CN111537127B - Full-range calibration method of X-ray stress gauge - Google Patents
Full-range calibration method of X-ray stress gauge Download PDFInfo
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- CN111537127B CN111537127B CN202010400973.XA CN202010400973A CN111537127B CN 111537127 B CN111537127 B CN 111537127B CN 202010400973 A CN202010400973 A CN 202010400973A CN 111537127 B CN111537127 B CN 111537127B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/0047—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes measuring forces due to residual stresses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/25—Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L25/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring force, torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress meter, which is characterized in that by adopting the method, the stress which can be changed in the full-range is preset on a constant-strength beam, a non-contact displacement video measurement system is adopted to accurately measure the actual deflection value of the constant-strength beam, further, the theoretical stress value of the constant-strength beam is obtained through calculation, the theoretical stress value of the constant-strength beam is compared with the measured stress value of the constant-strength beam measured by the X-ray stress meter, the indication error of the measured stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated is obtained, and the calibration in the full-range can be realized by repeating the steps.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of residual stress measurement, in particular to a full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress meter.
Background
The material often forms a certain degree of residual stress in the workpiece in the process of processing and manufacturing, and the existence of the residual stress has great influence on the safety and reliability of the workpiece or an engineering structure. The X-ray stress gauge can realize nondestructive testing of the residual stress of the workpiece, however, in practical application, the testing precision and the magnitude tracing and the like are influenced because the X-ray stress gauge is not subjected to an accurate calibration process.
Aiming at the calibration of an X-ray stress meter for measuring residual stress, the existing calibration method has the following problems:
1. the calibrated stress value is fixed or can only be changed in a small range, and a large stress value cannot be obtained, so that the full-range calibration is realized.
2. The stress is generally unevenly distributed in the calibration device, and the selection of the calibration position has an influence on the calibration quality. Meanwhile, the calculation and measurement of the preset internal stress are not high in general precision, and high-precision calibration is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress gauge, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art and realize accurate calibration and full-range calibration of the X-ray stress gauge.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress gauge, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining the material of the equal-strength beam used for calibration and the calibration range of the equal-strength beam according to the material to be tested of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated;
step two: determining a corresponding theoretical deflection value of the equal-strength beam according to a to-be-calibrated stress value in the calibration range of the equal-strength beam;
step three: loading the equal-strength beam to the theoretical deflection value through a stress measuring device based on a deflection method, and measuring the actual loading deflection value of the equal-strength beam through a non-contact displacement video measuring system;
step four: calculating a theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam according to the actual loading flexibility value of the equal-strength beam;
step five: measuring the stress value of the equal-strength beam by using the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated to obtain a measured stress value;
step six: obtaining an indication error of the measured stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated according to the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam and the measured stress value, and judging whether the indication error is within an expected tolerance range;
step seven: and changing the stress value to be calibrated, and repeating the second step to the sixth step until the full-range calibration of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated is completed.
Preferably, the material of the equal-strength beam is the same as that of the material to be tested.
Preferably, the calibration range of the equal-strength beam is determined by the yield limit sigma of the equal-strength beamsAnd a safety factor nsDetermining allowable stress of the equal-strength beam as follows:
[σ]＝σs/ns
i.e. the range of stresses over the full range which represents the calibratable isobeam is [ - [ sigma. - ]]，+[σ]]Where the value of σ is rounded down, where σ issThe yield limit of the equal-strength beam is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test; n issIs a safety factor and has a value range of 1.05-1.5.
Preferably, the calculation formula of the theoretical deflection value of the equal-strength beam is as follows:
in the formula wiRepresenting the value of the stress to be calibrated as sigmaiThe corresponding theoretical deflection value; h is the thickness of the equal-strength beam, l is the length of the equal-strength beam, and h and l are measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in a stress measuring device based on a deflection method; and E is the elastic modulus of the equal-strength beam and is obtained by a uniaxial tensile test.
Preferably, the loading process in the third step is realized by a force application loading device in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method, and each tooth of a unidirectional ratchet in the force application loading device can be loaded by 0.4-0.6 mm.
Preferably, the calculation formula of the theoretical stress value is as follows:
wherein sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam; w is an actual deflection value measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method; and E is the elastic modulus of the equal-strength beam and is obtained by a uniaxial tensile test.
Preferably, when the X-ray stress gauge to be calibrated is used for measuring the stress value of the isobeam, multiple measurements are performed at any position of the isobeam, the X-ray stress gauge to be calibrated is generally used for measuring the stress value of the isobeam five times, and an average value is taken as a measurement result.
Preferably, the indicating error is calculated by the following formula:
wherein e is the indicating error of the measured stress value, sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam,
and F, measuring the stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated in the step five.
Preferably, calibration is performed using the deflection-based stress measuring device, the expected tolerance range is-5% to 5%, the expected tolerance range is a quantity selected according to a specific calibration, and different calibration ranges can be selected.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
by adopting the method, the stress which changes in the full-range is preset on the equal-strength beam, the actual deflection value of the equal-strength beam after being loaded is accurately measured by adopting a non-contact displacement video measuring system in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method, the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam is further obtained, the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam is compared with the measured stress value of the equal-strength beam measured by the X-ray stress gauge, the indication error of the measured stress value of the X-ray stress gauge to be calibrated is obtained, whether the measured stress value is in the tolerance range is judged, and the steps are repeated, so that the calibration in the full-range can be realized.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide a full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress gauge, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art and realize accurate calibration and full-range calibration of the X-ray stress gauge.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments in order to make the above objects, features and advantages more apparent and understandable.
The embodiment provides a full-scale calibration method of an X-ray stress gauge, which realizes the calibration process of the X-ray stress gauge on stress values to be calibrated of 50MPa, 100MPa, 150MPa, 200MPa, 250MPa, 300MPa and 350MPa in the full-scale range of Q235 carbon steel, and comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining the material of the equal-strength beam and the calibration range of the equal-strength beam used for calibration according to the material to be tested of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated;
in the first step, the material of the equal-strength beam is the same as the material to be tested of the X-ray instrument.
In the embodiment, the medium-strength beam is made of Q235 carbon steel by a powder metallurgy, repeated annealing and electrolytic cutting method;
in the first step, the calibration range of the equal-strength beam is determined by the yield limit sigma of the equal-strength beamsAnd a safety factor nsDetermining allowable stress of the equal-strength beam as follows:
[σ]＝σs/ns
i.e. the stress range of the whole range which can be calibrated by the equal-strength beam is [ - [ sigma ]]，+[σ]]Where the value of σ is rounded down, where σ issThe yield limit of the equal-strength beam is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test; n issIs a safety factor, and the value range is 1.05-1.5; in this embodiment, the yield limit of the equal-strength beam is 408MPa, the safety factor value is 1.05, and the calibratable range is [ -388MPa, +388MPa]
Step two: determining a corresponding theoretical deflection value according to a to-be-calibrated stress value in the calibration range of the equal-strength beam, and selecting a 200MPa stress value in the to-be-calibrated stress value for calibration;
in the second step, the calculation formula of the theoretical deflection value is as follows:
in the formula wiRepresenting the value of the stress to be calibrated as sigmaiTheoretical deflection value corresponding to time, this implementationIn the example wi8.920 mm; h is the thickness of the equal-strength beam, l is the length of the equal-strength beam, h and l are measured by a non-contact video measuring instrument in a stress measuring device based on a deflection method, the thickness h of the equal-strength beam is 4.026mm, and the length l of the equal-strength beam is 187.280 mm; e is the modulus of elasticity of the isobeam, obtained by the uniaxial tensile test, and in this example, E is 196600 MPa.
Step three: loading the equal-strength beam by a stress measuring device based on a deflection method to a theoretical deflection value wiAnd measuring the actual loading deflection value of the equal-strength beam through a non-contact displacement video measuring system. In this embodiment, the actual loaded deflection value w is 9.032 mm. In the embodiment, the stress measuring device based on the deflection method is the device disclosed in the Chinese patent application No. 201710418129.8, specifically, the loading process is realized by a force application loading device in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method, and each tooth of a one-way ratchet wheel in the force application loading device can be loaded by 0.4-0.6 mm;
step four: calculating a theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam according to the actual loading deflection value of the equal-strength beam, wherein the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam calculated according to the actual loading deflection value in the embodiment is σ' 203.82 MPa;
in the fourth step, the calculation formula of the theoretical stress value is as follows:
wherein sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam; w is an actual deflection value measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method; e is the elastic modulus of the equal-strength beam and is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test;
step five: measuring the stress value of the isobeam by using an X-ray stress meter to be calibrated to obtain a measured stress value;
measuring the stress value of the equal-strength beam for multiple times at any position of the equal-strength beam when the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated is used for measuring the stress value of the equal-strength beam, measuring the stress value of the equal-strength beam for five times by using the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated, and taking an average value as a measurement result;
step six: and obtaining an indication error of a measured quasi-stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated through the theoretical stress value and the measured stress value of the equal-strength beam, judging whether the indication error is within an expected tolerance range, and calibrating by using a stress measuring device based on a deflection method, wherein the expected tolerance range is a quantity selected according to specific calibration, and different calibration selection ranges are different. The tolerance range contemplated in this example is-5% to 5%.
The calculation formula of the indicating value error is as follows:
wherein e is the indicating error of the measured stress value, sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam,
and (4) obtaining the stress value measured by the X-ray stress gauge to be calibrated in the step five, namely the average value of the stress values measured by the X-ray stress gauge to be calibrated at different positions in the step five.
Step seven: and selecting the rest stress values to be calibrated, and repeating the steps from the second step to the sixth step to realize the full-range calibration of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated.
The principle and the implementation mode of the present invention are explained by applying specific examples in the present specification, and the above descriptions of the examples are only used to help understanding the method and the core idea of the present invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, the specific embodiments and the application range may be changed. In view of the above, the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A full-range calibration method of an X-ray stress gauge is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining the material of the equal-strength beam used for calibration and the calibration range of the equal-strength beam according to the material to be tested of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated; the material of the equal-strength beam is the same as that of the material to be tested;
the calibration range of the equal-strength beam is determined by the yield limit sigma of the equal-strength beamsAnd a safety factor nsDetermining allowable stress of the equal-strength beam as follows:
[σ]＝σs/ns
i.e. the range of stresses over the full range which represents the calibratable isobeam is [ - [ sigma. - ]]，+[σ]]Where the value of σ is rounded down, where σ issThe yield limit of the equal-strength beam is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test; n issIs a safety factor, and the value range is 1.05-1.5;
step two: determining a corresponding theoretical deflection value of the equal-strength beam according to a to-be-calibrated stress value in the calibration range of the equal-strength beam;
the calculation formula of the theoretical deflection value of the equal-strength beam is as follows:
in the formula wiRepresenting the value of the stress to be calibrated as sigmaiThe corresponding theoretical deflection value; h is the thickness of the equal-strength beam, l is the length of the equal-strength beam, and h and l are measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in a stress measuring device based on a deflection method; e is the elastic modulus of the equal-strength beam and is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test;
step three: loading the equal-strength beam to the theoretical deflection value through a stress measuring device based on a deflection method, and measuring the actual loading deflection value of the equal-strength beam through a non-contact displacement video measuring system; the loading process in the third step is realized by a force application loading device in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method;
step four: calculating a theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam according to the actual loading flexibility value of the equal-strength beam;
the calculation formula of the theoretical stress value is as follows:
wherein sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam; w is an actual loading deflection value measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in the stress measuring device based on the deflection method; e is the elastic modulus of the equal-strength beam and is obtained by a unidirectional tensile test; h is the thickness of the equal-strength beam, l is the length of the equal-strength beam, and h and l are measured by a non-contact displacement video measuring system in a stress measuring device based on a deflection method;
step five: measuring the stress value of the equal-strength beam by using the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated to obtain a measured stress value;
step six: obtaining an indication error of the measured stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated according to the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam and the measured stress value, and judging whether the indication error is within an expected tolerance range;
the indicating value error is calculated by the following formula:
wherein e is the indicating error of the measured stress value, sigma' is the theoretical stress value of the equal-strength beam,
measuring the stress value of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated in the fifth step;
step seven: and changing the stress value to be calibrated, and repeating the second step to the sixth step until the full-range calibration of the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated is completed.
2. The full-scale calibration method of the X-ray stress gauge according to claim 1, characterized in that: and when the X-ray stress meter to be calibrated is adopted to measure the stress value of the equal-strength beam, measuring the equal-strength beam at any position for multiple times, and taking an average value as a measuring result.
3. The full-scale calibration method of the X-ray stress gauge according to claim 1, characterized in that: calibration is achieved using the deflection-based stress-measuring device, the expected tolerance range is a quantity that is selected according to the particular calibration, and different calibration may select different ranges.
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