CN111669975A - 水添加剂和组合物 - Google Patents
水添加剂和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111669975A CN111669975A CN201880081463.1A CN201880081463A CN111669975A CN 111669975 A CN111669975 A CN 111669975A CN 201880081463 A CN201880081463 A CN 201880081463A CN 111669975 A CN111669975 A CN 111669975A
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- acid
- feed supplement
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- supplement
- inositol
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于添加至饮用水以改善动物健康的饲料补充剂。所述饲料补充剂包含短链脂肪酸、含氮化合物、肌醇源和木聚糖酶源。所述饲料补充剂降低了对药物投入的需求,并且提高了动物健康和产量二者。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于添加至饮用水的水添加剂,并且更具体地,涉及用于添加至饮用水以改善动物健康的包含营养素和微生物组分二者的饲料补充剂。
背景技术
已知饲养在粗放系统(extensive system)中的农场动物具有许多问题,大部分与其饲养密度有关,这可影响它们的健康和总产量。首先是疾病,其在拥挤不堪(并且通常在遗传上高度同源)的动物之间迅速传播并可导致死亡和产量损失二者。第二个主要问题与饲料的组成和加工有关,其通常缺乏最佳健康所需的必需微量营养素。第三个问题是环境,由于过度拥挤和/或缺乏与物种相适应的社交,通常会限制动物的活动并引起应激。这种应激与其他环境应激因素(例如全球温度上升)一起导致炎性标志物显著增加,从而影响维持农业所需的生产性能因素。
如本领域已知的,传统方法集中于以零散的方式使这些问题最小化。农户中抗生素的广泛使用(由于其对生长的刺激作用,通常以低剂量使用)已导致普通病原菌中广泛的抗生素抗性,并增加了对可能与不断消耗肉中痕量的这些化学物质有关的潜在后续影响警觉的公众的撤回(push-back)。
这些问题的一个经过充分研究且在经济上重要的例子可以在用于粗放饲养肉鸡的系统中找到。在这里,对规模经济的迫切需求导致了粗放农场系统,其非常依赖于药物干预(主要是抗生素)和机械化来改善用精心配制以满足营养要求的成本最低的饲料饲养的拥挤动物的健康和产量。该行业的规模和普遍存在性质导致在拥挤的市场中销售其产品的生产者越来越小的利润。这加剧了朝着更大并且更密集的系统发展的趋势,并使疾病控制和负担得起的产量增加的问题更加紧迫。
直到最近才变得明显的上述问题的一个方面是肠微生物区系在病原微生物控制、营养素吸收和整体动物健康方面的作用。即使在人类健康中,肠微生物区系也已被广泛接受为许多健康相关问题的关键组成部分之一,并且是我们的医学知识中理解很少的空白。推测其他动物的微生物区系与人类的一样重要,但对其了解甚至仍然更少。然而,肠内物种之间的代谢交流涉及在农场动物中减少炎症、热应激和增加抗体。
短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acid,SCFA)是可用于肠微生物区系的不可消化的碳水化合物(non-digestible carbohydrate,NDC)发酵的主要终产物(Morrison和Preston,2016)。SCFA通常通过在肠道中无法消化和吸收的碳水化合物的糖酵解发酵而产生。主要产物是甲酸盐/酯、乙酸盐/酯、丙酸盐/酯和丁酸盐/酯(Morrison和Preston,2016)。
有机羧酸是一般结构为R-COOH的酸,包括脂肪酸和氨基酸。其通常使用其惯用名来标识,并且通常具有后缀-ic酸。羧酸根阴离子(R-COO-)通常用后缀-ate命名。本领域已知的羧酸包括碳酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸、十一烷酸、月桂酸、十三烷酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、十九烷酸和花生酸。
在家禽类中,影响家禽肠健康的最常见细菌是沙门氏菌(Salmonella)、弯曲菌(Camphylobacter)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)。已知这些物种被有益的肠腔细菌,特别是乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)所控制。这里,已知由这些细菌产生的羧基SCFA对诸如上述的不利肠细菌(negative gut bacteria)的作用可对家禽具有非常有益的作用。SCFA降低了嗉囊(crop)/前胃中的病原体水平;调节肠菌群,提高对饲料的消化以改善性能。
甲酸盐/酯在肠中的作用与产甲烷作用有关,并且显示在炎性病症中自然升高,暗示其在减少炎症中的作用。
有机SCFA在性质上是抗菌的,并且已知主要影响革兰氏阴性菌。已知SCFA由革兰氏阳性肠微生物天然产生。进一步已知,SCFA通过营养、调节和免疫调节功能对宿主生理产生广泛影响,并且还可以酸应激的形式影响细菌的适应性(Sun和O’Riordan,2013)。
已知甲酸和甲酸盐/酯提高家禽的内皮绒毛结构和长度。小肠不同部分绒毛高度的提高可归因于肠上皮作为抵抗病原细菌和有毒物质的天然屏障的作用。
本领域中已知酶作为饲料补充剂的使用是用于提高家禽中难消化饲料的饲料价值的策略之一。诸如内切-1,4β木聚糖酶(EC.3.2.1.8)的外源酶属于半纤维素酶,并且通常被引入家禽基于小麦的饲料中以降解小麦的抗营养阿拉伯木聚糖(arabinoxylans,AX)和木聚糖级分,这因此可改善家禽的营养吸收和生长(Vandeplas et,al.2009)。
肌醇是六碳糖,是葡萄糖的异构体和碳环多元醇,其存在于许多生物化合物中,例如磷脂酰肌醇中(Rucker,eta 1,2008)(Sosenko和Bancalari,2012)(Corrado和Santamaria,2015)。肌-肌醇(Myo-Inositol)是肌醇的一种形式,其在植物中以含磷的形式(通常是植酸或肌醇六磷酸(IP6))大量存在。许多禽类,尤其是肉鸡,由于缺乏去除磷酸基团所需的消化酶植酸酶,所以无法从植物或植物来源中回收植酸。诸如植酸酶的酶的添加(Klopfenstein,et al,2002)是本领域已知的。然而,植酸酶的作用方式将IP6(也称为植酸)还原为肌醇五磷酸(IP5)、肌醇四磷酸(IP4)和肌醇三磷酸(IP3)。这与不含磷酸的肌-肌醇的异构结构不同。
肌醇(C6H12O6)的最主要形式是肌-肌醇,其曾被认为是维生素B复合物的成员(即维生素B8)。肌-肌醇是质膜的组成部分,并且在许多生物过程(包括胞内信号传导、胞内钙浓度控制和细胞膜电位维持)中起着关键作用。本领域中已知饲料消化酶与高剂量肌-肌醇的组合影响家禽中的基因表达和/或微生物群落。还已知肌-肌醇在管理家禽中的皮质醇和皮质酮水平中发挥着作用。
已知病原体分泌的物质会导致宿主生物营养吸收的干扰。因此,已知降低肠中这些物质的浓度会导致增加的营养物质消化率、改善代谢并减少肠黏膜处的慢性低度炎性过程。家禽中的慢性炎症(称为“肠灼伤(gut burn)”)在本领域中广为人知,并且导致难消化的饲料原料(例如植酸和阿拉伯木聚糖)的低营养作用。还已知其导致肠中病原细菌的过度生长,所有这些都导致疾病易感性的增加。
本领域中已知乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)物种是健康的肠微生物组的重要组成部分。特别地,植物乳杆菌(L.plantarum)是耐氧的,不同于其他严格的厌氧菌。这些生物缺少过氧化氢酶,但几乎总是具有超氧化物歧化酶。植物乳杆菌天然地能够通过对病原体的氧依赖性杀伤来控制不利的致病性胃肠道菌群(Prescott et al,2002)。这些包括厌氧菌,例如分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium spp.)、大肠杆菌、李斯特菌属(Listeria spp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium spp.)和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)包括沙门氏菌属(Salmonellaspp.)(Prescott et al,2002)。根据Vandeplas et.al,2009,与木聚糖酶组合的植物乳杆菌益生菌通过添加到饲料中具有通过竞争排斥过程减少鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonellatyphimurium)的作用的能力。
WO2010/117255描述了从多于一种乳酸菌菌株获得的饲料添加剂或食品补充剂制剂。该补充剂用于饲喂单胃动物。要求保护的乳酸菌选自包含植物乳杆菌的组。该专利申请进一步要求保护包含营养素、细菌素、维生素(sic)、有机酸或其组合的动物饲料。要求保护的维生素可包括维生素B,而要求保护的有机酸可包括甲酸、乙酸和乳酸。在这里应指出的是,虽然要求保护,但是维生素B和有机酸的成分未被证明。因此,粪便乳酸菌和肠杆菌科计数、小肠形态和粪便VFA浓度的已证明变化显然是所要求保护的特定乳酸菌菌株组合的结果。
与上述专利申请相似;Thahn等人描述了乳杆菌代谢物(通过具有特定乳杆菌菌株的组合的饲料补充剂产生)改善家禽肠健康的用途。这再次证明了益生菌饲料补充剂在改善单胃动物的饲料转化方面的已知益处。与上述专利申请一样,将通过粪便VFA浓度(即:排泄的VFA)测量的有机酸用作肠微生物区系组成的替代(proxy)标志物,并且未尝试直接测量VFA补充浓度(即:消耗的VFA)对肠健康的影响,也没有量化益生菌和直接饲喂的营养干预的协同作用。
鉴于以上,很明显,目前对改善农场动物(尤其是家禽)的产量和健康并减少抗生素使用的非药理添加剂或补充剂存在着需求。
发明目的
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供降低对药物投入的需求并提供动物健康和产量二者的益处的动物饲料补充剂。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了用于添加至饮用水的饲料补充剂,其包含:
-短链脂肪酸;
-含氮化合物;
-肌醇源;以及
-木聚糖酶源,
其中所述短链脂肪酸选自包含任意组合的甲酸、丙酸和丁酸的组,所述含氮化合物选自包含任意组合的氨和丙酸铵的组,所述肌醇源是肌-肌醇,并且所述木聚糖酶源选自包含任意组合的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和分离的木聚糖酶的组。
如本领域中已知的,这里所述分离的木聚糖酶优选是耐pH型的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,饲料补充剂还可包含乳酸。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,饲料补充剂还可包含中链脂肪酸。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,中链脂肪酸可包含月桂酸和棕榈酸。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,饲料补充剂还可包含细菌,所述细菌选自包含任意组合的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus spp.)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium spp.)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)的组。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,饲料补充剂还可包含镁源。在一个优选的实施方案中,镁源可以是双甘氨酸镁。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可以将饲料补充剂添加至饮用水以供农场动物消耗。在一个优选的实施方案中,农场动物可以是单胃动物。在另一个优选的实施方案中,单胃动物可以是鱼。在另一个实施方案中,单胃动物可以是家禽。在一个优选的替代实施方案中,家禽可以是鸡。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了用于添加至饮用水以供家禽消耗的饲料补充剂,所述补充剂包含:
-按重量计30%至50%的丙酸;
-按重量计5%至30%的乳酸;
-按重量计1%至15%的甲酸;
-按重量计5%至15%的氨;
-按重量计10%至15%的丙酸铵;
-按重量计0.1%至1%的镁;
-按重量计0.5%至3%的柠檬酸;
-按重量计0.5%至15%的肌-肌醇;
-按重量计1%至10%的植物乳杆菌培养物;以及
-按重量计0.5%至6%的木聚糖酶。
在对本发明进行详细描述之后,本发明的这些和其他目的、特征和优点对于本领域技术人员将变得明显。
本发明一些优选实施方案的描述
下面更详细地描述本发明的一个优选实施方案的一个非限制性实施例。
实施例
混合物的配制和测试
为了生产根据本发明的一个实施方案的饲料补充剂,将10%至24%的乳酸(l-乳酸CAS 79-33-4)、35%至50%的丙酸(纯丙酸CAS 79-09-4)和2.5%至9.9%的甲酸(CAS64-18-6)合并,并根据需要用氨(作为CP级氢氧化铵)中和以缓冲溶液,并将初始pH调节至3.2至4.2。
所有化学品购自本地和全球商业来源。
羧酸是布朗斯特-劳里酸(-Lowry acid),因为其是质子(H+)供体。它们是最常见的有机酸类型。羧酸通常是弱酸,意味着其在中性水溶液中仅部分解离为H+阳离子和RCOO-阴离子。例如,在室温下,在1摩尔乙酸溶液中,仅0.4%的酸分子解离。引入pKa作为表示弱酸酸度的指标,其中pKa定义如下:
pKa=log10Ka
使用上述原理,在25℃下分别对乳酸、丙酸和甲酸施加3.86、4.87和3.75的变化pKa值。然后根据以下公式添加每种酸的体积以达到终浓度,以产生1L的1M溶液并在水中进行调节
-按重量计40%至50%的丙酸;
-按重量计15%至30%的乳酸;以及
-按重量计1%至15%的甲酸。
然后将溶液用作为NH4OH(氢氧化铵溶液)的铵离子(NH4 +)滴定,以提供终浓度下的按体积计5%至15%的氨。
该SCFA基础混合物的最终基础组合物pH为3.2至4.2。
一旦制备,然后通过添加其他化合物来修正基础饲料补充剂混合物。这些是镁(作为双甘氨酸镁)(完全反应的镁氨基酸螯合物)、肌醇(作为肌-肌醇)和柠檬酸。产品通过商业来源本地采购。
上述成分的终浓度如下:
-按重量计0.1%至1%的镁;
-按重量计0.5%至3%的柠檬酸;以及
-按重量计0.5%至15%的肌-肌醇。
本发明的该实施方案仅包含植物乳杆菌作为益生菌。所使用的益生菌菌株是商业购买的。益生菌以液体形式添加,终浓度为按重量1%至10%,木聚糖酶以按重量计0.5%至6%的浓度添加。所使用的菌株是来自CWBI Germany Belgium的植物乳杆菌菌株。然而,还成功测试了植物乳杆菌ATCC 1804以及来自从本地乳场获得的自制牛乳酪、羊乳酪和乳清的菌株。由于其耐氧性,植物乳杆菌不受通过输水管线运输的不利影响。
将所有菌株在30%甘油肉汤中保持在-80°。如本领域中已知的,也可以通过在相关的培养液中进行细菌发酵来获得干粉。本发明的该实施方案使用了从相关全球供应商获得的MRS肉汤(De Man、Rogosa和Sharp)。在37℃发酵24小时。将培养物在4℃下以8000rpm离心30分钟(7BZ-Neo 1600-001)。在使用之前,通过API确定细胞计数的生存力和生物化学特性。
一旦达到终浓度,就将饲料补充剂添加至家禽的饮用水。剂量是通过自动化农场内系统或手动通过高架罐直接排入饮用水中实现,以提高生物利用度。定期取水样进行pH测量。
相对于抗生素和其他处理干预,确定了处理的对肉鸡进行的饲喂试验结果。试验中使用了Ross 308和Cobb 500作为孵化禽,其饲养用于肉鸡生产。表1显示了结果概述。
表1:对于处理和对照组商业Ross 308和Cobb 500肉鸡进行的农场内试验的传统微生物功效数据结果。对于沙门氏菌属功效和对于大肠杆菌功效,处理组比抗生素处理组表现得更好。实验组在独立的舍中饲养,每舍的容纳量为~20 000至~46 000只。对于对照和经处理的禽,未发现弯曲杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfrigens)的检出。
在处理和对照舍二者中均保持持续光照。所有对照室和处理舍随意施用饲料和水。
处理舍通常在测试的第1至4天、第8至10天、第18至24天和第28至32天施用混合物。对于超过33天的周期,处理可延长。平均而言,对照舍在第1至4天以及按规定需要时进行处理。所有农场内周期均测试24个月的时间。
根据ISO4832:2007方法,处理显示对于大肠杆菌的功效改善69.81%,并且根据ISO6579:2003方法,在处理组中对于沙门氏菌属的功效表现得更好,如表1所示。
出乎意料的是,如通过16S宏基因组分析所证实的,发现饲料补充剂既促进乳杆菌肠细菌的生长,又减少或消除酵母和霉菌(在粪便样品中测量),同时还阻止不利的肠菌群如沙门氏菌属、大肠杆菌和梭菌属的生长。大百分比的未知物种检出提供了新细菌物种的培养。进一步令人惊讶地发现,处理舍显示出大幅降低的饲料转化率(Feed ConversionRatio,FCR)和更高的生产效率因子标准(PEF)(表2)。与对照舍相比,死亡率显示出0.8%的改善,意味着处理表现得与药物干预一样好,并且更加有效。
表2:对商业肉鸡的处理组和对照组进行比较的综合农场内结果的总结。在实时商业农场上进行持续2年时间的试验。用处理有效地代替抗生素,并且对处理组观察到了关键指标的改善。
16S细菌宏基因组数据分析
方法
随机收集来自对照和处理商业肉鸡舍(每舍饲养~40 000只禽)的粪便样品,并且放置在无菌收集桶(100g)中。
样品在5℃下运输,并立即放入Zymo Research RNA/DNA ShieldTM粪便收集管中。然后将收集的样品准备好进行灵敏的下游微生物分析。
将样品发送给商业NGS服务提供商,并使用ZymoBIOMICS试剂盒提取基因组DNA。简单地说,使用通用引物对(靶向16S rRNA基因的V3和V4的341F和785R-)对基因组DNA样品进行PCR扩增。对所得扩增子进行凝胶纯化、末端修复,并将Illumina特异性衔接子序列连接至每个扩增子。
DNA定量之后,单独对样品进行索引,并进行另一个基于珠的纯化步骤。然后,使用MiSeq v3(600个循环)试剂盒在Illumina的MiSeq平台上对扩增子进行测序。
对于每个样品产生20Mb的数据(2×300bp长配对末端读取)。使用实验室内部开发的数据分析管线进行基于BLAST的数据分析。
对于每个样品,对数据进行修整,并且仅使用>q20(即高质量)读取。对每个读取进行BLAST,并保存结果文件。对每个BLAST结果的最高命中(即属和物种名称)计数,并保留每个物种出现为命中为多少次的记录。读取计数是与第1列中相应生物匹配的读取的数目(生物名称/命中名称)。如果在对特定读取未发现BLAST结果的情况下,则我们将读取计数记录在“无命中”下。记录每个BLAST命中的分类信息。
遵循两种处理方案以评估本发明对微生物组宏基因组的影响。这些概述如下:
-处理1:第1至5天:4L:1000L,第18-20天:4L:1000L,第25至27天:8L:1000L,第30至31天:10L:1000L
-处理2:第1至4天:1L:1000L,第21至24天:2L:1000L
-对照:抗生素处理第1至4天
结果
16S RNA结果显示,与对照的2.47%相比,这两种处理方案的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)显著增加,处理1为53.73%并且处理2为42.27%,并且放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)显著减少(表3)。厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)的比是重要的,因为与拟杆菌门相比,厚壁菌门通过促进更有效的卡路里吸收和随后的体重增加而更有效地作为能量来源(Krajmalnik-Brown R,et al,2012)。
进一步显示,厚壁菌门在占优势(dominant)时富集已知与营养运输和整体体重增加相关的基因,而在瘦型表型的微生物组中发现了更高相对丰度的放线菌门和拟杆菌门以及与碳水化合物代谢有关的基因的富集(Dugas LR,et al,2016)。碳水化合物代谢在肉鸡营养中很重要,但是由于饲喂成分(例如玉米和小麦)的抗营养作用,重要的是集中改善能够改善总营养利用(包括脂肪和蛋白质的使用)以改善体重增加的肠微生物组。
因此,如本发明中所示的厚壁菌门相对丰度的显著增加和更高的F/B比是在不进行药物干预的情况下改善肉鸡饲料转化率的新方法。传统的治疗性抗生素施用可与提高的平均活重(average live weight,ALW)和体重增加有关,但这主要归因于碳水化合物的代谢,并且考虑到抗生素抗性增加的威胁,重要的是集中进行改善所有类型饲料(包括具有更高的蛋白质和脂肪量的那些)的利用的营养饲喂干预。
表3:用于分析处理1(第1至5天:4L:1000L,第18至20天:4L:1000L,第25至27天:8L:1000L,第30至31天:10L:1000L)和处理2(第1至4天:1L:1000L,第21至24天:2L:1000L)的16S宏基因组细菌门分类结果,与商业肉鸡中的对照常规治疗性抗生素处理相比,其显示出厚壁菌门显著增加,并且放线菌门和拟杆菌门显著减少。
门分类-对照 | 读取计数 | % |
未知 | 66195 | 52.55 |
变形菌门(Proteobacteria) | 31730 | 25.19 |
放线菌门 | 22062 | 17.51 |
厚壁菌门 | 3106 | 2.47 |
蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) | 1337 | 1.06 |
拟杆菌门 | 725 | 0.58 |
维管植物门(Tracheophyta) | 487 | 0.39 |
门分类-处理1 | 读取计数 | % |
厚壁菌门 | 28779 | 53.73 |
未知 | 23826 | 44.48 |
变形菌门 | 910 | 1.70 |
放线菌门 | 40 | 0.07 |
拟杆菌门 | 7 | 0.01 |
门分类-处理2 | 读取计数 | % |
未知 | 32367 | 51.04 |
厚壁菌门 | 26802 | 42.27 |
放线菌门 | 2549 | 4.02 |
变形菌门 | 1570 | 2.48 |
拟杆菌门 | 68 | 0.11 |
观察到与对照的2.38%相比,处理1和2表现出40.71%和53.58%乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)。在对照样品中检出的优势物种是红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)和放线菌(Actinomycetes)。处理2的放线菌为4%,并且处理1的为0.04%,并且处理1和2的红螺菌目分别为0.02%和0.01%。我们在这里证明了本发明的效果及其改变整个微生物基础结构的能力,并显示了直接饲喂营养干预的协同效果。重要的是要注意,在本领域中,可能已知SCFA改善肠健康,然而还没有进行已知的尝试来理解在饲喂这样的干预之后的精确分类变化。
设计了实验B以验证实验A的16S RNA结果,并且在该设计中仅使用处理1方案。在这里要注意的是,乳杆菌目仍然是检出的优势细菌菌株的目。在这里,验证了与对照抗生素处理的肉禽相比,乳杆菌目是处理之后的优势种类。
还应注意的是,与对照样品的2.37%相比,这两种处理样品均具有较高的乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),分别为52.95%和40.28%。对照样品具有18.29%的醋酸杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)和14.94%的丙酸杆菌科(Propionibacteriaceae)。
从两个实验以及两个目和科分类注意到,施用包含SCFA和肌-肌醇的营养干预改变了商业肉禽肠腔的微生物定植,有利于增强健康的厚壁菌门并且重要的乳杆菌目。高剂量的施用相应地显示继续改变肠定植模式,有利于已知阻止肠病原菌肠定植的乳杆菌。对于本文所述的SCFA组合的饲喂,以前尚未证明这些定植改变发生的程度。
出乎意料的是,BLAST的输出结果显示没有植物乳杆菌。未预想到饲喂羧酸会在肠腔内产生一致性,如对于处理1所示表示的那样。
下表4示出了进行的每个实验的BLAST输出结果,其中显示了这种一致性。可以肯定的是,较高的剂量率确实在肠内产生了更大的一致性,并排斥已知对农场内指标(例如FCR、PEF和死亡率)产生不利影响并且与食品生产污染风险相关的不利的病原体物种。
表4:与用初始农场内治疗性抗生素给药处理的那些相比,用本发明的一个实施方案处理的商业肉禽处理之16S宏基因组分析的总结性BLAST输出结果。
我们发现对使用本发明治疗天然共生禽病原体没有抗性。然而,应当指出,在本发明的较低剂量率下,发现病原体鸭源鸡杆菌为1.67%。该病原体是家禽的新兴疾病。对于鸭源鸡杆菌(G.anatis)的不断增加的关注及对于其生长动力学、毒力标志物、发病机理和控制疫苗的了解不足使得需要提到,我们表明在较高剂量率下,这种细菌不存在。鸭源鸡杆菌(早期称为鸭巴斯德菌(Pasteurella anatis))在健康鸡的上呼吸道和下生殖道中共生(Singh et al,2016)。其在上呼吸道的定植可在其他疾病发作(例如禽流感毒株)的毒力中起作用。我们在这里注意到,对于处理1,没有这种病原菌的16S RNA基因组证据。我们推断,以较高剂量率饲喂在对疾病的抵抗力中具有作用。
尽管可用抗生素治疗鸭源鸡杆菌的感染,但是治疗失败的频率是新出现的和反复出现的问题,并且鸭源鸡杆菌的多药抗性株已显示出对磺胺类药物、新生霉素、泰乐菌素、克林霉素、四环素和青霉素的抗性。我们在这里表明用SCFA和益生菌组合治疗时,在较高的剂量率下没有抗性出现,并且剂量率是重要的考虑因素。本发明的饲料补充剂能够有效地预防对已知抗生素具有增强抗性的出现的新的病原体。
本发明一些具体实施方案的进一步测试
在肉鸡上测试如上文所述制备的本发明的一个具体实施方案。经抗生素处理的舍用作阳性对照。混合物使用以下比例的成分制备:
-按重量计47.2%的丙酸;
-按重量计22.45%的乳酸;
-按重量计8.75%的甲酸;
-按体积计11.55%的氨;
-按重量计0.27%的镁;
-按重量计1.08%的柠檬酸;
-按重量计5.41%的肌-肌酸;
-按重量计2.24%的植物乳杆菌培养物;以及
-按重量计1.05%的木聚糖酶。
RNA测序
RNA测序(RNA Seq)(也称为全转录组鸟枪法测序(whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing,WTSS))使用下一代测序(Next Generation Sequencing,NGS)来揭示给定时间生物样品中RNA的存在和量。RNA Seq用于分析不断变化的细胞转录组(Chu和Corey,2012)。
现在,普遍认为RNA测序是一种深度测序工具,其允许高覆盖率,并使用与DNA测序相同的理念,但其中文库制备却大不相同(Chu和Corey,2012)。RNA Seq文库制备通常包括逆转录。最重要的是,RNA Seq有利于观察基因表达随时间的变化或者不同组或处理中基因表达差异的能力(Maher et al,2009)。
本发明包括RNA Seq的目的是了解哪些途径受本发明目前使用的实施方案影响,并鉴定尚未理解的新基因表达途径。迄今为止,自2004年对鸡基因组作图以来,尚未做出太多努力来在鸡中的蛋白质组水平上理解特异性调节蛋白质功能的酶并对其进行作图(USDA数据库)。为此,本发明发现了新的基因表达并将其与用本发明的实施方案处理的禽类中的新的酶相关联。
生殖成功、营养、生长和疾病抗性是产业上重要的特征,并且分子水平上的理解使研究人员能够开发出更多涉及疾病的新产品。已知有机酸在替代抗生素中起着作用,但在疾病抗性的发展或生殖成功中不起作用。
方法
对于本发明,产生了RNA Seq数据,以建立在处理禽和对照禽之间不同地开始的未知途径。
从来自对照和处理实验舍各自的两只禽收集血液样品。以3ml吸量将样品吸入DNA/RNA防护管(Zymo Research Corp,由Pangea Laboraory许可)中。在整个33天的时间内都使用相同的禽,以跟踪该时期内的转录组数据。设计样品收集和制备,以观察基因表达随时间的变化以及用常规抗生素处理的组与本发明一个实施方案处理的组之间的差异,如表5所示。
表5:用于RNA测序分析的样品收集和方案设计,以确定随着时间的以及对照(抗生素)与经处理禽之间基因表达的差异。在33天的时间内,对每舍的两只禽(粉色和绿色)进行采血。合并样品以提供更深的RNA值和随机化。
样品制备和方案符合Illumina MiSeq系统进行。然后将样品发送给商业NGS服务提供商,并使用ZymoBIOMICS试剂盒提取基因组DNA。简单地说,使用通用引物对(靶向16SrRNA基因的V3和V4的341F和785R)对基因组DNA样品进行PCR扩增。对所得扩增子进行凝胶纯化、末端修复,并将Illumina特异性衔接子序列连接至每个扩增子。
DNA定量之后,单独对样品进行索引,并进行另一个基于珠的纯化步骤。然后,使用MiSeq v3(600个循环)试剂盒在Illumina的MiSeq平台上对扩增子进行测序。对于每个样品产生20Mb的数据(2×300bp长配对末端读取)。使用实验室内部开发的数据分析管线进行基于BLAST的数据分析。
然后,对RNA元数据进行热图分析。这将同时对样品和特征进行聚类,显示表达值的二维热图。在这里,每一列对应一个样品,并且每一行对应一个特征(基因或转录本)。样品和特征二者进行层次聚类。关于每个样品的已知元数据作为覆盖添加。TMM归一化用于使样品具有可比性,并且z评分归一化用于使特征具有可比性。一旦生成,热图即用于鉴定目的基因。
层次聚类通过样品集上其表达谱的相似性来对特征进行聚类,并且出于我们研究的目的,该算法要求我们在数据评价中指定距离度量和聚类链接。欧氏距离(Euclideandistance)是选择的距离度量,其中两个点之间的普通距离是连接它们的线段的长度。
如果u=(u1,u2,....,un)并且v=(v1,v2,...,vn),则u与v之间的欧氏距离为
出于本分析的目的而选择的聚类链接是完全链接,其中两个聚类之间的距离计算为最大对象至对象距离d(xi,yi),其中xi来自第一聚类,并且yi来自第二聚类。换句话说,聚类中两个最远对象之间的距离。
使用作图工具将序列与鸡参考基因组进行比对(可获自ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/ pub/release-94/fasta/gallus_gallus/dna/:Gallus gallus genome build 5,March2017)。计算每个基因的读取计数。为了排除计数极低的基因,排除了至少在对照和处理二者中具有少于20个读取的特征。
结果
RNA测序产生了每个样品平均15000个读取。将具有不同丰度的转录本的数量及其聚类可视化。对照与处理组之间的途径激活不同;其中处理组指示神经系统维持、疾病抗性发展和热应激调节的上调的经典途径。
产生了纵向研究RNA Seq热图,其与抗生素处理相比来比较用本发明的一个实施方案处理的商业肉鸡转录组学。对于在热应激调节(HSPA2)、疾病抗性发展(OASL、MACF1、OTUD1、BF1和BF2)和神经系统维持(TMEM184B和EEF2)中上调的关键经典途径,这显示出了比对照组整体更高的表达率。本研究进一步证明,与对照禽相比,处理通过激活经由TMEM184B的MAP激酶途径、经由BF1和BF2的MHC I类抗原、经由EEF2的蛋白质生物合成提高了细胞免疫途径的表达。
这些结果提供了本发明在应激管理、疾病抗性和神经系统维持基因的增强的上调中具有出乎意料的作用的证据;提供了在本发明的试验中获得的结果与本发明的实施方案本身之间的机械联系。因此,本发明代表了用于减少和有效替代对药物投入的需求并且提高动物健康和产量二者的新的且有创造性的方法。
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Claims (14)
1.用于添加至饮用水的饲料补充剂,其包含:
-短链脂肪酸;
-含氮化合物;
-肌醇源;以及
-木聚糖酶源,
其中所述短链脂肪酸选自包含任意组合的甲酸、丙酸和丁酸的组,所述含氮化合物选自包含任意组合的氨和丙酸铵的组,所述肌醇源是肌-肌醇,并且所述木聚糖酶源选自包含任意组合的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和分离的木聚糖酶的组。
2.权利要求1所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述补充剂还包含乳酸。
3.权利要求1或权利要求2所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述补充剂还包含中链脂肪酸。
4.权利要求3中任一项所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述中链脂肪酸包含月桂酸和棕榈酸。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述补充剂还包含细菌,所述细菌选自包含任意组合的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus spp.)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacteriumspp.)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)的组。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述补充剂还包含镁源。
7.权利要求6所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述镁源是双甘氨酸镁。
8.权利要求1至7中任一项所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述补充剂被添加至饮用水以供农场动物消耗。
9.权利要求8所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述农场动物是单胃动物。
10.权利要求9所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述单胃动物是鱼。
11.权利要求10所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述单胃动物是家禽。
12.权利要求11所述的饲料补充剂,其中所述家禽是鸡。
13.用于添加至饮用水以供家禽消耗的饲料补充剂,所述补充剂包含:
-按重量计30%至50%的丙酸;
-按重量计5%至30%的乳酸;
-按重量计1%至15%的甲酸;
-按重量计5%至15%的氨;
-按重量计10%至15%的丙酸铵;
-按重量计0.1%至1%的镁;
-按重量计0.5%至3%的柠檬酸;
-按重量计0.5%至15%的肌-肌醇;
-按重量计1%至10%的植物乳杆菌培养物;以及
-按重量计0.5%至6%的木聚糖酶。
14.权利要求1和权利要求13所述的饲料补充剂,其基本上如本文所述和/或所示例。
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JP7354135B2 (ja) | 2023-10-02 |
JP2021506340A (ja) | 2021-02-22 |
MX2020007211A (es) | 2020-09-07 |
RU2020123362A (ru) | 2022-01-14 |
WO2019123233A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
US11882853B2 (en) | 2024-01-30 |
US20200315216A1 (en) | 2020-10-08 |
RU2020123362A3 (zh) | 2022-04-14 |
BR112020012149A2 (pt) | 2020-11-24 |
WO2019123233A8 (en) | 2020-08-06 |
CA3085689A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
AR114296A1 (es) | 2020-08-19 |
AU2018389776A1 (en) | 2020-07-30 |
EP3731648A1 (en) | 2020-11-04 |
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