CN111903261A

CN111903261A - Straw carbonization field returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage and working method

Info

Publication number: CN111903261A
Application number: CN202010649831.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 高建民; 马本磊; 艾安君
Original assignee: Jiangsu University
Current assignee: Jiangsu University
Priority date: 2020-07-08
Filing date: 2020-07-08
Publication date: 2020-11-10

Abstract

The invention relates to a straw carbonization field returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage and a working method, relating to the field of agricultural engineering and comprising a stubble cleaning system, a straw picking system, a straw secondary crushing system, a rotary tillage landfill system and an ignition carbonization system; the stubble and the residual straw are firstly crushed once through the vertical stubble cleaning device, and meanwhile, the shallow soil is disturbed in parallel, so that the mixing of the soil and the straw is reduced; the straws on the ground surface are picked up by the picking mechanism and conveyed into the crusher, and then the crushed straws are blown into the vertical rotary tillage cutter shaft by taking the fan as power and enter the soil along with the impeller at the bottom of the cutter shaft. Because the underground oxygen concentration is very low, the straws are not combusted after being ignited by a following ignition device, but are carbonized in an anoxic environment, and the biochar prepared by carbonizing the straws has larger porosity and specific surface area, stronger adsorption force, oxidation resistance and biological decomposition resistance, can effectively improve the soil structure and physicochemical property, and increases the soil carbon content.

Description

Straw carbonization field returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage and working method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of agricultural engineering, and relates to a straw carbonization returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage.

Background

Taking corn as an example, the straw returning mode of a planting area mainly comprises four modes, namely that corn straws are crushed by a corn combine harvester and then are paved on the ground surface when the corn is harvested, no-tillage seeding is carried out on the returning land in the next year, and a subsoiler is adopted to carry out alternate-year subsoiling on the land. And after the corn is harvested, a straw returning mode of shallow layer surface layer shallow rotary returning is adopted, wherein the shallow layer surface layer shallow rotary returning is realized by uniformly mixing surface layer soil and straws by a rotary cultivator. Thirdly, the straw is turned and pressed by using a furrow plough, so that the straw is covered by shallow soil. Fourthly, a deep groove is formed through a ditching machine, and then the straws are covered. The depth is 20 cm-30 cm.

The defects of the existing straw returning mode are as follows:

1. the former two modes of returning the straws to the field can make the straws uniformly scattered on the earth surface or superficial layer surface soil, which may cause the phenomenon of 'wind escape', namely loose and not compact soil. Affecting the physicochemical properties of the soil.

2. Shallow layer surface soil is the main environment that plant root system grows and develops, and the root system growth of plant can direct influence to the quantity of straw, and then leads to the yield reduction. Moreover, the soil fertility can be improved after the straws are rotten, and the process has no effect. In addition, the soil can absorb nitrogen when decomposing the straws, which may cause insufficient oxygen in the soil and affect the growth of root systems.

3. In the process of turning down the straws, the worm ova seeds stored in the straws are turned down, and the worm ova seeds have a good growing and developing environment and can come back along with the crops in the next season.

4. Although the pollution of the ground straw is much less than that of the method of burning the straw, the method has the disadvantage that a large amount of dust is generated and floats in the air.

5. If the straw returning is too large or the straw is not uniformly turned into the soil, the contradiction that soil microorganisms and crop seedlings compete for nutrients is easy to occur, and even yellow seedlings, dead seedlings, yield reduction and the like are caused.

6. Because the underground oxygen concentration is very low, after the straw is ignited by the following ignition device, the straw can not be combusted, but is carbonized under the anoxic environment, the biochar prepared by carbonizing the straw has larger porosity and specific surface area, and has stronger adsorption capacity, oxidation resistance and biological decomposition resistance, thereby effectively improving the soil structure and physicochemical property and increasing the soil carbon content.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a straw carbonization and returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage, which simulates the kiln environment of a kiln burning method through a rough flow of stubble cleaning, picking up, deep burying and igniting by simulating the carbon making mode of the kiln burning method; the straws are collected, crushed and buried underground for 60-70 cm, and then carbonized and returned to the field.

The invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:

the present invention achieves the above-described object by the following technical means.

A working method of a straw carbonization returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: the stubble cleaning device primarily crushes the straws and places the crushed straws on the surface layer of the soil; step two: the picker picks up the primarily crushed straws in the step one) and sends the straws to a crushing device for crushing; step three: blowing the crushed straws into a rotary tillage cutter shaft by a fan and then dropping the straws into soil along with gravity; step four: the straw entering the soil is ignited and carbonized by an igniter in the ignition device.

The device for the working method of the straw carbonization returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage comprises a stubble cleaning device, a pickup device and a crushing device which are arranged on a rack; the rack is also provided with a suspension device which suspends the rack on the power machine and is driven by the power machine; the stubble cleaning device is arranged in front of the pickup device, and the crushing device is arranged at an outlet above the pickup device; the outlet end of the crushing device is provided with a fan, and the fan is connected with the hollow rotary tillage cutter shaft through a pipeline; the rotary tillage cutter shaft and the ignition device are also arranged on the frame, and the rotary tillage cutter shaft is arranged in front of the ignition device.

Further, the stubble cleaning device comprises a cutter shaft and a cutter roller; the cutter shaft is provided with an upper cutter roll, a middle cutter roll and a lower cutter roll, and the middle cutter roll is flush with the ground; the upper knife roller and the lower knife roller turn upwards and downwards respectively.

Further, the pickup device comprises a pickup knife, a hole-shaped conveying belt and a fixing plate; the picking knife is arranged at the front end of the hole-shaped conveyor belt and is connected to the fixing plate through the fastening spring, and the fixing plate is arranged on the lower end face of the hole-shaped conveyor belt; the fastening spring can enable the picking knife to turn up and down in the advancing direction or move left and right in the horizontal direction.

Furthermore, power fan blades are arranged in the rotating cutter shaft, and the rotating direction of the power fan blades is opposite to that of the rotating cutter shaft.

Furthermore, the rotating speed of the power fan blades is 200-300 r/min.

Further, the ignition device comprises an igniter, a gas storage pool and a knob switch; the igniter is arranged at the lowest part of the ignition device, the gas storage pool is used for providing gas required by the igniter, and the knob switch is used for turning on or turning off the gas storage pool.

Further, the igniter at the lowest part of the ignition device is lower than the ground.

Furthermore, the rotary tiller also comprises an ARM controller, wherein the ARM controller receives information from a speed sensor of the frame and a soil humidity sensor at the bottom of the rotary blade shaft.

Furthermore, the hole-shaped conveying belt is provided with holes with the diameter of 1-3 mm.

The invention has the advantages that:

1. the vertical rotary tillage depth can reach 70cm, the tillage depth is greatly increased, and meanwhile, the vertical rotary tillage is turned in parallel, so that the original soil layer structure cannot be disturbed. Is beneficial to preserving soil moisture and storing water, and plays an important role in solving the problem of soil hardening and improving the physical and chemical properties of water and soil.

2. The straws are conveyed to the ground of 70cm by a vertical rotary tillage cutter shaft, the straws are carbonized at high temperature in an anaerobic environment simulating a kiln burning method, biomass carbon-based materials and straw gas are generated in the process of unlimited oxygen thermal cracking of the straws, and the method has great improvement on water retention, entropy retention, soil environment improvement, nitrogen phosphorus and potassium utilization rate improvement and heavy metal passivation.

3. The soil fertility is increased, the soil structure is improved, the surface soil is not influenced to be condensed, and the growth and development of the root system are not influenced.

4. The invasion of plant diseases and insect pests and weeds is reduced by stubble cleaning and straw carbonization.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an external view of the stubble cleaning apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a pickup apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a view of a rotary blade shaft according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a fan blowing crushed straws to a rotary blade shaft through a pipeline;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an ARM control system according to the present invention;

fig. 7 is a schematic view of the connection between the pickup blade and the trigger fixing spring according to the present invention.

Reference numerals:

the reference numbers are as follows:

1-a suspension device; 2-transmission gearbox a; 3-a frame; 4-a stubble cleaning device; 5-a belt pulley; 6-a pickup; 7-a conveyor; 8-a crushing device; 9-a fan; 10-a rotary tillage cutter shaft; 11-an igniter; 12-a gas storage pool; 13-steel structural pipe; 14-a knob switch; 15-transmission gearbox b; 16-pvc rigid tubing; 17-a pick-up knife; 18-a fastening spring; 19-fixing the plate; 20-hole type conveyor belt.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "central," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "axial," "radial," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," "outer," and the like are used in the orientations and positional relationships indicated in the drawings for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and are not to be considered limiting. Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.

In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly and can, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.

The following first describes in detail embodiments according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings

The invention is shown in the attached figure 1, which is a structural schematic diagram of the whole machine, and sequentially finishes the working processes of stubble cleaning, picking up, rotary tillage and soil penetration, ignition and carbonization according to the sequence of working procedures. The power is transmitted from a power output shaft at the rear part of the traction tractor to a power input shaft of a gearbox a through a universal joint to drive a vertical knife roller to carry out stubble cleaning operation; meanwhile, power is continuously transmitted backwards through the belt pulley wheel and the chain transmission, and the belt pulley drives the pickup device to move the picked stubble straws upwards to finish the collection of the straws. The chain transmission transmits power to the transmission gearbox b as power for driving the rotary tillage part to carry out deep rotary tillage on the soil, and meanwhile, the crushed straws are guided into the soil by the rotation of the fan blades at the bottom of the rotary tillage cutter shaft 10 and the pushing of the self gravity and the power of the fan. Finally, the flame sprayed by the flame gun in the steel structure pipe ignites the straw, and the straw is carbonized at the flame gun due to the shortage of oxygen to nourish the soil.

Referring to the attached figure 2, for the appearance of the stubble cleaning device provided by the invention, the machine tool adopts vertical stubble cleaning, the longitudinal axes of the cutter rollers respectively spirally surround the cutter shafts at 60 degrees, meanwhile, the middle cutter roller 402 is used as the height of the ground, the adjacent upper cutter roller 401 and lower cutter roller 403 are respectively turned upwards and downwards, the vertical distance between the upper cutter roller 401 and the lower cutter roller 403 and the vertical distance between the upper cutter roller 401 and the lower cutter roller is 30mm, various plant straws at the height are treated, the upper cutter roller 401 and the lower cutter roller 403 are turned upwards and downwards to keep the separation of the straws and the soil, and the straws are kept above the soil as much as; the distance between the upper knife roll 401 and the lower knife roll 403 on the two sides and the middle knife roll 402 is 120mm, and the upper knife roll 401 and the lower knife roll 403 are used for treating missed cutting straws or deep root systems.

As shown in fig. 3 and 7, the pickup blade 17 is fixed to a fixing plate 19, which is further fixed to the frame 3, by 3 fastening springs 18. When the pick-up knife 17 meets various roadblocks or obstacles in field operation, the characteristic of the fastening spring 18 can ensure that the pick-up knife 17 can be turned over up and down in the advancing direction and can also be moved to the left and right in the horizontal direction to automatically rule and avoid the obstacles. The hole-type conveyor belt 20 is provided with holes with the diameter of 1-3mm and is used for separating finely-divided soil in the transportation process; in fig. 7, 17-1 is a pickup knife partition plate, three fastening springs 18 are arranged between the pickup knife partition plate 17-1 and the fixing plate 19, and the three fastening springs 18 are distributed on the pickup knife partition plate 17-1 and the fixing plate 19 as A, B and C, and a, B and C, and one end of each fastening spring is connected to point a, and the other end of each fastening spring is connected to point a, similarly, point B and point C, and through the above connection mode, when the pickup knife 17 touches an obstacle, under the action of the fastening springs 18, the pickup knife can be turned up and down in the forward direction, and can also move left and right in the horizontal direction to avoid the obstacle, and the fastening springs 18 are rigid springs and have certain rigidity.

Referring to fig. 4, the rotary cultivating blade shaft diagram provided by the invention is that on the basis of the original vertical rotary cultivating, a power fan blade is added inside the rotary cultivating blade shaft 10, the power fan blade is fixed inside the rotary cultivating blade shaft through a bearing, the power is transmitted through the gear engagement of a power output shaft of a gearbox b above the power fan blade, the rotation direction is opposite to the rotation direction of the rotary cultivating blade shaft 10, and the rotation speed is about 200 plus 300 r/min. The rotary tillage cutter shaft 10 can help the rotary tillage cutter shaft to enter soil, and simultaneously, straw is discharged into soil, and meanwhile, the rotary tillage cutter shaft also plays a certain role in helping the crushing of the straw.

Referring to fig. 6, which is a schematic view of the ARM control system of the present invention, the igniter 11 and its connecting pipeline are all located in the steel structural pipe 13 to ensure penetration into the soil. In the control of the flame, people can control the opening and closing of the gas pipeline through the knob switch 14, and the gas cut-off is also ensured when the machine is in a non-working state. When the rotary cultivator is in a working state, the soil humidity sensor on the rotary cultivator cutter shaft and the speed sensor on the rack collect and transmit data to the ARM controller, and after processing, signals are fed back to the electromagnetic valve so as to control the gas quantity.

The longitudinal axes of the knife rolls respectively spirally surround the knife shafts at an angle of 60 degrees, and the middle knife roll is taken as the height of the ground, and the adjacent knife rolls are respectively turned upwards and downwards and have a vertical distance of 20-40 mm. The distance between the knife rolls on the two sides and the middle knife roll is 90-130mm, and missed straws or deep root systems are treated.

The straw carbonization returning machine primarily crushes stubbles and straws on the surface layer of soil through a stubble cleaning device 4, then a pickup 6 picks the stubbles and the straws and sends the stubbles to a crushing device 8, finally the stubbles are conveyed to the inside of a rotary tillage cutter shaft 10 through a blower 9 through a pvc hard pipe 16 and enter the soil, an igniter 11 ignites and carbonizes the stubbles, and the stubbles are returned to the field and nourished after escaping; the igniter 11 mixes the gas and the air according to a certain proportion and then sprays the mixture out of the igniter in a fan shape to finish the ignition process. Oxygen in the process is supplied and enriched by the igniter 11.

Straw carbonization method: the method imitates the kiln type carbonization method, the crushed straws are buried into the soil from the bottom of a rotary tillage cutter shaft 10, the soil is squeezed into a space by the rotary tillage cutter shaft 10 and a helical impeller at the bottom, the crushed straws are sent into the space by the rotating impeller to form a strip-shaped straw layer, the kiln loading process is completed, when the machine continues to operate at the next stage, the space can be buried along the situation due to the action of the gravitational potential energy and the pressure intensity of the soil, oxygen is lost, but the soil is loose after rotary tillage, the sealing degree is just similar to the sealing requirement at the later stage of kiln burning, and the carbonization stage is entered.

The machine adopts vertical stubble cleaning, the longitudinal axes of the knife rolls respectively spirally surround the knife shafts at an angle of 60 degrees, meanwhile, the middle knife roll is used as the height of the ground, and the adjacent knife rolls are respectively turned upwards and downwards, and the vertical distance between the adjacent knife rolls is 20-40 mm. The distance between the knife rolls on the two sides and the middle knife roll is 90-130mm, and missed straws or deep root systems are treated.

In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention.

Claims

1. A working method of a straw carbonization returning machine based on vertical rotary tillage is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: the stubble cleaning device (4) primarily crushes the straws and places the straws on the surface layer of the soil; step two: the picker (6) picks up the straws primarily crushed in the step one) and sends the straws to the crushing device (8) for crushing; step three: blowing the crushed straws into a rotary tillage cutter shaft (10) through a fan (9) and then dropping the straws into soil along with gravity; step four: the straw entering the soil is ignited and carbonized by an igniter (11) in the ignition device.

2. The device for realizing the working method of the vertical rotary tillage-based straw carbonization and returning machine is characterized by comprising a stubble cleaning device (4), a pickup (6) and a crushing device (8) which are arranged on a frame (3); the rack (3) is also provided with a suspension device (1), and the rack (3) is suspended on the power machine by the suspension device (1) and is driven by the power machine; the stubble cleaning device (4) is arranged in front of the pick-up device (6), and the crushing device (8) is arranged at an outlet position above the pick-up device (6); a fan (9) is arranged at the outlet end of the crushing device (8), and the fan (9) is connected with a hollow rotary tillage cutter shaft (10) through a pipeline; the rotary tillage cutter shaft (10) and the ignition device are also arranged on the frame (3), and the rotary tillage cutter shaft (10) is arranged in front of the ignition device.

3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the stubble cleaning device (4) comprises a knife shaft and a knife roll; an upper knife roll (401), a middle knife roll (402) and a lower knife roll (403) are arranged on the knife shaft, and the middle knife roll (402) is flush with the ground; the upper knife roller (401) and the lower knife roller (403) turn up and down respectively.

4. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the pickup (6) comprises a pickup blade (17), a hole-type conveyor belt (20) and a fixing plate (19); the picking knife (17) is arranged at the front end of the hole type conveyor belt (20), the picking knife (17) is connected to a fixing plate (19) through a fastening spring (18), and the fixing plate (19) is arranged on the lower end face of the hole type conveyor belt (20); the fastening spring (18) can enable the picking-up knife (17) to turn up and down in the advancing direction or move left and right in the horizontal direction.

5. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that power blades are arranged in the rotary knife shaft (10) and the direction of rotation of the power blades is opposite to the direction of rotation of the rotary knife shaft (10).

6. The device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the rotation speed of the power fan blade is 200-300 r/min.

7. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the ignition device comprises an igniter (11), a gas reservoir (12) and a knob switch (14); the igniter (11) is arranged at the lowest part of the ignition device, the gas storage pool (12) is used for providing gas required by the igniter (11), and the knob switch (14) is used for turning on or off the gas storage pool (12).

8. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that the lowermost igniter (11) of the ignition device is below ground level.

9. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising an ARM controller that receives information from the speed sensor of the frame (3) and the soil moisture sensor at the bottom of the rotary blade shaft (10).

10. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that the hole-type conveyor belt (20) is provided with holes with the diameter of 1-3 mm.