CN111418737B - 一种干粉构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种干粉构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种干粉构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用，属于饲料制备技术领域；所述干粉构树草鱼饲料包括以下重量份的组分：干粉构树10.0～25.0份、棉粕14.0～19.0份、鱼粉1.0～3.0份、豆粕10.0～15.0份、麦麸6.0～9.0份、菜粕13.0～16.0份、细糠12.0～15.0、玉米麸6.0～10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0～5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9～1.2份、胆碱0.1～0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0～1.3份、膨润土1.8～2.0份、氯化钠0.08～0.1份和沸石粉0.8～0.9份。本发明所述干粉构树草鱼饲料具有促进草鱼生长、提高草鱼免疫力和抗氧化性能，同时草鱼的肉质也得到改善，蛋白质含量提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料制备技术领域，尤其涉及一种干粉构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
构树(Broussonetia papyrifera L.vent)又名楮树，为桑科构树属的多年生落叶阔叶乔木，具有抗真菌、抗氧化、抗血小板、抗肝细胞毒等生物活性，可用于治疗真菌感染、癌症、糖尿病等疾病。
构树叶营养丰富，普通构树蛋白质含量为14％以上，杂交构树更高，达18％～30％，可部分替代豆粕、鱼粉等作为蛋白质饲料资源用于动物养殖。此外，构树还含有其他营养成分，粗脂肪含量为1.58％～2.98％，钙磷含量分别为2.76％～3.58％、0.40％～0.61％，水溶性多糖为3.54％～8.14％，总黄酮为327.47～890.29μg/g。
构树具有生长速度快，适应性强、分布广、易繁殖、热量高、轮伐期短等特点，在平原、丘陵或山地都能生长，耐旱、耐涝性能也优于其他饲草植物。目前构树的种植规模日渐壮大，产量丰富，亩产鲜叶最少达2吨以上。构树作为一种饲料资源，适量添加能提高畜禽的生产性能，改善肉品质和风味，增强动物的免疫力和抗氧化能力。构树饲料多应用在畜禽养殖上，一般采取热水杀青或者青贮之后投喂。目前尚没有干粉构树树叶在草鱼专用颗粒饲料方面的研究。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明目的在于提供一种干粉构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用；所述干粉构树草鱼饲料具有促进草鱼生长、提高草鱼免疫力和抗氧化性能，同时草鱼的肉质也得到改善，蛋白质含量提高。
本发明提供了一种干粉构树草鱼饲料，包括以下重量份的组分：
干粉构树10.0～25.0份、棉粕14.0～19.0份、鱼粉1.0～3.0份、豆粕10.0～15.0份、麦麸6.0～9.0份、菜粕13.0～16.0份、细糠12.0～15.0、玉米麸6.0～10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0～5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9～1.2份、胆碱0.1～0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0～1.3份、膨润土1.8～2.0份、氯化钠0.08～0.1份和沸石粉0.8～0.9份。
优选的，包括以下重量份的组分：干粉构树15.0份、棉粕16.0份、鱼粉1.5份、豆粕13.0份、麦麸8.8份、菜粕14.0份、细糠13.0份、玉米麸7.0份、膨化大豆粉3.2份、草鱼预混料1.0份、胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、膨润土2.0份、氯化钠0.1份、沸石粉0.9份和豆油3.1份。
优选的，所述干粉构树的含水量≤8％。
优选的，所述干粉构树为干粉构树颗粒；所述干粉构树颗粒的粒径为2.0～3.0mm，所述干粉构树颗粒的长度为5.0～10mm。
本发明还提供了所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
1)将构树树叶干燥、制粒获得干粉构树；
2)将所述干粉构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉混合获得干粉构树草鱼饲料。
优选的，步骤1)中所述干燥的方法包括晒干，所述晒干的时间为5～7d。
优选的，步骤1)中所述干燥的方法包括烘干，所述烘干的温度为55～65℃。
优选的，步骤1)中所述干燥后的构树树叶的含水量≤8％。
优选的，所述干粉构树密封保存。
本发明提供了干粉构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。
本发明的有益效果：本发明提供的干粉构树草鱼饲料营养丰富且配比均衡，粗蛋白含量为29.9％，粗纤维为7.4％，粗脂肪含量为5.2％，钙含量为1.30％，磷含量为0.87％，17种氨基酸总量为26.9％。
以本发明提供的干粉构树草鱼饲料饲喂草鱼后，草鱼的增重率比商品饲料提高20％以上，饲料系数降低21.64％。检测草鱼血清成分，饲喂干粉构树草鱼饲料的草鱼总蛋白和白蛋白相比饲喂商品饲料草鱼高2.12％和8.04％，血糖变化不明显；甘油三酯、总胆固醇和尿素氮分别低24.12％、17.71％和20.56％，说明干粉构树具有促进脂肪代谢、减轻肾脏损伤的功能作用。
饲喂干粉构树草鱼饲料的草鱼血清中总抗氧化能力和免疫球蛋白(IgM)均有提高，其中总抗氧化能力活性和碱性磷酸酶比饲喂商品饲料的草鱼高2.54％和3.0％，IgM提高5.80％。饲喂本发明所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料草鱼中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性降低了39.72％和16.48％，具有良好的抗肝损伤及护肝作用。本发明所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料蛋白质含量比商品饲料提高6.33％，而脂肪含量降低1.15％，降低效果不明显。本发明提供的干粉构树草鱼饲料，造粒效果与商品饲料无差别，蛋白质营养更高，在草鱼上应用具有提高蛋白质含量、抗氧化和提高免疫力的效果。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种干粉构树草鱼饲料，包括以下重量份的组分：干粉构树10.0～25.0份、棉粕14.0～19.0份、鱼粉1.0～3.0份、豆粕10.0～15.0份、麦麸6.0～9.0份、菜粕13.0～16.0份、细糠12.0～15.0、玉米麸6.0～10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0～5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9～1.2份、胆碱0.1～0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0～1.3份、膨润土1.8～2.0份、氯化钠0.08～0.1份和沸石粉0.8～0.9份。
在本发明中，所述干粉构树草鱼饲料优选的包括以下重量份的组分：干粉构树颗粒15.0份、棉粕16.0份、鱼粉1.5份、豆粕13.0份、麦麸8.8份、菜粕14.0份、细糠13.0份、玉米麸7.0份、膨化大豆粉3.2份、草鱼预混料1.0份、胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、膨润土2.0份、氯化钠0.1份、沸石粉0.9份和豆油3.1份。本发明对所述棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠、沸石粉和豆油来源没有特殊限定，采用本领域常规的市售产品即可。
在本发明中，所述干粉构树优选的来源于杂交构树的树叶；所述干粉构树的含水量优选的≤8％。在本发明中，所述干粉构树优选为干粉构树颗粒；所述干粉构树颗粒的粒径优选为2.0～3.0mm，所述干粉构树颗粒的长度优选为5.0～10mm。在本发明中，优选的将构树叶放入小型颗粒饲料机，将松散、体积庞大的干构树叶压缩制成颗粒获得干粉构树颗粒。本发明将鲜构树制备为干粉构树颗粒，能够压缩体积，方便储存和运输；同时降低构树叶的含水量，防止构树叶受潮发霉。
在本发明中，粗蛋白含量为29.9％，粗纤维为7.4％，粗脂肪含量为5.2％，钙含量为1.30％，磷含量为0.87％，17种氨基酸总量为26.9％；所述干粉构树草鱼饲料的pH值优选为5.51，所述干粉构树草鱼饲料的干物质含量优选为92.58％。在本发明中，所述干粉构树草鱼饲料的粒径优选为3.1～3.2mm，更优选为3.1mm；所述干粉构树草鱼饲料的长度优选为7.2～7.4mm，更优选为7.3mm。
本发明还提供了所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：1)将构树树叶干燥、制粒获得干粉构树；2)将所述干粉构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉等混合获得干粉构树草鱼饲料。
在本发明中，所述干燥的方法为晒干或烘干，所述晒干的时间优选为5～7d，更优选为6d；所述烘干的温度优选为55～65℃，更优选为60℃。本发明对所述烘干的时间没有特殊限定，以烘干后构树树叶的含水量≤8％为准。
本发明在所述构树树叶干燥后，进行制粒。在本发明中，所述制粒优选在小型颗粒饲料机中进行；所述制粒将松散、体积庞大的干构树叶压缩制成颗粒。本发明在所述制粒后，优选的将所述干粉构树密封保存，更优选的将所述干粉构树置于塑料袋中密封保存。
本发明在获得干粉构树后，将所述干粉构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉混合获得干粉构树草鱼饲料。本发明对所述混合方法没有特殊限定，采用本领域常规的混合方法即可。本发明在所述混合后，优选的还包括制粒的步骤，本发明对所述制粒的方法没有特殊限定，采用本领域常规的颗粒饲料制粒的方法即可。
本发明还提供了所述干粉构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。在本发明中，所述干粉构树草鱼饲料营养丰富且配比均衡，粗蛋白含量高。饲喂草鱼后，能够促进草鱼生长，改善草鱼肉质，提高草鱼免疫力。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
收割田间栽培的杂交构树叶，晒干6d后，用小型颗粒饲料机将松散、体积庞大的干构树叶压缩制成颗粒，颗粒粒径为2.0～3.0mm，颗粒长度为5.0～10mm。构树叶加工成颗粒后，水分含量下降到8％以下。
将干燥后的构树颗粒按照15％添加量棉粕16.0份、鱼粉1.5份、豆粕13.0份、麦麸8.8份、菜粕14.0份、细糠13.0份、玉米麸7.0份、膨化大豆粉3.2份、草鱼预混料1.0份、胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、膨润土2.0份、氯化钠0.1份、沸石粉0.9份和豆油3.1份混合后制成颗粒饲料，制备工艺与商品饲料相同。
干粉构树颗粒草鱼饲料的营养成分含量：粗蛋白含量为29.9％，粗纤维为7.4％，粗脂肪含量为5.2％，钙含量为1.30％，磷含量为0.87％，17种氨基酸总量为26.9％；其他指标：干物质含量为91.75％，pH值为5.51，干粉构树颗粒草鱼饲料的颗粒粒径为3.1mm，粒长7.3mm，与同时生产的商品饲料(商品饲料为泰和饲料厂生产的草鱼专用饲料，不含构树成分)无区别，溶失率符合国家要求。
实施例2
比较干粉构树草鱼颗粒饲料和商品饲料对草鱼生长和免疫能力以及肉品质等影响
材料与方法：草鱼品种选择大小平均为303±50g左右作为研究材料，在面积为4000平方米水塘中开展实验。水塘用生石灰进行底泥消毒，水深1.5m。每个重复面积为400平方米，用拦网分隔不同处理。
草鱼投苗后每天投食量(实施例1中制备的干粉构树草鱼饲料，对照为不加干粉构树的商品草鱼饲料)为鱼群体质量3.0％，每7d调整一次投喂量，每次增加4％，并根据水温、天气和摄食情况进行适当微调，每天08：30和16：30各投喂1次。每周监测氨态氮和pH值2次，定期注水，保证氨态氮低于0.5mg/L以下，pH值在7.3～7.9之间。
投喂45d后取样，分析草鱼生长、肉质和血清中抗氧化等指标，生长性能指标测定参考相关文献(王志敬,刘明珠,于辉,等.动物营养学报,2016,28(11):3679-3686.玉屏风多糖对草鱼生长性能、免疫器官指数和肝胰脏非特异性免疫指标的影响；魏洪城,郁欢欢,陈晓明,等.动物营养学报,2018,30(10):4190-4201.乙醇梭菌蛋白替代豆粕对草鱼生长性能、血浆生化指标及肝胰脏和肠道组织病理的影响.)，血清中常规指标采用全自动生化分析仪测定，免疫和抗氧化指标采用相应试剂盒测定，肉质指标参考相应国家检测标准(GB/T9695.7-2008、GB/T 9695.18-2008、GB/T 9695.15-2008和GB/T 9695.11-2008)。
结果表明，干粉构树草鱼饲料与商品饲料比较，干粉构树草鱼饲料降低了饲料系数，商品饲料是1.696，15％干粉构树颗粒饲料是1.329，饲料系数降低21.64％。在相同饲喂量情况下，干粉构树草鱼饲料利用率更高，因此肥满度也有所提高，商品饲料是1.84，而干粉构树饲料是2.09，增重率比商品饲料提高20.07％，用SPSS 18.0软件进行t值差异性统计分析，差异达到显著性。
表1养殖45d干粉构树颗粒饲料对草鱼生长指标的影响
比较血清中常规指标，饲喂15％干粉构树草鱼颗粒饲料血清中的血糖、总蛋白和白蛋白均比商品饲料高，分别提高0.85％、2.12％和8.04％，说明与草鱼营养相关的代谢效率高，促进草鱼生长，提高增重率。干粉构树草鱼饲料饲喂的草鱼血清中与脂肪代谢相关的指标甘油三酯和胆固醇低于商品饲料，分别降低24.12％和17.71％，结果说明干粉构树具有降低胆固醇和加快脂肪代谢的作用。尿素氮比商品饲料降低20.56％，结果说明干粉构树草鱼饲料具有良好促进草鱼体内氮代谢作用，减轻肾脏损伤的功能作用。
表2养殖45d干粉构树颗粒饲料对草鱼血清常规生化指标的影响
比较总抗氧化能力和免疫指标影响，干粉构树草鱼饲料提高了总抗氧化能力和免疫球蛋白(IgM)含量，干粉构树草鱼饲料对草鱼的总抗氧化能力和碱性磷酸酶指标分别比商品饲料提高2.54％和3.0％，对超氧化物歧化酶影响不明显。比较血清中免疫球蛋白含量(IgM)，比商品饲料提高5.80％。干粉构树草鱼饲料降低了谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性，分别比商品饲料降低39.72％和16.48％，效果极显著，说明干粉构树具有改善和提高抗氧化能力、免疫作用和降低潜在的抗肝损伤及修复肝损伤作用。干粉构树颗粒饲料对血清中其他指标影响不明显，与商品饲料相近。
表3养殖45d干粉构树颗粒饲料对草鱼血清抗氧化和免疫能力影响
比较草鱼肉质情况，干粉构树草鱼饲料具有提高肉质中蛋白质含量作用，比商品饲料提高6.33％，而总脂肪含量降低1.15％，结果表明饲料中添加15％干粉构树具有明显降低鱼肉中总脂肪、提高蛋白质作用。水分和灰分含量差异不明显。
表4养殖45d干粉构树颗粒饲料对草鱼肉质指标的影响
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种干粉构树草鱼饲料，其特征在于，由以下重量份的组分组成：干粉构树15.0份、棉粕16.0份、鱼粉1.5份、豆粕13.0份、麦麸8.8份、菜粕14.0份、细糠13.0份、玉米麸7.0份、膨化大豆粉3.2份、草鱼预混料1.0份、胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、膨润土2.0份、氯化钠0.1份、沸石粉0.9份和豆油3.1份；
所述干粉构树的含水量≤8%；
所述干粉构树为干粉构树颗粒；所述干粉构树颗粒的粒径为2.0~3.0mm，所述干粉构树颗粒的长度为5.0~10mm。
2.权利要求1所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
1）将构树树叶干燥、制粒获得干粉构树；
2）将所述干粉构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠、沸石粉和豆油混合后制成颗粒饲料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1）中所述干燥的方法包括晒干，所述晒干的时间为5~7d。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1）中所述干燥的方法包括烘干，所述烘干的温度为55~65℃。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1）中所述干燥后的构树树叶的含水量≤8%。
6.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述干粉构树密封保存。
7.权利要求1所述的干粉构树草鱼饲料或权利要求2~6任意一项所述的制备方法制备获得的干粉构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。
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