CN111772083B - 保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用 - Google Patents
保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及保鲜技术领域,特别涉及保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用。该保鲜组合物由组分A和组分B组成,组分A为脱落酸ABA和/或脱落酸功能类似物(AM1和AMF4等),组分B为拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉等。本发明区别且优于单独利用脱落酸ABA和/或脱落酸功能类似物、植物或土壤内生菌(哈茨木霉等拮抗生防菌)在中药材、果蔬采后保鲜中应用效果。该项发明技术具有协同作用,比任何单一技术保鲜效果均有显著提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及保鲜技术领域,特别涉及保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用。
背景技术
五加科植物人参(Panax ginsengC.A.Mey),作为新资源食品,在食品、保健品和化妆品等领域的应用已经十分普遍。鲜人参分为两种,一种是“生鲜人参”,另一种是“保鲜人参”,两种产品之间的区别是:“生鲜人参”是用物理方法或传统的人参保鲜方法保鲜,人参具有活体特征,新鲜感强;“保鲜人参”是采用化学方法或用保鲜剂保鲜,人参没有活体特征,但保鲜时间较长。另外,生鲜人参由于受到产地和采收时间等限制,应用受到了极大的影响。因此,目前市场上流通的生鲜人参相对较少,多为“保鲜人参”。保鲜人参主要用于膳食保健,具有食用方便、易于加工和利于吸收等特点。也可直接药用,更适合制成多种保健食品、保健饮料、烹制菜肴、泡酒、口服和美容等。尤其继(卫生部公告2012年第17号)批准人参(人工种植)为新资源食品后,对“保鲜人参”的需求量更是呈现日益上升趋势。
目前,主要发展了气调保鲜(包括限气贮藏、充N2、充CO2或其他惰性气体贮藏及减压贮藏等多种方法)、辐射保鲜(利用同位素放出的高能射线杀灭附着在鲜参表面的微生物)、苔鲜保鲜[用苔鲜、保鲜剂(苯甲酸钠)和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)和硅窗(FC-8型)综合处理人参,进行保鲜]和砂土贮藏(将人参直接用砂土掩埋,保持适当的水份)或其他化学等保鲜技术,但是大多存在问题,例如气调保鲜操作麻烦,需要专门的气调装置;苔藓保鲜时限较短;低剂量的射线不能有效地杀死人参表面的微生物,而高剂量的射线可能导致细胞膜结构变形或变性,刺激了呼吸作用;沙土保鲜人参腐烂的损耗率较高,总皂甙降低幅度也较大;另外其他化学保鲜技术大多需要用到潜在有毒有害的化学药品或试剂,而限制了其实际应用。因此需要开发新的快速便捷和安全高效的人参保鲜技术。
脱落酸能有效降低人参表面处于开放状态的气孔的比例,并能有效降低人参气孔导度及蒸腾速率,控制失水,同时延缓能量的损失;并能提高SOD、POD及总酚等抗氧化能力,延缓衰老;木霉生防菌能有效避免病害,防止由于病害引起的萎蔫等不新鲜。但目前还未有公开报道将脱落酸和木霉生防菌同时用于人参的保鲜。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用。该保鲜组合物在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中具有协同增效作用。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种保鲜组合物,由组分A和组分B组成,组分A为脱落酸ABA和/或脱落酸功能类似物,组分B为拮抗生防菌。
作为优选,脱落酸功能类似物选自AM1、AMF4中的一种或两种。
作为优选,拮抗生防菌为哈茨木霉(Trichoderma spp.harzianum Rifai)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)M29、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)P5中的一种或几种。
我国有70%的鲜参加工成红参,还有一部分加工成生晒参、糖参和活性参等。但由于人参收获期加工量大、加工时间集中、加工适期短及产地分散等原因,造成鲜参腐烂或失水,造成巨大经济损失。前期研究表明,温度、湿度、含水量和鲜参自然状况(病害),与保鲜率密切相关。温度以0-3℃最合适,高于4℃,保鲜率下降。在自然室温下保鲜率下降10%左右。贮藏环境中的相对湿度低,会加速人参的蒸发失水和萎蔫。失水、萎蔫,会使自然损耗增大,并降低人参的耐贮性和抗病性。袋内相对湿度达到85%-95%,人参失水受到抑制,从而克服了由于失水萎蔫而引起的一系列不良后果,但是含水量太高,亦容易引起人参腐烂。此外,应选择含水量低、组织致密和皮层较厚的人参,适宜保鲜。综上所述,影响人参保鲜效果的主要因素中,温度0-3℃是比较容易实现的,所以能保持鲜参中的水分和抵御病害是提高鲜参保鲜率的二关键因子。
脱落酸及其受体蛋白激动素(脱落酸功能类似物)是植物的关键抗旱因子,研究发现内源和外源脱落酸均能有效促进植物组织气孔的关闭,防止组织表面水分的流失,可提高植物的抗旱性,从而可以帮助农作物更有效地对抗自然界中的干旱胁迫。我前期实验发现,脱落酸对人参水分的保持有比较好的效果。但该物质在中药材保鲜领域的应用鲜有报道。
木霉菌是自然界广泛分布的真菌,是土壤微生物的重要群落,自1932年,自科学家Windling首次发现木霉菌对植物病原真菌有拮抗作用,木霉菌便开始受到关注,后被广泛运用于农业生产之中。人参疫霉病菌Phythphora cactorum、人参锈腐病菌Cylindrocarpondestructans和人参立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani等病原菌是引起人参根部病害发生的最为严重的3病原菌,虽然按中药材规范化生产中的规定选用农药,但用药次数频繁、用药量大后,往往会造成病害发生程度加重、药害发生率上升、病原菌产生抗药性、农药对环境的压力加大等一系列问题。木霉是生物防治微生物中最重要的一种,世界上已有多个木霉菌株走向产业化,用来大面积防治作物病害的发生。木霉防治病害具有无毒、无污染,效应持久等优点。可以明显减轻对环境的污染,提高作物抗性、产量和品质。目前应用木霉防治中药材病害主要集中在室内优良菌株筛选和小面积田间试验上。亦有应用于果蔬和中药材保鲜领域的报道。木霉菌可用来防治中药材在栽培以及保藏期间病害或抑制病原的主要机制,其行为通常可归类成五大类,即产生抗生素、营养竞争、微寄生、细胞壁分解酵素、以及诱导植物产生抗性。一般而言,上述机制虽会因木霉菌种类或菌株的不同而出现主要功能上的差异,但病害防治的整体机制通常会涵盖一种以上。
因此,本发明利用脱落酸的保水以及木霉的杀病菌协同作用,来延长人参的保鲜时间、提高保鲜人参品质,达到减少人参保鲜不当而引起的鲜参腐烂和经济损失,从而达到提高经济效益之目的。本发明形成一套完整的保水和抗病协同作用的高效安全人参保鲜技术,可望和企业-人参种植户合作推广,产生经济效益。
作为优选,本发明还提供了一种保鲜组合物,组分A为脱落酸,组分B为哈茨木霉,脱落酸与哈茨木霉的比例为(10~20)μmol:(2~4)×106CFU。
优选地,脱落酸与哈茨木霉的比例为20μmol:4×106CFU。
本发明还提供了一种保鲜剂,包括上述保鲜组合物和水。
作为优选,保鲜剂中脱落酸的浓度为10~20μmol/L,哈茨木霉菌的浓度为(2~4)×106CFU/L。
优选地,保鲜剂中脱落酸的浓度为20μmol/L,哈茨木霉菌的浓度为4×106CFU/L。
本发明还提供了保鲜组合物或保鲜剂在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用。
在本发明提供的具体实施例中,中药材为人参。
本发明还提供了一种果蔬和/或中药材的保鲜方法,包括如下步骤:将上述保鲜剂喷洒于果蔬和/或中药材表面,在0~3℃条件下贮藏。
保鲜剂的喷洒以果蔬和/或中药材的表面布满雾状水滴为标准。
本发明提供了保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用。该保鲜组合物由组分A和组分B组成,组分A为脱落酸和/或脱落酸功能类似物,组分B为拮抗生防菌。本发明具有的技术效果如下:
本发明异于且优于单独利用脱落酸和/或脱落酸功能类似物、植物或土壤内生菌(哈茨木霉等拮抗生防菌)在中药材、果蔬采后保鲜中应用效果。该发明协同作用,比任何单一技术保鲜效果均有30%以上提高。如皂苷、挥发油和酶活性等。
本发明能抑制生鲜中药材在贮藏和运输中失水、病害、避免萎蔫,以减少人参等中药材和果蔬不新鲜造成的经济损失。
附图说明
图1鲜参储藏30天后不同处理典型皂苷色谱图;
图2鲜参储藏30天后不同处理典型的挥发油图;
图3鲜参储藏30天后不同处理典型的单糖和寡糖图谱。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用,本领域技术人员可以借鉴本文内容,适当改进工艺参数实现。特别需要指出的是,所有类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的,它们都被视为包括在本发明。本发明的方法及应用已经通过较佳实施例进行了描述,相关人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容、精神和范围内对本文所述的方法和应用进行改动或适当变更与组合,来实现和应用本发明技术。
脱落酸及其受体蛋白激动素(脱落酸功能类似物)是植物的关键抗旱因子,研究发现内源和外源脱落酸均能有效促进植物组织气孔的关闭,防止组织表面水分的流失。
生防菌,英文名称biocontrol bacteria,指的是那些有益微生物,可以防治植物病害的各种措施;拮抗菌,人们对其作用机理了解得还不是很清楚。而了解拮抗菌的抑菌机理却是增强拮抗菌的生防效果以及进行拮抗菌筛选标准的重要前提。
酶作为具有催化功能的蛋白质,参与植物的能量代谢和营养代谢,与植物的生长、次生物质的形成都密切相关。
过氧化氢酶过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT),从十九世纪初开始得到人们的注意。Schonbein(1863)发现动、植物组织可以使过氧化氢分解生产氧气认为是某种酶在起作用。CAT是一种生物防御系统的关键酶之一。
超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)属于氧化还原酶类,是一种金属酶,广泛存在于各种生物体内,能消除生物体内的超氧阴离子自由基,使机体中自由基形成和消除处于动态平衡,延缓衰老。
过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)是由单一肽链和一个铁卟啉辅机结合而成的血红蛋白,是一族专一的、能利用H2O2氧化供氢体的酶。是动、植物酶促防御系统的关键酶之一。过氧化物酶与超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化氢酶相互协调作用,对过剩的自由基进行清除,提高动、植物的抗逆性,使其体内维持一个正常的的自由基的动态平衡。上述酶在食品业、医药业、纺织业、造纸业和环保等方面具有广泛应用。
人参含人参皂苷、多糖类、单糖和寡糖类、挥发油类及其他成分(蛋白质、酶类等)。被国内外誉为滋补强壮的珍贵药用植物,与其所含成分密切相关。
本发明提供的保鲜组合物、保鲜剂及其在果蔬和/或中药材保鲜中的应用中所用脱落酸受体的激动剂--脱落酸及脱落酸功能类似物等和生防菌均可由市场购得。脱落酸购自Sigma公司,哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂购自长泰生物公司。
下面结合实施例,进一步阐述本发明:
实施例1
本实施例采用脱落酸溶液(40μmol/L)单独处理、哈茨木霉溶液(8×106CFU/L)单独处理以及脱落酸(20μmol/L)/哈茨木霉(4×106CFU/L)保鲜剂共同处理等方法考察人参储藏30天后人参皂苷、挥发油、多糖、蛋白成分含量以及SOD、POD、CAT酶活性变化,优选适人参保鲜的介质。
具体方法:将上述三种脱落酸和/或木霉的溶液喷洒于人参表面,以人参表面布满雾状水滴为标准,一般大概每公斤人参使用100mL保鲜剂。在3℃条件下储藏30天。
试验结果见表1-3和图1-3。
表1鲜参储藏30天后对照和不同处理的保鲜效果比较
表2鲜参储藏30天后对照和不同处理的酶活性比较
表3对照和不同处理的鲜参储藏30天后的腐烂程度比较
注释:各组11棵鲜参。
由上述试验数据可知:
(1)采用UPLC法,考察人参对照和经不同处理贮藏30天后人参皂苷成分含量检测,不同条件保鲜结果:自然人参>脱落酸+木霉30天>脱落酸30天>木霉30天>对照组30天,以人参皂苷结果判定,脱落酸+木霉适于人参保鲜贮藏。
(2)采用GC-MS分析,考察人参对照和人参经不同处理贮藏30天后人参挥发性成分的变化,结果表明不同贮藏介质挥发油含量大小依次为:自然鲜参>脱落酸+木霉30天>木霉30天>脱落酸30天>对照组30天。以挥发性成分结果判定,脱落酸+木霉适于人参保鲜贮藏。
(3)采用苯酚硫酸法考察人参对照和经不同处理贮藏30天后对多糖成分的影响,人参多糖的消耗较大,与自然生长的人参相比,降低接近60%,从多糖角度分析,几种介质对于人参贮藏均不利,但总体是脱落酸+木霉效果最佳。
(4)以凯氏定氮法探究人参对照和经不同处理贮藏30天后保鲜人参水溶性蛋白质含量变化,结果表明自然生长鲜参>脱落酸+木霉30天>木霉30天>脱落酸30天>对照组30天,从蛋白含量角度考虑,脱落酸+木霉适于人参保鲜贮藏。
(5)以人参为原料,考察人参经不同处理贮藏30天后保鲜人参中SOD、POD、CAT酶活变化:结果表明主根不同贮藏介质酶活性大小为:自然生长鲜参<脱落酸+木霉30天<脱落酸30天<木霉30天<对照组30天。SOD、POD和CAT等酶均为植物保护酶类,当植物受到逆境侵害时,保护酶活性会升高。对于人参根来说,任何保鲜过程相对其自然生长过程都是一种逆境伤害,同时降低人参生长活性,故从SOD、POD和CAT酶活性检测结果来看,与自然生长人参比,脱落酸+木霉适用于人参保鲜。
结论:脱落酸+木霉是一种基于保水和抗病协同作用的安全高效人参保鲜技术。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种人参保鲜剂,其特征在于,由脱落酸、哈茨木霉和水组成,其中,所述脱落酸的浓度为10~20 μmol/L,所述哈茨木霉菌的浓度为(2~4)×106 CFU/L;所述脱落酸与所述哈茨木霉的比例为20 μmol:4×106 CFU。
2.权利要求1所述的保鲜剂在人参保鲜中的应用。
3.一种人参的保鲜方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将权利要求1所述保鲜剂喷洒于人参表面,在0~3℃条件下贮藏。
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