in the step of dividing the upper tray area and the lower tray area in the stages perpendicular to the trend of the ore body, the method for dividing the upper tray area and the lower tray area comprises the following steps:
when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disaster, the whole body to be mined is divided into two regions with different widths, wherein the region with the smaller width is mined in advance relatively, and the other region is mined in delay relatively.
4. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to claim 2, wherein when the ore body to be mined is in a deep stress area and is at risk of earth pressure disaster;
dividing the body to be mined into an upper wall area and a lower wall area according to the boundary of the engineering rock mass quality classification of the body to be mined; wherein, in the upper wall area and the lower wall area, the quality of the engineering rock mass of one is superior to that of the other;
and the area mined in advance is the area on one side with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass.
5. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein in the step of arranging the stopes in the upper tray area and the lower tray area, respectively, and the stope arrangement direction in the upper tray area is different from the stope arrangement direction in the lower tray area:
the arrangement direction of the stopes in the upper panel area and the arrangement direction of the stopes in the lower panel area are mutually vertical or oblique, and the intersection angle of the stopes between the two areas is 30-90 degrees.
6. The method of continuous mining with coordinated downward movement of the upper and lower trays of the ore body according to claim 5, characterized in that when the area (100) with relatively poor quality of the engineered rock mass is extremely crushed to crushed or extremely soft to soft in the upper and lower tray areas of the ore body to be mined, and the engineered rock mass on the other side has relatively good quality, then in the area (100) with relatively poor quality of the engineered rock mass, the stope is arranged along the trend of the ore body, and in the area (200) with relatively good quality of the engineered rock mass, the stope is arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body;
alternatively, when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and there is a risk of earth pressure hazards, then in the advanced ahead mining area, the stopes are arranged along the run of the ore body, and in the delayed mining area, the stopes are arranged perpendicular to the run of the ore body.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of vertically extracting one of the upper pan zone and the lower pan zone ahead of the other zone comprises: in the vertical direction, the level of a stope working face in the leading stope area is lower than that of a stope bottom face in the lagging stope area;
when the body to be mined is an upper plate area and a lower plate area which are divided according to the characteristics that one side is an area (100) with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass and the other side is an area (200) with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass, the area (100) with relatively poor quality of the engineering rock mass is ahead of the area with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass in the vertical mining direction for mining;
or when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disasters, in the vertical mining direction, the area where the stopes are arranged along the trend of the ore body is mined in advance of the area where the stopes are arranged perpendicular to the trend of the ore body.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein when one side of the ore body is extremely broken or soft, the stope is selected from a downward cut and fill method or a combination of the downward cut and fill method; a stope arranged in a region with relatively good quality of the engineering rock mass on the other side selects any one of a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method, or a combination of the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method;
or when the body to be mined is in a deep stress area and has the risk of earth pressure disaster, adopting any one of a downward access filling mining method or a downward layered filling mining method or a combination of the downward access filling mining method and the downward layered filling mining method in a stope arranged in an advanced mining area; and stopes arranged in the lagging mining area on the other side adopt any one of a downward access filling mining method or a downward layered filling mining method, or a combination of the downward access filling mining method and the downward layered filling mining method, or adopt any one of a stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method, or a combination of the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sectional open-stope subsequent filling mining method.
9. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to claim 8, wherein the steps of mining from top to bottom between vertically adjacent stopes are all adopted:
when a stage open stope subsequent filling mining method is used in a certain area, stopes vertically adjacent to each other refer to stopes vertically corresponding to adjacent stages;
when a sublevel open stoping subsequent filling mining method, a downward layering mining method or a downward access filling mining method is used in a certain area, vertically adjacent sublevel stopes, layering stopes or access stopes are divided in a certain mining stage;
between the upper and lower adjacent stopes, the upper stope must be stoped first, then the lower stope must be stoped, and no original rock isolated ore pillar is left between the two stopes, so as to realize the continuous stope from top to bottom in layers, sections or stages.
10. The ore body upper and lower tray cooperative downward continuous mining method according to claim 9, wherein after stope, goaf (300) is filled, and in two vertically adjacent stopes, the step of taking the filler of the upper stope as a direct roof for stope of the lower stope is as follows:
the filling body of the upper stope is used as a direct roof for the stope of the lower stope, the mechanical strength and the structural parameters of the filling body meet the stope requirement of the lower stope, and the method comprises the following steps:
if a stage open stope subsequent filling mining method or a sectional open stope subsequent filling mining method is adopted, a cemented filling layer with the thickness not less than 5m and the strength not less than 1MPa is applied to the bottom of the upper stope filling body;
if a downward layering or downward access filling mining method is adopted, a cemented filling layer with the thickness not less than 1m and the strength not less than 1MPa should be arranged at the bottom of the filling body of the upper stope.
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