CN111587694B - Water chestnut and waxberry flower thinning method - Google Patents
Water chestnut and waxberry flower thinning method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111587694B CN111587694B CN202010642552.8A CN202010642552A CN111587694B CN 111587694 B CN111587694 B CN 111587694B CN 202010642552 A CN202010642552 A CN 202010642552A CN 111587694 B CN111587694 B CN 111587694B
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of planting of waxberries and discloses a method for thinning flowers of water chestnuts and waxberries. The method utilizes effective accumulated temperature and weather forecast data after the initial blossom of the waxberries to select the blossom thinning agent suitable for the orchard in the current year, and further calculates the optimal blossom thinning time and the corresponding blossom thinning agent dosage suitable for the orchard, thereby solving the problems that the blossom thinning time is short, the blossom thinning time is fuzzy, the blossom thinning agent dosage is easy to be improper, the blossom thinning fails and the like in the existing waxberry blossom thinning technology. The method of the invention can ensure that fruit growers in all regions can select the optimal flower thinning time and the corresponding flower thinning agent dosage suitable for the fruit orchard according to the initial flower thinning time, the local climate condition and the weather forecast data of the fruit orchard, ensure the smooth proceeding of the flower thinning technology of the waxberries and achieve the optimal effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting of waxberries, in particular to a method for thinning flowers of water chestnut waxberries.
Background
At present, the Chinese water chestnut and waxberry flower thinning technology mainly comprises the following four technologies: (1) spraying a red bayberry flower thinning agent No. 5 or No. 6 to thin flowers of red bayberries with large flower amount at the late stage of the red bayberries from blooming to blooming; (2) in the final stage of full bloom of the waxberries, spraying 100 ml/l of 15% paclobutrazol for thinning the waxberries with large flower amount; (3) when the bayberry has the shape of a matcha, 300 ml/l (500 times of solution) of 15% paclobutrazol is used for spraying and thinning the bayberry with a large amount of flowers; (4) at the late stage of full bloom of red bayberry, spraying lime mixture at Baume of 0.5-0.6 degree to the red bayberries with large flower amount for thinning.
However, the red bayberry flower thinning technology is an agricultural technology with strong technical requirements. Because the waxberry blossoms have no flowers (only two small flower columns as large as a needle point) on the tree, and the waxberry withering land has no petals, common fruit growers can not accurately judge when the waxberry blossoms are in the initial stage, in the full stage and in the early stage of fruit setting by naked eyes, and related experts can only conduct thinning technical research on the two obvious growth stages, namely the late stage of full flower and the early stage of fruit setting of the waxberry due to unclear whole process of flowering of the waxberry. However, the time of the two growth periods is extremely short, each growth period is only one to two days, and the common fruit grower does not know which day is the late full bloom stage and which day is the initial fruit setting stage in the home orchard. At this time, in the spring of rainy season in the south of the Yangtze river, fruit growers are difficult to hold the two good flower thinning machines. The phenomenon that the yield is reduced due to excessive thinning or the effect is not obvious due to insufficient thinning can be caused when the dosage of the thinning agent is not corresponding whether the thinning is advanced or delayed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the background technology and provides a method for thinning water chestnut waxberry. The method utilizes effective accumulated temperature and weather forecast data after the initial blossom of the waxberries to select the blossom thinning agent suitable for the orchard in the current year, and further calculates the optimal blossom thinning time and the corresponding blossom thinning agent dosage suitable for the orchard, thereby solving the problems that the blossom thinning time is short, the blossom thinning time is fuzzy, the blossom thinning agent dosage is easy to be improper, the blossom thinning fails and the like in the existing waxberry blossom thinning technology.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the water chestnut waxberry flower thinning method comprises the following steps:
(1) prediction and observation of the early flowering stage of waxberry
Accurately predicting the flowering phase of the waxberries by using plants which are similar to the flowering phase of the waxberries in all years as reference objects; when the fact that most of the flower buds of the reference substance are enlarged and exposed to red and a few of the flower buds are about to open is found, the weather forecast data of over one week of the local area is checked, and when the data show that the specific time that the daily average temperature is basically stabilized at over 10 ℃, the specific time is the predicted initial flowering time of the reference substance and is also the predicted initial flowering time of the water chestnut red bayberries;
when a reference object is found to have completely opened flowers, observing whether the red bayberries are initially blossoming or not immediately in an orchard, selecting trees or branches which are long in sunshine and sufficient in illumination when the trees or branches are initially blossomed, and when reddish short fibers are found on the branches of the water chestnut red bayberries and grow by about 5 mm, the trees or branches are the initial blossoming of the water chestnut red bayberries; the day when the water chestnut red bayberries are found to be primarily flowering is called the water chestnut red bayberry primarily flowering day; the waxberry orchards with different latitudes and altitudes are different from each other at first flowering day due to climatic reasons, and the first flowering time of the waxberries is delayed along with the increase of the latitudes and the altitudes.
In the Zhejiang-like warm region, early-maturing honey peaches in the south are used as reference substances to accurately predict the flowering phase of the waxberries. The early-maturing honey peach is a deciduous plant, has a large flower type, is easy to observe the initial flower, and has the same flowering phase, fruit setting phase and mature phase as the water chestnut waxberry. Some early-maturing nectarine varieties bloom earlier, more than one week earlier than the blooming of water chestnut red bayberries, and cannot be used as a reference for judging the flowering phase of the red bayberries, and one juicy peach is preferably grafted or replanted so as to avoid wrong judgment of the flowering phase of the red bayberries.
In areas such as Fujian and the like with warmer climates than Zhejiang, the cold demand is insufficient in winter, the peach trees can delay the flowering, the peach trees and the red bayberries can not bloom uniformly, and a plant which is similar to the flowering phase of the red bayberries in all years is preferably selected as a reference in the local. In recent years, more years are spent in winter in Zhejiang areas, and the years with no snow and less ice are spent in winter, so that the cold demand of honey peaches is easy to be insufficient, the blooming of peach trees is delayed, and the red bayberries have lower requirements on the cold demand and can bloom normally. In warmer areas or years in the winter in Zhejiang, the phenomenon that peach trees and waxberries are not in consistent flowering can also occur when honey peaches are used as reference substances.
Therefore, the altitude of the reference object is lower than or close to the altitude of the waxberries so as to ensure that the reference object flowers earlier than or close to the waxberries. Otherwise, it will cause trouble to predict the initial flowering period of waxberry. If the juicy peach orchard is available, only the peach tree with the earliest blooming is selected as a reference object.
(2) Prediction of major growth periods of waxberry
The initial period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries is as follows: the full flowering phase of waxberry (about 50% flowering). When the flower thinning agent of paclobutrazol is used for thinning flowers, the flowering phase of the waxberries is preferably avoided, and the flowering phase can be postponed until the end of the flowering phase.
The final period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries is as follows: the final period of flower thinning by using the lime sulfur flower thinning agent is the final period of full bloom; the final period of flower thinning by using the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent is the initial fruit setting period (when the shape of the match head is formed and is smaller than that of the match head).
Predicting the thinning date of the water chestnut waxberries: the initial flowering day of the water chestnut waxberries is classified as '0', and then the effective accumulated temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃ is accumulated day by day according to the local actual temperature and the temperature on the forecast data of weather over one week; when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 25 ℃, predicting the flowering beginning of the water chestnut red bayberries (the flowering beginning is predicted by using the paclobutrazol flowering promoting agent, and preferably postponing the days when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 50 ℃); when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 37.5 ℃, predicting the final period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries by using the lime-sulfur flower thinning agent; when the effective accumulated temperature is higher than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 112.5 ℃, the final stage of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries is predicted by using the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent.
When the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 25 ℃, the full-bloom period of the waxberry is defined;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 37.5 ℃, the final stage of full bloom of the waxberry is obtained;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 50 ℃, the final stage of flower withering of the waxberry is obtained;
when the effective accumulated temperature is higher than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 112.5 ℃, the red bayberry fruit setting is in the initial stage;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 185 ℃, the fruit setting end period of the waxberries is determined;
if the difference between the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard and the temperature on the weather forecast data is within 1 ℃, the effective accumulated temperature can be accumulated by using the temperature on the local weather forecast data; if the difference between the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard and the temperature on the weather forecast data is more than 1 ℃, the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard is used for accumulating the effective accumulated temperature. The actual air temperature of the orchard is troublesome to detect every day, or no condition or energy exists at all, and the actual air temperature of the orchard can be calculated by a method of reducing the air temperature by about 0.6 ℃ every 100 m of elevation.
(3) Selection of flower thinning agent for waxberry
The waxberry flower thinning agent is one or more of flower thinning agent No. 5, flower thinning agent No. 6, lime sulphur and paclobutrazol; wherein, the main component of the flower thinning agent No. 5 is lime sulfur mixture, and the main component of the flower thinning agent No. 6 is paclobutrazol.
The lime sulphur belongs to an alkaline bactericidal protective agent, and the waxberry flowers which are opened and not completely fertilized have extremely weak resistance to external adverse factors (such as high temperature of more than 25 ℃, stimulation of high-concentration pesticides, sand falling or haze), and are easy to cause abnormal fertilization. The flower thinning principle of the lime sulfur is that the lime sulfur can not be fertilized normally due to the stimulation of alkalinity to flowers which are just opened, so that the purpose of thinning the flowers of the waxberries is achieved.
When the lime sulphur is used for thinning flowers, the lime sulphur only has the effect of thinning the waxberry flowers within about 3 days of the waxberry flowers, and has no effect of thinning unopened flower buds or fertilized flowers. In order to ensure the flower thinning effect of the waxberries, the temperature (the effective accumulated temperature is 25 ℃ or more) must be higher 3 days before flower thinning, so that the flowering quantity of the waxberries in 3 days reaches more than 50%, otherwise, the flower thinning effect is not obvious enough.
Paclobutrazol is a plant growth regulator and is mainly used for controlling tips, promoting flowers and protecting fruits of crops. The paclobutrazol has an antagonistic effect on gibberellin, and the paclobutrazol is sprayed to the red bayberry flowers at the early stage of fruit setting, so that the gibberellin in the ovaries of the red bayberry flowers can be quickly reduced or even eliminated, the division speed of the cells of the ovaries is forced to be slowed down, and the division of the cells of partial ovaries with weak growth potential is stopped, thereby achieving the purpose of thinning flowers.
According to the flower thinning principle of lime sulphur, the following components are obtained: the lime sulfur mixture is only suitable for thinning flowers from the full bloom stage to the late full bloom stage of the waxberry. After the red bayberries are initially bloomed, the effective temperature is accumulated day by day, so that the length of the whole flowering time of the red bayberries can be reflected, and the daily flowering amount of the red bayberries can also be reflected. The effective accumulated temperature of the waxberries is about 50 ℃ when the whole flowering period is more than or equal to 10 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature of each 1 ℃ is equivalent to 2% of the flowering amount. If 50% of flowers of the red bayberries are to be thinned in the year, according to the flower thinning principle of the lime-sulfur mixture, the effective accumulated temperature of more than 25 ℃ is required within 3 days before flower thinning, and the effective accumulated temperature of more than 8.3 ℃ per day (the daily average temperature is 18.3 ℃) is required on average, so that 50% of flowering amount within 3 days can be ensured. In the full-bloom period of the waxberry in the past, the years with the average temperature of more than 18.3 ℃ for 3 continuous days are few. Therefore, it is not suitable to use lime sulphur to disperse flowers in the red bayberry trees with large flower amount in general years.
Further, the using concentration of the lime-sulfur agent flower thinning is as follows: baume 0.5-0.6 degree.
According to the flower thinning principle of paclobutrazol, the following steps are available: in any year, the flower thinning of the waxberries can be carried out by the paclobutrazol from the flower filling stage to the fruit setting stage of the waxberries. The paclobutrazol is used for flower thinning of the waxberries, and climatic factors have great influence on the flower thinning effect. Although the weather forecast information can be checked, the weather condition after flower thinning is predicted, and the using amount of paclobutrazol is correspondingly increased and decreased, the weather forecast cannot be 100% accurate, flower thinning is carried out on the waxberries too early, and the flower thinning effect cannot reach the purpose expected due to the fact that the weather forecast is wrong. Therefore, under the condition of permission of the labor condition of the fruit growers, the red bayberry thinning is preferably carried out in the early fruit setting stage (the effective accumulated temperature is about 112.5 ℃) or in the sunny day before.
Further, the using concentration of the paclobutrazol from the full bloom to the final full bloom stage of the waxberry is 100 ml/L, namely 10 g of 15 percent paclobutrazol is added into 30 jin of water of each sprayer; the concentration used in the initial stage of fruit setting (when the shape of the match head is formed on the flower stalk) is 300 ml/l, namely 30 g of 15% paclobutrazol is added into 30 jin of water per sprayer.
Furthermore, the usage amount of the paclobutrazol is different in different thinning time. If the effective accumulated temperature is used to replace the thinning time, the thinning time is found to be in a proportional relation with the use concentration (the proportional relation is only limited from the full-bloom stage to the early fruit setting stage of the waxberry). At the end of full bloom (effective accumulated temperature 37.5 ℃), 10 g (or 100 ml per liter) of 15% paclobutrazol is used for each sprayer; at the initial stage of fruit set (effective accumulated temperature 112.5 ℃), 30 g (or 300 ml/l) of paclobutrazol 15% is used for each sprayer. The effective accumulated temperature/paclobutrazol standard dosage is 37.5/10-112.5/30.
Assuming that the effective accumulated temperature of certain waxberry is X degrees when the flower thinning day is more than or equal to 10 ℃, and the standard dosage of paclobutrazol is Y grams. According to the proportion relation: and X/Y is 37.5/10, namely the standard dosage of paclobutrazol is 4X effective accumulated temperature/15 of flower thinning day.
The flower thinning days are different in the same orchard, and the dosage of the flower thinning agent is also different. In orchards with different flower thinning days, the dosage of the flower thinning agent is different even if the flower thinning days are the same. Nobody knows the elegance of the pesticide, and the traditional pesticide use experience is used to. The flower thinning effect is not ideal until the fruits of the waxberries are set, but the true reason cannot be found, and the fact that more or less medicines are sprayed during pesticide spraying is always suspected.
The water chestnut waxberry has super strong fruiting capacity. The flower season can resist the freezing injury in a short time, the normal pollination and fruiting of the flower can not be blocked by continuous overcast and rainy days, but the flower season can not withstand the damage of high-temperature dry weather of more than 25 ℃, and the 'sand falling' weather is fatal to the flower season.
Influence and countermeasures of high-temperature weather on fruit setting of the waxberries: if the flowering period of the waxberries meets a high-temperature drying weather with the highest daily temperature of more than 25 ℃, the fruit setting rate of the waxberries in the year is reduced, and the reduction degree depends on the days and the temperature of the high temperature. Generally, the waxberries are just one day or none in the weather of the highest temperature of 25 ℃ or above in the year from early flowering to late flowering. If the weather of more than 25 ℃ is more than one day, every more day, 5% -10% of the standard dosage of the flower thinning agent paclobutrazol on the day should be reduced when the waxberries are thinned, and the standard dosage is subtracted from the standard dosage by times when the waxberries are thinned.
Influence and countermeasures of rainwater on flower thinning of red bayberries: the water chestnut waxberries have super-strong fruiting capacity, and if continuous overcast and rainy days are met in the flowering period and the fruit setting period, the influence on the total yield of the water chestnut waxberries is less, but the flower and fruit dropping phenomenon is more obvious on the Dongkui waxberries, and the excessive rainwater can not obviously reduce the fruit setting rate of the water chestnut waxberries but has obvious influence on the flower thinning effect of the waxberries. The excessive rain water and the full soil moisture before and after flower thinning of the red bayberries can weaken the flower thinning effect of the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent. If the red bayberries have heavy rain in two or three days after flower thinning, the flower thinning agent sprayed on the red bayberries becomes light through rain wash, so that the flower thinning effect of the red bayberries is weakened.
Furthermore, when the paclobutrazol is used for flower thinning, the actual dosage of the flower thinning agent is correspondingly increased or decreased on the basis of the standard dosage according to the climate type before flower thinning of the waxberries, the moisture dry and wet condition of soil and the weather forecast weather information after flower thinning of the waxberries, and the formula is summarized as follows:
note: the addition and subtraction of the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent are based on the standard dosage of the flower thinning day and are correspondingly added and subtracted. The reference final time of the weather forecast data is the end of fruit setting of the waxberries (the effective accumulated temperature is about 185 ℃). Since the weather forecast cannot be guaranteed to be 100% accurate, the rainfall is still unknown even if the weather forecast is accurate. Therefore, it should be used with cautions whether to add or subtract drugs, and less or more should be used.
The sand falling is also called haze, the sand falling is commonly called haze by fruit growers in Zhejiang, and harmful gas and dust particles in the sand falling weather can generate strong stimulation to the waxberries pollinated, and the stimulation is equivalent to the flower thinning effect of excessive flower thinning agent on the waxberries. The red bayberry flowering period has fewer years of falling sand, but the influence on the yield of the red bayberries is large.
The red bayberries encounter 'sand falling' in the initial flowering period or the flowering thanks period, and the influence on the yield is small. The red bayberry in the full bloom stage has great influence on the yield due to the falling of sand. The degree of damage of the red bayberries caused by the sand falling can not be expressed by people in the form of data at present. The red bayberry flower thinning technology is not suitable for the red bayberry flower thinning process when the red bayberries fall sand in the flowering period.
The red bayberry tree has annual difference in the flower amount of red bayberries in the year due to factors such as climate and orchard management. Generally, the flower amount of the rainy year in autumn is large, and the flower amount of the rainy year in autumn is small; the orchard flower amount managed finely is large, and the orchard flower amount managed roughly is small.
Further, when the flower thinning agent is paclobutrazol, 10% -15% of the flower amount is added on the basis of the standard dosage in the year with large flower amount, and the amount cannot exceed 20%; the year with less flowers needs to be reduced by 10-15 percent based on the standard dosage. In an orchard scientifically applying the red bayberry flower thinning technology, the red bayberry flower quantity tends to be large year after year, and the quality of the red bayberries can be guaranteed only by flower thinning and fruit thinning every year.
The flower amount of the fruit trees is different from fruit tree to fruit tree in the same orchard. When the waxberries are thinned, spraying the paclobutrazol flower thinning liquid more for trees with large flowers, spraying the paclobutrazol flower thinning liquid less for trees with small flowers, and not spraying the paclobutrazol flower thinning liquid for trees with flowers, wherein the branch tips of the flowers account for less than 50% of the total branch tips of the whole trees.
The same waxberry tree and the same waxberry flower thinning technology can generate different flower thinning effects in different fruit growers. The poor mental action of fruit growers can cause the flower thinning operation technique of the waxberries to deviate from the technical requirements, and finally, the flower thinning effect is changed. When preventing diseases, controlling pests and weeding for crops, the fruit grower can arbitrarily increase or decrease the dosage or increase or decrease the amount of the sprayed pesticide liquid according to the own will of the fruit grower to achieve an ideal effect on the premise of ensuring no pesticide damage, and only the pest and weed are killed. The flower thinning effect of the waxberries is proper, and according to the yield target of fruit growers to the waxberry trees, parts and reserved parts of flowers and fruits on the waxberry trees are thinned, and the reserved parts of flowers and fruits are not too many or too few.
The dosage is the main factor influencing the flower thinning effect of the waxberries. The dose of the drug is not only determined by the concentration of the drug but also influenced by the absolute amount (concentration X amount of the drug solution). Although the concentration is proper, if the amount of the sprayed liquid medicine is increased or decreased, the amount of the sprayed liquid medicine is correspondingly increased or decreased. For fruit growers without experience of flower thinning of the waxberries, no matter what heart states are used for flower thinning of the waxberries, the flowers cannot be thinned on the whole trees, and a margin is left to ensure the yield. According to the technical requirements of flower thinning of the waxberries, flower thinning liquid is sprayed on two thirds of leaf surface flowering branches of the fruit trees, and one third of the leaf surfaces are left to be not sprayed or less sprayed. Thus, if the flower thinning is proper, the flower branches which are left without spraying or with spraying less flower thinning liquid are subjected to proper manual thinning. If the thinning is too much, the partial flowering branch which is not sprayed or is sprayed with less thinning liquid is left to be enough to compensate the yield of the whole tree.
The flower thinning liquid of lime sulphur has the effect of thinning flowers only on newly opened flos populi. Therefore, when thinning flowers, only the whole tree with a large flower amount is wet by spraying; spraying moisture on branches and leaves with a little more flowers; the tree with less flower amount is not sprayed with flower thinning liquid.
Whether flower thinning is needed or not is determined according to the amount of flowers on the waxberry trees when the paclobutrazol flower thinning liquid is sprayed. The branch tips with flowers on the tree account for less than 50 percent of the total branch tips of the whole tree and are not suitable for thinning flowers; thinning the flowers of 60-80% of the tree; more than 90% of the trees are full-tree thinning. The whole tree flower thinning needs to be carried out until the liquid medicine is sprayed to wet the whole tree and is dripped, and the partial flower thinning needs to be sprayed to wet. Before spraying, the amount of flowers on the waxberry tree is carefully observed, and it is determined that flower thinning is needed there, and spraying is needed there. The spraying should be performed from top to bottom without repetition. The flower thinning principle of paclobutrazol and lime sulphur is different, the flower thinning of the tops of the trees by paclobutrazol is difficult to be influenced by the advantages of the tops, and more pesticide is needed to be sprayed; the branches are weak around, and the medicine should be sprayed less. The young trees which bear fruits at the beginning need to spray less pesticide, the old trees need to spray more pesticide, and especially the top ends of the big trees need not to spray more pesticide. A knapsack electric sprayer is preferably used when flowers are thinned.
In addition, before the flower of the waxberries is thinned, the waxberry trees are reasonably pruned, and excessive cross branches and overlapped branches are pruned; in the flowering period of the red bayberries, if the red bayberries meet sand-dust weather (called as "sand falling"), flower thinning is strictly forbidden. The judgment of the initial flowering day of the red bayberries in the orchard must be accurate, and the effective accumulated temperature accumulation of the flowering days and the calculation of the using amount of the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent must be careful and must be not wrong. The red bayberries are not required to be thinned by lime sulphur in general years, and the red bayberries can be thinned by lime sulphur in years with high-temperature drying and short flowering time. The method is only suitable for thinning the flowers of the water chestnut red bayberries, and carefully thinning the flowers of other varieties of red bayberries such as Dongkui, and the like, and the method can be applied to orchards after relevant experiences are obtained.
Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a more scientific and more perfect new technology for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries, so that fruit growers in all regions can select the optimal flower thinning time and the corresponding flower thinning agent dosage suitable for the fruit gardens according to the initial flower thinning time, the local climatic conditions and the weather forecast data of the fruit gardens, the smooth proceeding of the flower thinning technology of the waxberries is ensured, and the optimal effect is achieved.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. It is to be understood that the following description is only illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, as used herein, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is expressed as a range, preferred range, or as a range of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. For example, when a range of "1 to 5" is disclosed, the described range should be interpreted to include the ranges "1 to 4", "1 to 3", "1 to 2 and 4 to 5", "1 to 3 and 5", and the like. When a range of values is described herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof and all integers and fractions within the range.
Furthermore, the description below of the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily for the same embodiment or example. Further, the technical features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Example 1
Orchard address: mountain horse ballast stone canal village in Lanxi city
The implementation time is as follows: 2016 (year)
Overview of orchard: the orchard is located in the middle of Zhejiang, the altitude is 50-180 m, and the main cultivars of the water chestnuts and the myrica rubra Dongkui are.
1. Prediction and observation of the early flowering stage of waxberry
(1) Prediction of early flowering phase of waxberries
According to the prediction method for the early flowering period and the thinning period of the water chestnut red bayberries in the similar Zhejiang warm place (the patent application number is CN201710003683.X), early flowering in 3 months and 7 days in an orchard is predicted.
(2) The original flower appearance of red bayberry
The altitude of the reference juicy peach is about 70 m, the early flowering is found in 3 months and 7 am, and the early flowering of waxberry is also found in the mountaintop from noon to orchard in the same day. The red bayberry blossoms late, and the early blossoming is found in 3 months and 9 days.
2. Prediction of each growth period of waxberry
According to a prediction method for the early flowering period and the thinning period of the water chestnut red bayberries in the similar Zhejiang warm place (the patent application number is CN201710003683.X), the late flowering period of the red bayberries is predicted to be 3 months and 21 days, and the accumulated effective accumulated temperature is 38.5 ℃ on the same day; the early stage of fruit setting of the waxberries is 4 months and 5 days, and the accumulated effective accumulated temperature of the waxberries is 116.5 DEG C
2016 table for forecasting each growth period of red bayberry in orchard
Note: the weather forecast data come from 2345 weather forecast network, Lanxi historical weather.
3. Selection of red bayberry flower thinning agent and flower thinning time
(1) Selection of flower thinning agent for waxberry
From the 2016 table for predicting the growth period of red bayberry in orchard, it is known that: the accumulated effective accumulated temperature reaches 38.5 degrees after 21 days in 3 months, and reaches the late stage of full bloom of the waxberry. Before day 21, the effective accumulated temperatures were highest for three consecutive days, i.e., 7 degrees, and 6 degrees, on days 17, 18, and 19, and the effective accumulated temperature was 20 degrees for three days. The effective temperature of 20 degrees will be about 40% of the flowering, and if the lime is selected for thinning, the best time is 3 months and 20 days, about 40% of the flowering can be thinned.
As the quantity of the poplar plum blossom in an orchard in 2016 is large, 40% of flower thinning still cannot achieve the purpose of yield control. Therefore, 15% of paclobutrazol is selected as the waxberry flower thinning agent in the year.
(2) Selection of thinning time
From the 2016 year table for forecasting each growing period of red bayberry in orchard, it can be seen that: the time for thinning flower with paclobutrazol is 3 months and 21 days to 4 months and 5 days. According to the flower thinning experience in the past year, the flower thinning work of the waxberries in the whole orchard needs 3 days, and then according to the weather forecast weather data of the Lanxi and the work arrangement of the user, the flower thinning work of the orchard is determined by 27 days in 3 months, 28 days in 3 months and 1 day in 4 months respectively.
4. Calculation of Standard dose of paclobutrazol flower thinning agent
(1) Effective accumulated temperature of red bayberry in flower thinning day
According to a prediction table of each growing period of red bayberries in 2016 orchard, the following steps are found: the effective integrated temperature at 27 days in 3 months was 43.5 degrees, the effective integrated temperature at 28 days in 3 months was 47.5 degrees, and the effective integrated temperature at 1 day in 4 months was 76.5 degrees.
(2) Calculation of Standard dose of paclobutrazol
The effective accumulated temperature of 27 days in 3 months is 43.5 degrees, the effective accumulated temperature of 28 days in 3 months is 47.5 degrees, and the effective accumulated temperature of 1 day in 4 months is 76.5 degrees, respectively, and the formula of 'paclobutrazol dosage is 4X effective accumulated temperature of flower thinning day ÷ 15' is used for calculation in a column manner.
Standard dose of paclobutrazol 3.27/month is 4X 43.5/15 ═ 11.6 (g)
Standard dose of paclobutrazol for 3 months and 28 days is 4X 47.5/15 ═ 12.7 (g)
4-month-1-day paclobutrazol standard dose of 4X76.5 ÷ 15 ═ 20.4 (g)
The effective product temperature for the flower thinning day is listed below with paclobutrazol (obtained according to paclobutrazol standard ═ 4X effective product temperature for flower thinning day ÷ 15)
Effective accumulated temperature in flower thinning day and paclobutrazol standard dosage table
Note: effective accumulated temperature-the effective accumulated temperature of the waxberry from the initial blossom to the flower thinning day is more than or equal to 10 ℃.
Standard dose of paclobutrazol-30 jin of water per sprayer, 15% of paclobutrazol is added.
From the table above, it can be found that: the effective accumulated temperature is 43.5 degrees (close to 45 degrees) in 27 days after 3 months, and the standard dosage of paclobutrazol is about 12 grams; the effective accumulated temperature is 47.5 degrees (close to 45 degrees) in 28 days in 3 months, and the standard dosage of paclobutrazol is about 12 grams; the effective accumulated temperature is 76.5 degrees (close to 75 degrees) in 4 months and 1 day, and the standard dosage of the paclobutrazol is about 20 grams.
5. Calculation of actual paclobutrazol
The actual dose of paclobutrazol is based on the standard dose, considering the total flower amount of the whole red bayberries in the orchard, the climate before and after flower thinning and the influence of soil dryness and wetness on flower thinning effect, and then properly adding or subtracting part of the corresponding dose.
In 2016, from the beginning of flowering (3 months and 7 days) of red bayberry to the end stage of flowering (3 months and 28 days) of red bayberry thanks, the highest daily temperature on the day of the first flowering is higher than 25 ℃, and the high-temperature drug reduction is not considered.
In 2016, before flowering in the early 3-month and 7-month period and before flowering in the 27-month and 3-month period, the weather is alternate sunny and rainy days, the soil moisture is moderate, and the addition and subtraction of the paclobutrazol are not needed; weather forecast data shows that the rainy days are more before 4 months and 12 days (the fruit setting is finished) after the flower thinning of the red bayberries, and excessive rainwater has the flower thinning effect of reducing the paclobutrazol. According to a 'different climate type paclobutrazol flower thinning agent dosage adjusting table', 5% dosage is added on the basis of standard medication.
In 2016, the flower amount of the whole red bayberries in the orchard is large, the red bayberries are moderate and more in the years, and 10% of the dose of the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent is added on the basis of standard medicine application according to flower thinning experience.
By combining the three analyses, the actual dosage of paclobutrazol as the flower thinning agent for red bayberries in the orchard in 2016 is 15% (5% + 10%) more than the standard dosage.
The actual usage of paclobutrazol at 3 months and 27 days is as follows: 11.6+11.6X 15% ═ 13.34 (grams)
The actual usage of paclobutrazol at 3 months and 28 days is as follows: 12.7+12.7X 15% ═ 14.6 (grams)
The actual usage of paclobutrazol at 4 months and 1 day is as follows: 20.4+20.4X 15% ═ 23.46 (grams)
6. Preparation and application of flower thinning liquid
(1) Preparing paclobutrazol flower thinning liquid: first, 15% of paclobutrazol is weighed. Weighing 13 g each time in 27 days in 3 months, 15 g each time in 28 days in 3 months, and 23 g each time in 1 day in 4 months, pouring the weighed paclobutrazol flower thinning agent into a sprayer filled with 30 jin of water, and stirring uniformly.
(2) Application method
The branch tips with flowers on the tree account for less than 50% of the branch tips of the whole tree without thinning flowers; thinning the flowers of 60-80% of the tree; more than 90% of the trees are full-tree thinning. The whole tree flower thinning needs to be carried out until the whole tree is wet and drops, and the spraying needs to be carried out from top to bottom without repetition. Spraying more branch tips at the top of the tree and spraying less branch tips at the bottom of the periphery of the tree; the young trees of the initial fruiting need to be sprayed less, the big trees of the old trees need to be sprayed more, and especially the top ends of the big trees do not need to be sprayed less. A knapsack sprayer is preferably used when flowers are thinned.
As the water chestnut waxberries are easy to flower and bear fruits and have high yield, flower thinning and fruit thinning are needed to improve the quality of the waxberries in the year. The existing red bayberry flower thinning technology is not perfect enough, and the phenomenon of excessive flower thinning or unobvious effect appears after the use of fruit growers, so that the comprehensive popularization and application are difficult. At present, fruit growers planting water chestnut waxberries mainly adopt artificial thinning for the waxberries in the year. The manual fruit thinning needs 150 yuan per mu, and the fruit thinning cost of 600 yuan and 1500 yuan per mu of water chestnut waxberries. The manual fruit thinning is hard and safe, and the fruit grower often falls down to hurt the fruit due to the fruit thinning on the tree. The technology can accurately predict the flower thinning time, scientifically and reasonably select the flower thinning agent suitable for the orchard in the same year, and accurately calculate the using amount of the flower thinning agent in different areas, different orchards and different flower thinning days, so that the technology can be comprehensively popularized and applied. The method can basically avoid the bitter of fruit farmers in fruit thinning of the perennial red bayberries, obviously improves the quality of the red bayberries compared with manual fruit thinning, increases the proportion of big fruits and high-quality fruits, improves the unit price per kilogram by 0.5-1 yuan on average, and improves the yield per mu by more than 500 yuan. Only less than 10 yuan of pesticide cost and half of the labor for spraying the pesticide are needed per mu, the labor cost of the fruit grower for the old red bayberries can be reduced, the efficiency can be increased by more than 1500 yuan, and the economic benefit is very obvious. The existing waxberry cultivation area in China is about 40 ten thousand mu, and the water chestnut waxberry is a waxberry variety which is wide in distribution and most in cultivation area in China and occupies more than one fifth of the total area. The popularization of the technology has immeasurable social and economic benefits. The technology has a good reference function on flower thinning technical researches of other varieties of waxberries and even other fruits, and is a new assistance for promoting the development of agricultural industrialization.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The water chestnut and waxberry flower thinning method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) prediction and observation of the early flowering stage of waxberry
Accurately predicting the flowering phase of the waxberries by using plants which are similar to the flowering phase of the waxberries in all years as reference objects; when the fact that most of the flower buds of the reference substance are enlarged and exposed to red and a few of the flower buds are about to open is found, the weather forecast data of over one week of the local area is checked, and when the data show that the specific time that the daily average temperature is basically stabilized at over 10 ℃, the specific time is the predicted initial flowering time of the reference substance and is also the predicted initial flowering time of the water chestnut red bayberries;
when a reference object is found to have completely opened flowers, observing whether the red bayberries are initially blossoming or not immediately in an orchard, selecting trees or branches which are long in sunshine and sufficient in illumination when the trees or branches are initially blossomed, and when reddish short fibers are found on the branches of the water chestnut red bayberries and grow by about 5 mm, the trees or branches are the initial blossoming of the water chestnut red bayberries; the day when the water chestnut red bayberries are found to be primarily flowering is called the water chestnut red bayberry primarily flowering day; the red bayberry orchards with different latitudes and altitudes have different initial flowering days due to climate reasons, and the initial flowering time of the red bayberries is delayed along with the increase of the latitudes and the altitudes;
(2) prediction of major growth periods of waxberry
The initial period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries is as follows: in the full-bloom stage of the waxberries, when the flower thinning agent of the paclobutrazol is used for thinning flowers, the flowering stage of the waxberries is avoided, and the postponement is carried out until the flowering stage is finished;
the final period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries is as follows: the final period of flower thinning by using the lime sulfur flower thinning agent is the final period of full bloom; the final period of flower thinning by using the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent is the initial period of fruit setting;
predicting the thinning date of the water chestnut waxberries: the initial flowering day of the water chestnut waxberries is classified as '0', and then the effective accumulated temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃ is accumulated day by day according to the local actual temperature and the temperature on the forecast data of weather over one week; when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 25 ℃, predicting the flowering beginning of the water chestnut waxberry, and postponing the prediction flowering beginning by using the paclobutrazol flowering promoting agent to the day when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 50 ℃; when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 37.5 ℃, predicting the final period of flower thinning of the water chestnut waxberries by using the lime-sulfur flower thinning agent; when the effective accumulated temperature is higher than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 112.5 ℃, predicting the final period of flower thinning of the water chestnut red bayberries by using the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 25 ℃, the full-bloom period of the waxberry is defined;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 37.5 ℃, the final stage of full bloom of the waxberry is obtained;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 50 ℃, the final stage of flower withering of the waxberry is obtained;
when the effective accumulated temperature is higher than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 112.5 ℃, the red bayberry fruit setting is in the initial stage;
when the effective accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and reaches 185 ℃, the fruit setting end period of the waxberries is determined;
if the difference between the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard and the temperature on the weather forecast data is within 1 ℃, accumulating the effective accumulated temperature by using the temperature on the local weather forecast data; if the difference between the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard and the temperature on the weather forecast data is more than 1 ℃, accumulating the effective accumulated temperature by using the actual temperature of the waxberry orchard;
(3) selection of flower thinning agent for waxberry
The flower thinning agent for waxberry is lime sulphur and paclobutrazol.
2. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 1, wherein the altitude of the reference object is lower than or close to the altitude of the waxberries.
3. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the red bayberries according to claim 1, wherein when the flower thinning agent is lime sulfur, the effective accumulated temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃ in 3 days before thinning needs to reach 25 ℃, so that the flowering amount of the red bayberries in 3 days reaches more than 50%.
4. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 1, wherein when the flower thinning agent is lime sulfur, the flowers are thinned at the time from the full-bloom stage of the waxberries to the late full-bloom stage, and the flowers bloom is concentrated.
5. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 1, wherein the using concentration of the lime-sulfur mixture for thinning the flowers is as follows: baume 0.5-0.6 degree.
6. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 1, wherein the using concentration of the paclobutrazol from the full flower stage to the full flower stage of the waxberries is 100 ml/L; the concentration used in the early stage of fruit set was 300 ml/l.
7. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 1, wherein the paclobutrazol is used in different thinning times, and if the effective accumulated temperature is used to replace the thinning time, and the effective accumulated temperature is X degrees when the date when the waxberries are thinned is more than or equal to 10 ℃, and the standard dose of the paclobutrazol is Y grams, the standard dose of the paclobutrazol is 4X effective accumulated temperature/15 every date when the waxberries are thinned.
8. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 7, wherein when the paclobutrazol is used for thinning the flowers, the actual consumption of the flower thinning agent is correspondingly increased or decreased on the basis of the standard consumption according to weather information before the flowers of the waxberries are thinned, the moisture condition of soil and weather forecast weather after the flowers of the waxberries are thinned, and the method is summarized as follows:
。
9. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the waxberries according to claim 7, wherein when the flower thinning agent is paclobutrazol, 10% -15% of the flower amount is added for the year with the large flower amount based on the standard dosage; the year with less flowers needs to be reduced by 10-15 percent based on the standard dosage.
10. The method for thinning the flowers of the water chestnuts and the red bayberries according to claim 1, wherein when the red bayberries are thinned, the trees with large flowers are sprayed with the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent more, the trees with small flowers are sprayed with the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent less, and the trees with flowers do not spray the paclobutrazol flower thinning agent when the branch tips account for less than 50% of the total branch tips of the whole trees.
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