CN111826576B - Metal powder and method for processing high-performance metal parts by using metal powder - Google Patents
Metal powder and method for processing high-performance metal parts by using metal powder Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000020610 powder formula Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013350 formula milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/006—Making ferrous alloys compositions used for making ferrous alloys
-
- B22F1/0003—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
- B22F3/1007—Atmosphere
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1017—Multiple heating or additional steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0207—Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0264—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements the maximum content of each alloying element not exceeding 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses metal powder and a method for processing high-performance metal parts by utilizing the metal powder, wherein the metal powder comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.1 to 3.4 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.08 to 0.19 percent of nickel powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of cobalt powder, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of ferrophosphorus powder, 1.2 to 1.4 percent of iron-chromium alloy powder, 0.5 to 0.8 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of graphite powder, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of wax powder and the balance of atomized pure iron powder. The metal powder formula provided by the invention is obtained by repeated tests and inspections according to the densification change and the phase change mechanism of the pressed compact in each sintering stage. In addition, the powder metallurgy method can produce high-performance metal parts meeting the requirements.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of powder metallurgy, in particular to a method for processing a high-performance metal part by utilizing metal powder.
Background
Powder metallurgy mainly uses metal powder as a raw material, and the metal powder is changed into a metal part required by people through a certain processing technology. The powder metallurgy process has the advantages that special materials can be processed, refractory metals, compounds, pseudo alloys and porous materials can be manufactured, and in addition, the powder metallurgy process saves metals and reduces the cost. Since powder metallurgy can be pressed into final size compacts, no further machining is required.
The powder metallurgy process has the defects that the strength and the toughness of the powder metallurgy product are poor. Since the pores in the compact formed by powder compaction cannot be completely eliminated, the strength and toughness of the product made by powder metallurgy are inferior to those of castings and forgings with corresponding components, and thus the product made by powder metallurgy cannot be made into large-scale products.
In the past, precision-grade guides, pistons, compression valve bodies, automobile shock absorbers and other parts have severe working environments and have high requirements on the precision, strength, hardness and other properties of the parts and need to be produced in a casting mode, but the parts produced in the production mode have high cost and serious raw material waste.
Therefore, it is an urgent technical problem to improve the metal powder formulation and process to produce high-performance metal parts capable of adapting to the harsh working environment.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, one of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a metal powder formulation, by which a high-performance metal part meeting the requirements can be produced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the invention relates to a metal powder formula which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.1 to 3.4 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.08 to 0.19 percent of nickel powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of cobalt powder, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of ferrophosphorus powder, 1.2 to 1.4 percent of iron-chromium alloy powder, 0.5 to 0.8 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of graphite powder, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of wax powder and the balance of atomized pure iron powder.
The proportion of the electrolytic copper powder is improved, and the ferro-phosphorus powder and the ferro-chromium alloy powder are added, so that the volume shrinkage rate of a product sintered by the metal powder is lowest, and the mechanical property is ensured by combining proper subsequent treatment, thereby improving the size control precision of the sintered body, and ensuring the mechanical property of the product by combining proper subsequent treatment.
The invention also aims to provide a method for processing high-performance metal parts by using metal powder, and the high-performance metal parts meeting the requirements can be produced by the method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the method for processing the high-performance metal parts by using the metal powder comprises the following steps:
s1) mixing raw materials: weighing corresponding raw materials according to corresponding content in the metal powder formula, putting the raw materials into a stirrer, pumping a stirring cavity of the stirrer into negative pressure, and starting the stirrer to fully stir in a negative pressure environment for 1.5-2.5 hours;
s2) forming: feeding the mixed formula powder into a press, and compacting by the press according to processing parameters to form a green body, wherein the density of the green body is kept at 6.4 +/-0.05 g/cm3；
S3) sintering: putting the green body into a hearth for sintering process, and feeding protective gas into the hearth in the sintering process, wherein the protective gas is nitrogen and is decomposedAmmonia, the nitrogen flow rate being from 10 to 15Nm3The flow rate of the decomposed ammonia is 6-7Nm3The sintering process comprises a preheating section and a sintering section, the preheating section is divided into three sections of a pre-1 section, a pre-2 section and a pre-3 section in front and back, and the temperature of each section is as follows: pre-1 area 480 + -5 deg.C, pre-2 area 660 + -5 deg.C, pre-3 area 780 + -5 deg.C, and sintering time 2.5-3 hr; the sintering section is divided into four sections of 1-burning zone, 2-burning zone, 3-burning zone and 4-burning zone before and after the sintering section, and the temperature of each section is respectively as follows: the sintering time is 3.5-4h in total in a 1-burning zone 1075 +/-5 ℃, a 2-burning zone 1110 +/-5 ℃, a 3-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃, a 4-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃;
s4) grinding, shaping and counting the sintered semi-finished products in sequence to form finished products.
Preferably, before the raw materials are mixed in the step 1, a material pretreatment step is further included, wherein the atomized pure iron powder is subjected to heating treatment at the temperature of 250-300 ℃ in a negative pressure environment for 15-20 minutes, and when the temperature of the heated atomized pure iron powder is reduced to 50-60 ℃, the atomized pure iron powder and other raw materials are placed into a stirrer together for mixing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the metal powder formula provided by the invention is obtained by repeated tests and inspections according to the densification change and the phase change mechanism of a pressed compact at each sintering stage, namely, the volume shrinkage caused by the formation and growth of a sintering neck and the volume expansion rule caused by the formation of a liquid phase (copper phase) are explored, the proportion of electrolytic copper in the formula is increased by utilizing the mutual compensation of the volume shrinkage and the volume expansion rule, and meanwhile, ferrophosphorus powder, ferrochromium alloy powder and the like are added for fine adjustment, so that the size control precision of a sintered body is improved, the mechanical property of a product is ensured by combining proper subsequent treatment, and the full-size change of the product can be controlled within 0.005 mm.
2. The method for processing the high-performance metal part by using the metal powder can produce the high-performance metal part meeting the requirement.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1
A metal powder formula comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.1 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.08 percent of nickel powder, 0.05 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.05 percent of cobalt powder, 0.3 percent of ferro-phosphorus powder, 1.2 percent of ferro-chromium alloy powder, 0.5 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.3 percent of graphite powder, 0.2 percent of wax powder and 94.22 percent of atomized pure iron powder.
Example 2
A metal powder formula comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.2 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.1 percent of nickel powder, 0.1 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.08 percent of cobalt powder, 0.4 percent of ferro-phosphorus powder, 1.3 percent of ferro-chromium alloy powder, 0.6 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.5 percent of graphite powder, 0.25 percent of wax powder and 93.47 percent of atomized pure iron powder.
Example 3
A metal powder formula comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.4 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.19 percent of nickel powder, 0.15 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.15 percent of cobalt powder, 0.5 percent of ferro-phosphorus powder, 1.4 percent of ferro-chromium alloy powder, 0.8 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.6 percent of graphite powder, 0.3 percent of wax powder and 92.51 percent of atomized pure iron powder.
Example 4
A method for processing high-performance metal parts by using metal powder comprises the following steps:
s1) mixing raw materials: firstly, pretreating materials, heating the atomized pure iron powder at the temperature of 250-300 ℃ in a negative pressure environment for 15-20 minutes, putting the heated atomized pure iron powder and other raw materials into a stirrer together for mixing when the temperature of the atomized pure iron powder is reduced to 50-60 ℃, weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the corresponding content in the metal powder formula, putting the raw materials into the stirrer, pumping the stirring cavity of the stirrer into negative pressure, and then starting the stirrer to fully stir in the negative pressure environment for 1.5-2.5 hours; the atomized pure iron powder can be demagnetized by heating the atomized pure iron powder, so that the materials mixed at the back are more uniform.
S2) forming: feeding the mixed formula powder into a press, and compacting by the press according to processing parameters to form a green body, wherein the density of the green body is kept at 6.4 +/-0.05 g/cm3；
S3) sintering: putting the green body into a hearth for sintering process, and feeding protective gas into the hearth in the sintering process, wherein the protective gas is nitrogen and decomposed ammonia, and the nitrogen flow is 10-15Nm3The flow rate of the decomposed ammonia is 6-7Nm3The sintering process comprises a preheating section and a sintering section, the preheating section is divided into three sections of a pre-1 section, a pre-2 section and a pre-3 section in front and back, and the temperature of each section is as follows: pre-1 area 480 + -5 deg.C, pre-2 area 660 + -5 deg.C, pre-3 area 780 + -5 deg.C, and sintering time 2.5-3 hr; the sintering section is divided into four sections of 1-burning zone, 2-burning zone, 3-burning zone and 4-burning zone before and after the sintering section, and the temperature of each section is respectively as follows: the sintering time is 3.5h in total in a 1-burning zone 1075 +/-5 ℃, a 2-burning zone 1110 +/-5 ℃, a 3-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃, a 4-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃;
s4) grinding, shaping and counting the sintered semi-finished products in sequence to form finished products.
The product produced in example 4 was tested for performance, the main technical indicators being as follows:
1. the unidirectional change of the finished product of the powder metallurgy part is within 0.005 mm;
2. the product density reaches 6.8g/cm3The strength reaches 415MPa, and the hardness reaches 80 HRB.
The indexes meet the performance requirements of products such as precision-grade guider, piston, compression valve body, automobile shock absorber and the like.
The above description is intended to describe in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made within the technical spirit of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. The metal powder is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 3.1 to 3.4 percent of electrolytic copper powder, 0.08 to 0.19 percent of nickel powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of molybdenum powder, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of cobalt powder, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of ferrophosphorus powder, 1.2 to 1.4 percent of iron-chromium alloy powder, 0.5 to 0.8 percent of manganese sulfide powder, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of graphite powder, 0.2 to 0.3 percent of wax powder and the balance of atomized pure iron powder.
2. A method of processing a high performance metal part using the metal powder set forth in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
s1) mixing raw materials: weighing corresponding raw materials according to corresponding content in the metal powder formula, putting the raw materials into a stirrer, pumping a stirring cavity of the stirrer into negative pressure, and starting the stirrer to fully stir in a negative pressure environment for 1.5-2.5 hours;
s2) forming: feeding the mixed formula powder into a press, and compacting by the press according to processing parameters to form a green body, wherein the density of the green body is kept at 6.4 +/-0.05 g/cm3；
S3) sintering: putting the green body into a hearth for sintering process, and feeding protective gas into the hearth in the sintering process, wherein the protective gas is nitrogen and decomposed ammonia, and the nitrogen flow is 10-15Nm3The flow rate of the decomposed ammonia is 6-7Nm3The sintering process comprises a preheating section and a sintering section, the preheating section is divided into three sections of a pre-1 section, a pre-2 section and a pre-3 section in front and back, and the temperature of each section is as follows: the pre-1 area is 480 +/-5 ℃, the pre-2 area is 660 +/-5 ℃, the pre-3 area is 780 +/-5 ℃, and the total sintering time is 2.5-3 hours, wherein the pre-1 area is a quick dewaxing area; the sintering section is divided into four sections of 1-burning zone, 2-burning zone, 3-burning zone and 4-burning zone before and after the sintering section, and the temperature of each section is respectively as follows: the sintering time is 3.5-4h in total in a 1-burning zone 1075 +/-5 ℃, a 2-burning zone 1110 +/-5 ℃, a 3-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃, a 4-burning zone 1120 +/-5 ℃;
s4) grinding, shaping and counting the sintered semi-finished products in sequence to form finished products.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein before the mixing of the raw materials in step 1, a pre-treatment step is further included, in which the atomized pure iron powder is heated at 300 ℃ under negative pressure for 15-20 minutes, and when the temperature of the heated atomized pure iron powder is reduced to 50-60 ℃, the atomized pure iron powder and other raw materials are mixed together in the mixer.
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| US5346529A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1994-09-13 | Tecsyn Pmp, Inc. | Powdered metal mixture composition |
| US6599345B2 (en) * | 2001-10-02 | 2003-07-29 | Eaton Corporation | Powder metal valve guide |
| CN101168821A (en) * | 2007-12-05 | 2008-04-30 | 林松宝 | Disc type brake block steel back and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN102383056A (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2012-03-21 | 上海应用技术学院 | Novel iron-based self-lubricating material and preparation method thereof |
| CN107900326A (en) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-04-13 | 安徽金亿新材料股份有限公司 | A kind of high-performance abrasion-proof valve retainer material |
| CN109854650B (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2020-11-13 | 山东百德瑞轨道交通科技有限公司 | Friction unit for high-speed train brake pad and preparation method thereof |
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