CN111567339A

CN111567339A - High-yield wheat planting method under condition of returning all corn straws to field

Info

Publication number: CN111567339A
Application number: CN202010498263.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 裴艳婷; 朱金英; 肖磊; 段青青; 王静静
Original assignee: DEZHOU INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
Current assignee: DEZHOU INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
Priority date: 2020-06-04
Filing date: 2020-06-04
Publication date: 2020-08-25

Abstract

The invention discloses a wheat high-yield planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of corn straws to the field, which comprises the following steps: after harvesting corns, crushing the corn straws on the spot, applying an organic fertilizer and urea, and spraying a composite microbial inoculum on the crushed straws on the spot; rotary tillage, leveling, compacting, watering, carrying out secondary rotary tillage and compacting when the soil humidity is 20-50%, and carrying out wheat seeding; preventing and removing insect pests; and (6) harvesting. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field can realize the quick decomposition and degradation of the corn straws, fertilize the soil and realize the high yield of the wheat under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field.

Description

High-yield wheat planting method under condition of returning all corn straws to field

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of corn straws to the field.

Background

Wheat and corn are important grain crops in China and occupy important positions in agriculture and national economy in China. China is the largest wheat producing country and consuming country, the yield and consumption amount approximately account for about 25% of national grain yield, and the trade and stock of commercial wheat approximately account for 35% of national grain yield. Corn is a grain crop with the highest yield, has multiple purposes of grain, feed and the like, plays an important role in food production in China, and is the second largest corn producing country and consumer country in the world in China. Corn is used as the second major grain crop in China and is also the main crop for guaranteeing the grain safety in China.

Along with the whole mechanized deepening of the corn, the corn combine harvester develops rapidly, the mechanical harvesting of the corn is popularized rapidly, the production efficiency is improved, a large amount of residual ground surface of the corn straw is generated, and the subsequent operations such as seeding are affected seriously. At present, the following three methods are mainly used for processing straws, one method is to pack the straws by a corn straw packing machine, and then load the straws into a cart and transport the straws out of the cart by a straw grabbing machine. The method can effectively solve the problem of corn straw residue, but the treatment process is high in consumption, labor and force, high in cost and difficult to bear by farmers, and the corn straw can not be returned to the field; the second mode is that the corn straws are smashed and scattered on the ground surface by a straw returning machine, the mode can realize returning of the corn straws to the field, but the corn straws cannot be quickly decomposed and degraded, insect eggs, bacteria and other plant diseases and insect pests in the straws cannot be killed in the direct smashing process, and the insect pests and insect pests are left in the soil after returning to the field, so that the plant diseases and insect pests are aggravated; and thirdly, straw is directly burnt, and the method can solve the problem of straw residue but causes serious pollution to the environment.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of corn straws to the field.

The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of corn straws to the field specifically comprises the following steps:

(1) after harvesting corns, crushing the corn straws on the spot, applying an organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and spraying a compound microbial inoculum on the crushed straws on the spot;

(2) carrying out rotary tillage, flattening, compacting and watering on the corn straws sprayed with the compound microbial inoculum in the step (1);

(3) airing until the soil humidity is 20-50%, and carrying out secondary rotary tillage, rolling and compaction to sow wheat;

(4) preventing and removing weeds in the wheat field before winter;

(5) applying nitrogen fertilizer to the wheat in the rising period;

(6) pest control;

(7) and (5) harvesting the wheat.

Preferably, the average length of the crushed corn straws in the step (1) is 0.5-1.2cm, and the crushing rate is more than 90%.

Preferably, the active ingredients in the composite microbial inoculum in the step (1) comprise, by mass, 3-5 parts of yeast, 10-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 3-8 parts of actinomycetes, 5-10 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 3-5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3-8 parts of trichodermin, 10-15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 3-5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5-10 parts of zymophaga fibraurea.

Preferably, the spraying amount of the compound microbial inoculum in the step (1) is 10-15 kg/mu, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content proportion of the compound fertilizer is 15: 15:15, and the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 50-60 kg/mu.

Preferably, lime is sprayed on the straws while the straws are ground on the spot in the step (1), and the spraying amount is 30-40 kg/mu.

Preferably, the organic fertilizer in the step (1) is prepared by fermenting and processing animal wastes, and the application amount is 20-30 kg/mu.

Preferably, the thickness of the rotary tillage in the step (2) is 25-30 cm.

Preferably, the wheat seeding mode in the step (3) is wide-width precision seeding, the seeding quantity is 7-10 kg/mu, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, the row spacing is 22-26cm, and the seeding width is 8 cm.

Preferably, in the step (4), after 3 leaves of wheat in autumn are used as the key period of weed control, 25-30ml of 3% mesosulfuron missible oil and 1-1.2g of 75% tribenuron-methyl wettable powder are used per mu, and water is added for spray control.

Preferably, in the step (5), nitrogen fertilizer is topdressed in the rising period, the using amount of pure nitrogen applied to each mu is 8 kg/mu, the topdressing method is uniform spreading, and watering is carried out immediately after spreading.

Preferably, in the step (6), the key period for pest control is the striking-off period, and 20g of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 80ml of 2.5% high-efficiency chlorine fluorine hydrogen pyrethroid aqueous emulsion, 80ml of 45% tebuconazole-prochloraz 25g, 100g of 98% monopotassium phosphate and 8ml of brassinolide are used in each mu. Can effectively prevent and treat aphid, gibberellic disease and powdery mildew, as well as sucking pests, rust disease, leaf blight and dry hot air.

Preferably, in the step (7), when the wheat grains are all yellow and the water content is below 18%, the wheat grains can be harvested.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) the straw returning is a cultivation method for directly crushing and applying the straws into soil and enhancing the soil fertility after the straws are thoroughly decomposed in the soil layer. The straws contain a large amount of organic materials, and after the straws are smashed and returned to a farmland, the straws are decomposed in soil and can be converted into organic matters and quick-acting nutrients, so that the soil is loosened, the pores are enlarged, the soil structure is improved, and the development of crop roots can be effectively promoted. The method for returning the straws to the field can play a role in environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture.

(2) The straw decomposition agent disclosed by the invention has the advantages that various floras can be harmoniously co-located and mutually promoted, the effect of complementary advantages is achieved, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and the like in crop straws can be effectively decomposed, the degradation time of the corn straws is effectively shortened, a certain amount of compound microbial inoculum is sprayed before deep ploughing after the corn straws are crushed, the rapid degradation of the cellulose and the like which are difficult to degrade in the corn straws can be promoted, and the rapid cyclic utilization of nutrient substances of the corn straws is realized.

(3) The fresh straws can generate various organic acids in the process of decomposition, and have toxic action on crop roots. Therefore, when returning the straws to the field, a proper amount of lime is applied to neutralize the generated organic acid so as to prevent poisoning and promote decomposition of the straws. Meanwhile, the diseased straws carry germs when being returned to the field, the diseases can be infected when the straws are directly returned to the field, and a proper amount of lime is added to generate high temperature, so that high-temperature composting can be adopted to kill the germs.

(4) The fermented animal waste is used as an organic fertilizer, so that on one hand, more balanced and long-acting nutrient substances are supplied for the growth of wheat, and on the other hand, rich microbial strains can be provided, the decomposition speed of the deeply buried corn straws can be effectively accelerated, and the release amount of organic matters is increased.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiments

Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.

It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The description and examples are intended to be illustrative only.

As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.

The specific preparation method of the organic fertilizer used in the following examples of the invention:

putting cow dung, sawdust and crushed straws into a premixer for mixing and stirring, adjusting the C/N ratio of the materials to be 20: 1, adjusting the pH value to be 7, and feeding the adjusted materials into a fermentation tower through a conveying device for fermentation; gradually raising the fermentation temperature of the materials to 70 ℃ in 2 days, continuously stirring, ventilating for oxygen supply, gradually lowering the temperature after 4 days, adjusting and controlling the temperature to 55 ℃ until complete fermentation is carried out for 7 days; after fermentation, the material is spread on the air to be cooled, and the water content is controlled to be 45 percent; removing impurities, drying, crushing and granulating to obtain the organic fertilizer.

Applying wheat variety Jimai 22 with the largest Shandong popularization area, selecting a certain wheat field in the Dezhou district of Shandong Texiao as an experimental field, wherein the total area is 10 mu, the average division is 10 parts, each part is 1 mu, after the corn is harvested, the corn straws are ground into the powder with the length not more than 5cm, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied to the powder in a spreading way by 15 percent: 55 kg/mu of 15:15 compound fertilizer, and then respectively carrying out the following treatment;

example 1

Directly rotary tillage, leveling land, compacting, watering, carrying out secondary rotary tillage and compacting after 10 days, carrying out wheat seeding with the rotary tillage depth of 25cm, and seeding by using a drill leg type wide precision seeder, wherein the seeding amount is 8.5 kg/mu, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, the seeding row spacing is 22cm, and the seeding width is 8 cm.

Example 2

Applying 20kg of organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage, leveling, compacting, sowing wheat after 10 days, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 25cm, sowing is carried out by a drill leg type wide precision sowing machine, the sowing quantity is 8.5 kg/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5cm, the sowing row spacing is 22cm, and the sowing width is 8 cm.

Example 3

Applying 20kg of organic fertilizer, spraying 30kg of compound microbial inoculum, carrying out rotary tillage, leveling, compacting, sowing wheat after 10 days, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 25cm, sowing is carried out by using a drill leg type wide precision sowing machine, the sowing quantity is 8.5 kg/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5cm, the sowing row spacing is 22cm, and the sowing width is 8 cm;

the composite microbial inoculum contains 5 parts of saccharomycetes, 20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8 parts of actinomycetes, 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3 parts of trichodermin, 15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5 parts of fermentation cyanophage.

Example 4

The difference from example 4 is that 30kg lime is sprayed on the straw while the straw is pulverized on site.

Example 5

The difference from the embodiment 4 lies in that the composite microbial inoculum contains 5 parts of yeast, 8 parts of actinomycetes, 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5 parts of zymophaga fibraurea.

Example 6

The composite microbial inoculum comprises 20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8 parts of actinomycetes, 5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3 parts of trichodermin, 15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5 parts of zymophaga cellulovorans.

Example 7

The difference from the embodiment 4 is that the composite microbial inoculum contains 5 parts of yeast, 20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3 parts of trichodermin, 5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5 parts of zymophaga fibraurea.

Example 8

The difference from the embodiment 4 is that the composite microbial inoculum contains 5 parts of yeast, 20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8 parts of actinomycetes, 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3 parts of trichodermin and 15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria.

Example 9

The difference from the embodiment 4 lies in that the composite microbial inoculum contains 5 parts of saccharomycetes, 20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5 parts of zymophaga fibraurea.

Example 10

The difference from example 4 is that 10kg of fermented wood chips were uniformly added before rotary tillage;

the preparation method of the fermented wood chips comprises the following steps: adjusting the water content of the sawdust to 40%, adding 40 parts of water, 10 parts of glucose, 5 parts of starch and 2 parts of polyethylene glycol into 100 parts of sawdust, uniformly mixing, placing in a fermentation tank, covering the upper surface of the top layer of sawdust, controlling the temperature of a fermentation chamber to be 35 ℃, and fermenting for 7 days to obtain the fermented sawdust.

In the above examples 1 to 10, the planting was carried out by a conventional method;

after 3 leaves of wheat are planted, 25-30ml of 3% mesosulfuron-methyl emulsifiable solution and 1-1.2g of 75% tribenuron-methyl wettable powder are used for each mu, and water is added for spray control.

In the period of turning green and jointing, 20g of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder, 80ml of 2.5 percent high-efficiency chlorine fluorine hydrogen pyrethrin aqueous emulsion, 25g of 45 percent tebuconazole-prochloraz, 100g of 98 percent monopotassium phosphate and 8ml of brassinolide are used for each mu. It can be used for preventing and treating aphid, gibberellic disease, powdery mildew, sucking insect, rust disease, leaf blight, and dry hot air.

And (3) topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the rising period of the wheat, wherein the using amount of urea applied to each mu is 17.5 kg/mu, the topdressing method is uniform spreading, and watering is carried out immediately after spreading.

And when the wheat grains are all yellow and the water content is below 18%, harvesting.

Before wheat is planted, the rotting degree of the corn straws in the embodiments 1-10 is detected, and the structure is shown in a table 1;

TABLE 1

It can be seen from table 1 that the degradation speed of the corn straw is remarkably improved after the composite microbial inoculum is applied, and the decomposition degree of the corn straw is further accelerated after the fermentation sawdust is added, because hypha growing on the sawdust contains various enzymes, cellulose substances in the corn straw can be degraded, the surface structure of the straw is damaged, the straw degradation is accelerated, cellulose and lignin in the straw are rapidly degraded, and the growth of the succeeding crops cannot be influenced. The lime powder is added to prevent the influence on the micro-ecological environment of soil caused by microorganisms bred by fermenting wood chips after the corn straws are decomposed.

Examples 1-10 wheat yields are shown in table 2;

TABLE 2

As can be seen from Table 2, the compound microbial inoculum applied in the invention remarkably improves the degradation speed of the corn straws, ensures the supply of nutrient components of wheat and leads the wheat to be more highly productive.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims

1. A wheat high-yield planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of corn straws to the field is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(2) carrying out rotary tillage, flattening, pressing and compacting on the corn straws sprayed with the compound microbial inoculum in the step (1), and watering;

(3) airing until the soil humidity is 20-50%, carrying out secondary rotary tillage, compacting and then sowing the wheat;

(4) preventing and removing weeds in the wheat field before winter;

(5) applying nitrogen fertilizer to the wheat in the rising period;

(6) pest control;

(7) and (5) harvesting the wheat.

2. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the average length of the crushed corn straws in the step (1) is 0.5-1.2cm, and the crushing rate is more than 90%.

3. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the active ingredients in the composite microbial inoculum in the step (1) comprise, by mass, 3-5 parts of saccharomycetes, 10-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 3-8 parts of actinomycetes, 5-10 parts of bacillus licheniformis, 3-5 parts of aspergillus flavus, 3-8 parts of trichodermin, 10-15 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 3-5 parts of phanerochaete chrysosporium and 5-10 parts of zymophagous fiber bacteria.

4. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spraying amount of the compound microbial inoculum in the step (1) is 10-15 kg/mu, and the content proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 15: 15:15, and the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 50-60 kg/mu.

5. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein lime is sprayed on the straws while the straws are ground on the spot in the step (1), and the spraying amount is 30-40 kg/mu.

6. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer in the step (1) is prepared by fermenting and processing animal wastes, and the application amount is 20-30 kg/mu.

7. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the rotary tillage in the step (2) is 25-30 cm.

8. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wheat in the step (3) is sowed in a wide-width fine mode, the sowing amount is 7-10 kg/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5cm, the row spacing is 22-26cm, and the sowing width is 8 cm.

9. The high-yield wheat planting method under the condition of returning the whole amount of the corn straws to the field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the key period for weed control in the step (4) is that after 3 leaves of wheat in autumn are removed, 25-30ml of 3% mesosulfuron missible oil and 1-1.2g of 75% tribenuron-methyl wettable powder are used for each mu, and spray control is carried out after water is added;

in the step (5), topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the rising period, wherein the using amount of pure nitrogen topdressed in each mu is 8 kg/mu, the topdressing method is uniform broadcasting, and watering is carried out immediately after broadcasting;

the key period of pest control in the step (6) is the turning green and jointing period, 20g of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 80ml of 2.5% high-efficiency chlorine fluorine hydrogen pyrethrin aqueous emulsion, 45% tebuconazole and prochloraz are added for each mu, 100g of 98% monopotassium phosphate and 8ml of brassinolide are added for each mu; the composition can effectively prevent and treat aphids, gibberellic disease and powdery mildew, and also can prevent and treat sucking pests, rust disease, leaf blight and dry hot air;

and (7) when the wheat grains are all yellow and the water content is below 18%, harvesting.