CN111593263A - 一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法及高强度低密度钢 - Google Patents

一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法及高强度低密度钢 Download PDF

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CN111593263A
CN111593263A CN202010586439.2A CN202010586439A CN111593263A CN 111593263 A CN111593263 A CN 111593263A CN 202010586439 A CN202010586439 A CN 202010586439A CN 111593263 A CN111593263 A CN 111593263A
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graphite
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黄华钦
唐木生
黄贞益
光剑锋
吴金泉
张宁飞
侯清宇
吴朝阳
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Anhui University of Technology AHUT
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法及高强度低密度钢。该方法包括设计材料组成、混料、研磨、填粉、压烧五个步骤。通过向钢中添加一定量的Ni元素、SI元素、Ti元素和Mo元素,在合金成分与粉末冶金工艺的基础上,得到了具有高强度的低密度钢,在减轻钢材的重量的同时,也具有良好的强度和韧性。采用本发明的方法,可以控制低密度钢中的元素成分,避免其他杂质元素的干扰;粉末烧结法制备的原料利用率高,生产流程短,且钼、钛元素有效钉扎在晶界处,从而增加位错滑移难度,提高了钢的强度。

Description

一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法及高强度低密度钢
技术领域
本发明涉及低密度合金钢领域,尤其涉及一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法及高强度低密度钢。
背景技术
当前社会,随着绿色发展,节能减排的提倡,人们在追求安全性的前提下对汽车的轻量化展开了研究,目前最有效的途径则是应用新材料、新工艺以及结构优化这三种途径。其中,低密度钢由于广泛应用于车身的制造,被人们越来越重视。Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢在具备良好强塑性优点的同时,密度又较低,更加轻便。但钢中添加的Al元素含量较高时,会导致钢材的韧性急剧下降,难以满足汽车领域对钢材韧性的要求;钢中添加的C含量较高时,会使钢的脆性上升,难以满足汽车领域对于钢材强度的要求。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种低密度高强度钢及其制备方法,通过向钢中添加一定量的Ni元素、SI元素、Ti元素和Mo元素,在合金成分与粉末冶金工艺的基础上,得到了具有高强度的低密度钢,在减轻钢材的重量的同时,也具有良好的强度和韧性。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案如下:
一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)设计材料组成:按照质量分数百分比计,所用材料包括Mn:18%~20%、Al:5%~7%、C:0.03%~0.04%、Ni:7%~8%、Si:1.0%~1.2%、Mo:1.0~1.5%、Ti:1.0%~1.2%,余量为Fe。
(2)混料:按照步骤(1)的材料组成,将各组分进行混合得到混合粉末;所述混合粉末的微观结构为近球形,纯度均在99.5%以上,其中铁粉的粒度在75-100μm,锰粉的粒度在60-80μm,铝粉的粒度在75-100μm,镍粉的粒度在60-80μm,硅粉的粒度在20-40μm,钛粉的粒度在20-30μm,钼粉的粒度在60-80μm,碳粉的粒度在20-30μm。
(3)研磨:将步骤(2)中得到的混合粉末进行研磨,研磨时长为10-15小时,同时填充保护气氛;
(4)填粉:通过一套石墨模具来固定粉末成形,该模具的成分为石墨,无其他杂质,其包括上压头、下压头和具有测温孔的中空阴模,上压头和下压头的结构相同,均为柱状结构,石墨阴模为套筒状中空结构,石墨阴模的侧壁上开设有测温孔;将下压头先塞入阴模内孔中,放入石墨片,然后将步骤(3)中得到的混合粉末填充到阴模内部中的下压头上,同样放入石墨片,再将上压头从阴模上方塞入内孔中,通过上压头和下压头将混合金属粉末压紧;
(5)压烧:将步骤(4)中得到的待烧结模具置入放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽取炉内空气至真空状态;接着,调整压力系统,使压头对模具保持恒定压力;随后通入电流对金属粉末进行烧结,得到高强度低密度钢合金。
更进一步的,所述上压头和下压头均为直径60mm、高35mm的圆柱状结构,石墨阴模为外径90mm、内径60mm、高50mm的套筒状中空结构,石墨阴模在中间高度位置开设有直径4mm、深度5mm的测温孔,所述石墨片为直径60mm的石墨圆片。
更进一步的,研磨时球料比为10:1,球磨速度为200-300r/min,正反交互球磨。
更进一步的,在研磨过程中加入无水乙醇。
更进一步的,所述石墨模具与石墨圆片的成分相同,均不含有其他杂质。
更进一步的,烧结前将烧结炉内部封闭并抽真空至真空度小于1.0×10-1Pa,设定的机械压力为50MPa,烧结温度为1000℃~1100℃,优选温度为1050℃,升温降温速率为90-130℃/min。
更进一步的,烧结温度为1050℃。
一种高强度低密度钢,根据上述的制备方法制备而成,其化学成分按质量百分比为:Mn:18%~20%、Al:5%~7%、C:0.03%~0.04%、Ni:7%~8%、Si:1.0%~1.2%、Mo:1.0~1.5%、Ti:1.0%~1.2%,余量为Fe,没有其他杂质元素。
更进一步的,所述高强度低密度钢的密度低于7.01g/cm3,减重率大于8.6%。
更进一步的,所述高强度低密度高韧度钢的屈服强度大于500Mpa,抗拉强度大于800MPa,布氏硬度大于50.5。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
采用本发明的方法,可以控制低密度钢中的元素成分,避免其他杂质元素的干扰;粉末烧结法制备的原料利用率高,生产流程短,且钼、钛元素有效钉扎在晶界处,从而增加位错滑移难度,提高了钢的强度。
附图说明
图1是本发明的烧结工艺流程图;
图2是本发明的烧结工艺曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
本发明的高强度低密度钢的制备方法如图1所示,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)设计材料组成:按照质量分数百分比计,所用材料包括Mn:18%~20%、Al:5%~7%、C:0.03%~0.04%、Ni:7%~8%、Si:1.0%~1.2%、Mo:1.0~1.5%、Ti:1.0%~1.2%,余量为Fe;
(2)混料:按照步骤(1)的材料组成,将各组分进行混合得到混合粉末;所述混合粉末的微观结构为近球形,纯度均在99.5%以上,其中铁粉的粒度在75-100μm,锰粉的粒度在60-80μm,铝粉的粒度在75-100μm,镍粉的粒度在60-80μm,硅粉的粒度在20-40μm,钛粉的粒度在20-30μm,钼粉的粒度在60-80μm,碳粉的粒度在20-30μm;
(3)研磨:在机械研磨装置中将步骤(2)中得到的混合粉末进行机械研磨,研磨时长为10-15小时,同时为了防止空气中的杂质,填充氩气作为研磨时的保护气氛,在研磨过程中加入少许无水乙醇防止粉末粘壁;机械研磨工艺可以使两种粉末分散均匀,有利于后续烧结,同时使用氩气保护,避免球磨时粉末混入其他杂质;研磨时球料比为10:1,球磨速度为200-300r/min,正反交互球磨;
(4)填粉:在本发明中,通过一套石墨模具来固定粉末成形,该模具包括上压头、下压头和具有测温孔的中空阴模,上压头和下压头的结构相同,均为直径60mm,高35mm的圆柱状结构,石墨阴模为外径90mm,内径60mm,高50mm的套筒状中空结构,石墨阴模在中间高度位置有一直径4mm,深度5mm的测温孔。将下压头先塞入阴模内孔中一部分,放入1到2片直径30mm的石墨圆片来防止烧结过程压头被破坏,然后将步骤(3)中得到的混合粉末填充到阴模内部中的下压头上,同样放入1-2片直径60mm的石墨圆片,再将上压头从阴模上方塞入内孔中,通过上压头和下压头将混合金属粉末压紧;石墨模具为本发明针对SPS烧结特别制作的,其主体成分为石墨,并无其他杂质;石墨圆片成分为石墨并无其他杂质,添加石墨圆片,主要是促进烧结,以及防止烧结合金与压头发生粘接现象;
(5)压烧:将步骤(4)中得到的待烧结模具置入放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽取炉内空气至真空状态,从而一方面防止烧结时钼粉在烧结过程中被氧化,另一方面能够促进烧结过程产生的气体的排除,促进烧结致密化过程的进行。接着,调整压力系统,使压头对模具保持恒定压力,促进粉末成形,随后通入电流对金属粉末进行烧结,烧结工艺曲线如图2所示,得到高强度低密度钢合金。烧结前将烧结炉内部封闭并抽真空至真空度小于1.0×10-1Pa,设定的机械压力为50MPa,烧结温度为1000℃~1100℃,优选温度为1050℃,升温降温速率为90-130℃/min。上述的烧结工艺中,较小的真空度可以避免空气中元素,特别是氧元素对烧结的影响,且较大的烧结压力与较低的烧结的温度可以保证较高的烧结性能。
实施例1
本实施例的高强度低密度钢,其化学成分及其质量百分比为:Mn:18%、Al:5%、C:0.03%、Ni:7%、Si:1.0%、Mo:1.0%、Ti:1.0%,Fe:66.97%;
一、预处理将各种成分的粉末按照质量分数比例配料。在行星球磨机中按球料比10∶1混合,研磨12h,研磨时加入少许无水乙醇防止粉末粘壁;
二、制模取石墨模具,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,将处理好的合金粉末自下而上放入石墨阴模中,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,然后用上压头和下压头压紧,防止粉末泄漏;
三、压烧将待烧结的石墨模具置于放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽真空至不高于10-1Pa,然后通入直流脉冲电流,对合金粉末进行烧结粘接,烧结工艺为:上压头和下压头对铁基以及金属粉末的轴向压力为50MPa;升温速率为:从室温区至600℃为100℃/min,600℃至烧结温度为90℃/min;保温时间为3min;降温速率为:从烧结温度降至400℃的区间的降温速率为130℃/min,从400℃降至室温区间随炉冷却;待冷却后均成功制得高强度低密度钢,合金的硬度较佳。
实施例2
本实施例的高强度低密度钢,其化学成分及其质量百分比为:Mn:19%、Al:6%、C:0.035%、Ni:7.5%、Si:1.1%、Mo:1.25%、Ti:1.1%,Fe:64.015%;
一、预处理将各种成分的粉末按照质量分数比例配料。在行星球磨机中按球料比10∶1混合,研磨12h,研磨时加入少许无水乙醇防止粉末粘壁;
二、制模取石墨模具,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,将处理好的合金粉末自下而上放入石墨阴模中,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,然后用上压头和下压头压紧,防止粉末泄漏;
三、压烧将待烧结的石墨模具置于放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽真空至不高于10-1Pa,然后通入直流脉冲电流,对合金粉末进行烧结粘接,烧结工艺为:上压头和下压头对铁基以及金属粉末的轴向压力为50MPa;升温速率为:从室温区至600℃为100℃/min,600℃至烧结温度为90℃/min;保温时间为3min;降温速率为:从烧结温度降至400℃的区间的降温速率为130℃/min,从400℃降至室温区间随炉冷却;待冷却后均成功制得高强度低密度钢,合金的硬度较佳。
实施例3
本实施例的高强度低密度钢,其化学成分及其质量百分比为:Mn:20%、Al:7%、C:0.04%、Ni:8%、Si:1.2%、Mo:1.5%、Ti:1.2%,Fe:61.06%;
一、预处理将各种成分的粉末按照质量分数比例配料。在行星球磨机中按球料比10∶1混合,研磨12h,研磨时加入少许无水乙醇防止粉末粘壁;
二、制模取石墨模具,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,将处理好的合金粉末自下而上放入石墨阴模中,填充1-2片直径60mm石墨圆片,然后用上压头和下压头压紧,防止粉末泄漏;
三、压烧将待烧结的石墨模具置于放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽真空至不高于10-1Pa,然后通入直流脉冲电流,对合金粉末进行烧结粘接,烧结工艺为:上压头和下压头对铁基以及金属粉末的轴向压力为50MPa;升温速率为:从室温区至600℃为100℃/min,600℃至烧结温度为90℃/min;保温时间为3min;降温速率为:从烧结温度降至400℃的区间的降温速率为130℃/min,从400℃降至室温区间随炉冷却;待冷却后均成功制得高强度低密度钢,合金的硬度较佳。
实例1、实例2、实例3的相关参数如下表所示。
Figure BDA0002554833420000051
Figure BDA0002554833420000061
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种高强度低密度钢的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)设计材料组成:按照质量分数百分比计,所用材料包括其化学成分按质量百分比为:Mn:18%~20%、Al:5%~7%、C:0.03%~0.04%、Ni:7%~8%、Si:1.0%~1.2%、Mo:1.0~1.5%、Ti:1.0%~1.2%,余量为Fe,没有其他杂质元素;
(2)混料:按照步骤(1)的材料组成,将各组分进行混合得到混合粉末;所述混合粉末的微观结构为近球形,纯度均在99.5%以上,其中铁粉的粒度在75-100μm,锰粉的粒度在60-80μm,铝粉的粒度在75-100μm,镍粉的粒度在60-80μm,硅粉的粒度在20-40μm,钛粉的粒度在20-30μm,钼粉的粒度在60-80μm,碳粉的粒度在20-30μm;
(3)研磨:将步骤(2)中得到的混合粉末进行研磨,研磨时长为10-15小时,同时填充保护气氛;
(4)填粉:通过一套石墨模具来固定粉末成形,该模具的成分为石墨,无其他杂质,其包括上压头、下压头和具有测温孔的中空阴模,上压头和下压头的结构相同,均为柱状结构,石墨阴模为套筒状中空结构,石墨阴模的侧壁上开设有测温孔;将下压头先塞入阴模内孔中,放入石墨片,然后将步骤(3)中得到的混合粉末填充到阴模内部中的下压头上,同样放入石墨片,再将上压头从阴模上方塞入内孔中,通过上压头和下压头将混合金属粉末压紧;
(5)压烧:将步骤(4)中得到的待烧结模具置入放电等离子烧结系统的炉膛中,抽取炉内空气至真空状态;接着,调整压力系统,使压头对模具保持恒定压力;随后通入电流对金属粉末进行烧结,得到高强度低密度钢。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,所述上压头和下压头均为直径30mm、高35mm的圆柱状结构,石墨阴模为外径60mm、内径30mm、高50mm的套筒状中空结构,石墨阴模在中间高度位置开设有直径4mm、深度5mm的测温孔,所述石墨片为直径30mm的石墨圆片。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,研磨时球料比为10:1,球磨速度为200-300r/min,正反交互球磨。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,在研磨过程中加入无水乙醇。
5.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,所述石墨模具与石墨圆片的成分相同,均不含有其他杂质。
6.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,烧结前将烧结炉内部封闭并抽真空至真空度小于1.0×10-1Pa,设定的机械压力为50MPa,烧结温度为1000℃~1100℃,优选温度为1050℃,升温降温速率为90-130℃/min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的高强度低密度钢的制备方法,其特征在于,烧结温度为1050℃。
8.一种高强度低密度钢,其特征在于,根据权利要求1-7中任意一项所述的制备方法制备而成。
9.根据权利要求8所述的高强度低密度钢,其特征在于,密度低于7.01g/cm3,减重率大于8.6%。
10.根据权利要求8所述的高强度低密度钢,其特征在于,屈服强度大于500Mpa,抗拉强度大于800MPa,布氏硬度大于50.5。
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