CN111671005A - 一种无抗肉牛专用复合饲料、制备方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
发明提供了一种无抗有机肉牛专用复合饲料,由发酵饲料和中药添加剂混合组成,其中发酵饲料由巨菌草粉碎物、酒糟有效物质提取物、玉米粉碎物和杂交构树粉混合的发酵物。本发明提供的无抗饲料能显著提升肉牛的免疫能力,减少肉牛甚至避免在肉牛饲养的过程中使用抗生素,对于提供肉牛品质有显著的意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种动物饲料,更具体的说是涉及一种无抗肉牛专用复合饲料、制备方法。
技术背景
饲用抗生素对促进畜禽生长与推动养殖业的发展具有很大的作用,但抗生素的长期使用会导致细菌的变异、耐药菌株的产生、畜禽产品及环境中的药物残留等问题,直接或间接危害人类的健康。为此,人们开始寻找健康、环保、高效的动物饲料代替抗生素饲料。发酵饲料能改善饲料利用率、降低饲料抗营养因子等优点日益被人们接受,已成为替代抗生素的有效途径之一。同时,中草药作为饲料添加剂在我国的应用历史悠久,由于它独特的天然性、多功能性、毒副作用小、无耐药性和无残留等优点,具有预防机体疾病、促进生长、和提高畜禽免疫力等功效,也是替代抗生素的有效途径之一。
生物饲料的实质可以看作为活菌制剂和发酵底物的复合物。是以植物性农副产品为主要原料底物),通过微生物的代谢作用,降解部分多糖、蛋白质和脂肪等大分子物质,生成有机酸、可溶性多肽等小分子物质,形成营养丰富、适口性好、活菌含量高的微生物发酵饲料。这种饲料的pH值比较低.基本不合大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等有害菌,对动物肠道的微生态健康有积极的保护作用。
畜禽消化道的微生物组成是生物长期进化的结果,是与环境相对应的平衡体系。畜禽处于自由健康状态时,它的微生物区系是一种近乎完美的平衡,我们人类不可能创造优于这种平衡,但是当区系处于失衡或者动物处于亚健康状态时,我们可以通过某些措施帮助它们恢复失去的平衡。在有病的消化道中,一定有某一种或者几种微生物的数量很少,同时可能有一种或者几种微生物的数量特别多。恢复微生态平衡的方法就是我们可以采用添加所缺乏的微生物以补充其不足,这类微生物就是我们所说的有益菌。也可以用药物杀灭的办法减少多余的微生物,这类微生物就是通常所说的有害菌。生物饲料的生产菌种有很多,主要有以下三类:乳酸菌、芽孢菌和酵母菌。乳酸菌目前生产中使用的乳酸菌至少有30多种。按乳酸代谢途径,大致可以归纳为4种类型:同型乳酸发酵、专性异型乳酸发酵、兼性乳酸发酵和双歧杆菌异型乳酸发酵。
肉牛是主要为人们提供牛肉食品的牛只,主要特点是产肉性能好,肉质鲜美,适合食用。肉牛身上可食用的部分除了牛肉还有内脏等,而且牛肉是世界第三的肉类消耗品,仅次于猪肉和家禽,我国对于牛肉的消耗也很多,因此肉牛养殖前景广阔。育肥是肉牛养殖的重点,因为影响效果的因素很多,所以饲养用的饲料需要特殊配置,才能达到最佳的育肥效果。生物发酵饲料是粗饲料经过微生物发酵而制成的饲料,因为粗饲料中富含纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、木质素等粗纤维和蛋白质,难以被动物直接消化吸收,动物食用后会增加肠道负担,引起肠道疾病,做成生物发酵饲料之后,不但可以弥补常规饲料中容易缺乏的氨基酸,而且能使其它粗饲料原料营养成份迅速转化,达到加速消化、提高吸收利用效果的目的。
发明内容
按照《天然植物饲料添加剂通则》GB/T19424-2003、《无公害食品肉牛饲料兽医防疫准则》NY5126-2002、《无公害食品畜禽饲料和饲料添加剂使用准则》NY5032-2006和国家卫生健康委员会同食品药品监管总局和国家中医药管理局《按照传统既是食品又是中药材物质目录管理办法》等。本发明提供了一种无抗肉牛专用复合饲料,其特征在于:由发酵饲料和中药添加剂混合组成,其中发酵饲料由巨菌草粉碎物、酒糟有效物质提取物、玉米粉碎物和杂交构树粉混合的发酵物。
所示巨菌草粉、酒糟有效物质提取物、杂玉米粉碎物、交构树粉碎物和中药添加剂的重量比为300:50:100:80:3。
所述中药添加剂包括中药浸膏提取物制成;
其中所述中药浸膏为:山银花、蒲公英、艾叶和党参的乙醇提取物和山楂混合制成;
所述山银花、蒲公英、艾叶、木香叶、党参和山楂的重量比为1:3:3:3:1:2。
本发明的有益技术效果是:本发明提供的无抗饲料能显著提升肉牛的免疫能力,减少肉牛甚至避免在肉牛饲养的过程中使用抗生素,对于提供肉牛品质有显著的意义。
具体实施方式
实施例1无抗肉牛专用复合饲料的制备
按照《天然植物饲料添加剂通则》GB/T19424-2003、《无公害食品肉牛饲料兽医防疫准则》NY5126-2002、《无公害食品畜禽饲料和饲料添加剂使用准则》NY5032-2006和国家卫生健康委员会同食品药品监管总局和国家中医药管理局《按照传统既是食品又是中药材物质目录管理办法》等。研制开发既能具有预防动物疾病,又能改善肉质和风味的天然物饲料添加剂。
发酵饲料制备方法:
巨菌草叶打浆或切碎取300公斤、构树叶打浆或切碎取80公斤、酒糟提取物50公斤、玉米粉100公斤,加入1kg饲料发酵剂(郑州乐贝丰生物科技有限公司),其中,饲料发酵剂事先与玉米粉混合后加入。混合均匀,含水量检测,可以手用力捏一把,有水从手指间印出来为度,用力压实压紧密封好进行发酵,发酵时间3-8天(冬长夏短)。为改善饲料的口感,可以在发酵前加入糖精进行调节,如每100公斤发酵料中加入6-10克糖精,成本仅为0.5元以内。糖精事先加入到少量水(以能够在发酵饲料充分混匀为原则)溶解后再加入大料中混合均匀。得到发酵饲料。
中药添加剂制备方法:
按照现代中医药理论的原理和方法,借鉴传统中医方剂和组方的优点,立足本地优势中草药材资源,选择药源广、毒性小、稳定性好、便于质量控制和环保型的地道中草药材,如党参、山楂、山银花等进行肉牛中草药功能型饲料添加剂的开发。其中党参具有补中益气,健脾开胃以及增强代谢,强心,扩张血管,促进血红蛋白及红细胞生长,增强免疫功能,提高抗病能力等作用;山楂消食导滞,健脾胃,助消化;山银花有抗菌,抗病毒,具有增强免疫功能的作用;木香具有行气止痛,消食健胃作用,而目前木香叶虽未作为药用部位使用,但产量大,毒副作用更小,在种植当地有喂养畜禽的习惯,效果良好,所以本研究作为中草药复方原料之一。以上,通过调理改善牛消化吸收功能,增进机体免疫力,达到防病保健促生长的目的,从而大幅减少预防和治疗疾病过程中抗生素和化学药品的用量,达到无抗目的。
根据干品重量比1:3:3:3:1:2称取山银花、蒲公英、艾叶、木香叶、党参和山楂,将山银花、蒲公英、艾叶、木香叶和党参混合,用10倍量65%的乙醇渗漉提取收集滤液,浓缩为密度1.10的浸膏,浸膏中按量添加山楂粉末,制备得到中药饲料添加剂。
根据发酵饲料和中药添加剂的重量比为530:3的重量比混合,得到无抗肉牛专用复合饲料。
实施例2无抗肉牛专用复合饲料对肉牛免疫的影响
采用随机区组试验设计,按照体重相近的原则,将60头健康牛分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头牛,对照组饲喂基础精料,试验组饲喂实施例1所述的无抗有机肉牛专用复合饲料。各组每日饲喂2次,对照组每次饲喂精饲料8.0kg(黄豆、玉米和燕麦重量比3:2:3),干燥牧草自由取食物;实验组么每日饲喂试验无抗肉牛专用复合饲料15公斤,干燥牧草自由取食物。各组自由饮水,预试期10d,正试期48d。测定两组肉牛的起始体重结束体重,根据增重情况以及成本投入情况,分析2组不同原料制成的生物饲料对肉牛的育肥效果及其经济效益,具体如表1所示。
表1增重效果对比
组别 | 始重均(kg) | 末重均/kg | 平均日增重/kg | 日增收入/元 |
对照组 | 218.43 | 308.77 | 1.84±0.46 | 69 |
实验组 | 218.59 | 330.13 | 2.02±0.28 | 78 |
无抗肉牛专用复合饲料可有效替代35%-45%的肉牛育肥精饲料,每吨生物料较普通精料便宜700-800元,可有效降低肉牛育肥成本,符合发展农业循环经济的要求。该试验通过研究不同生物饲料原料制成生物饲料饲喂肉牛,对肉牛的增重效果的影响,选择使用价格较低,营养搭配全面且饲料报酬率高的生物饲料代部分精料,从而降低饲养成本,增加经济效益。
试验测定指标:
在正式试验第48天,空腹采集试验牛静脉血液20ml,室温下静置30min,待血清析出后,低温离心(3000r/min)离心15min,制得血清样品待用。采用试剂盒测定总蛋白(BCA法)、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶;试剂盒测定免疫球蛋白AGM(IgA、IgG、IgM)、总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛浓度。并用SPSS18.0进行分析,具体结果表2:
表2无抗肉牛专用复合饲料对肉牛血清免疫功能参数的影响
对照组 | 实验组 | |
总蛋白(g/L) | 72.97±1.65 | 76.19±0.62<sup>*</sup> |
白蛋白(g/L) | 32.24±0.64 | 36.78±0.55<sup>*</sup> |
谷丙转氨酶(IU/L) | 7.06±0.39 | 5.68±1.67<sup>*</sup> |
谷草转氨酶(IU/L) | 4.32±0.47 | 3.69±0.62<sup>*</sup> |
IgA(g/L) | 1.36±0.22 | 2.87±0.22<sup>**</sup> |
IgG(g/L) | 9.81±0.36 | 18.99±0.11<sup>**</sup> |
IgM(g/L) | 7.98±0.22 | 13.37±0.23<sup>**</sup> |
注:与对照组相比具有显著差异(P<0.05),**与对照组相比差异及其显著差异(P<0.01),#与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),表3相同。
由表2数据可知,无抗肉牛专用复合饲料对肉牛的血清免疫功能有显著的影响,试验组总蛋白、白蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组谷丙转氨酶显著低于对照组(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。IgA、IgG、IgM极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。
表3无抗肉牛专用复合饲料岁肉牛血清免疫功能参数的影响
对照组 | 实验组 | |
总抗氧化能力(U/ml) | 4.26±0.34 | 6.28±0.28 |
SOD(U/ml) | 82.36±0.43 | 98.87±0.41 |
丙二醛(nmol/ml) | 9.39±0.27 | 6.57±0.16 |
由表3的数据可知,实验组总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),总超氧化物歧化酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丙二醛极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。
血清中总蛋白含量反应了机体多蛋白的吸收状况,以及与体液免疫的关系,白蛋白是构成血浆胶体渗透压的主体和血液中水容性较低物质的运输载体,对肝脏在蛋白代谢中起到重要作用。本实验研究结果证明了,实验组总蛋白、白蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。这说明无抗肉牛专用复合饲料饲能够加强肉牛对蛋白的吸收,从而提高肉牛的体液免疫水平。
谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶是反应肝脏和心脏功能的重要指标,研究结果表明,实验组的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶含量均出现下降,说明无抗肉牛专用复合饲料对心脏五损害。
免疫球蛋白对机体免疫具有重要作用,免疫水平的高低间接反映了机体对疾病的抵抗能力,IgA、IgG、IgM的显著提高证明无抗肉牛专用复合饲料有助于提高机体免疫力。
在试验中,实验组的总抗氧能力和SOD显著高于对照组,证明无抗肉牛专用复合饲料有助于提高抗氧化能力和减少肉牛抗氧化系统的破坏作用。
Claims (4)
1.一种无抗有机肉牛专用复合饲料,其特征在于:由发酵饲料和中药添加剂混合组成,其中发酵饲料由巨菌草粉碎物、酒糟有效物质提取物、玉米粉碎物和杂交构树粉混合的发酵物。
2.根据权利要求1所述无抗肉牛专用复合饲料,其特征在于:所示巨菌草粉、酒糟有效物质提取物、杂玉米粉碎物、交构树粉碎物和中药添加剂的重量比为300:50:100:80:3。
3.根据权利要求1所述无抗肉牛专用复合饲料,其特征在于:所述中药添加剂包括中药浸膏提取物制成;
其中所述中药浸膏为:山银花、蒲公英、艾叶、木香叶和党参的乙醇提取物和山楂混合制成。
4.根据权利要求3所述的无抗肉牛专用复合饲料,其特征在于:所述山银花、蒲公英、艾叶、木香叶、党参和山楂的重量比为1:3:3:3:1:2。
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