CN111387095A - Breeding method for improved variety parent of mullet - Google Patents
Breeding method for improved variety parent of mullet Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for breeding stock improved variety parents of mullets, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: collecting parent fish and carrying out isolated culture in a parent fish culture pond to establish two basic groups, namely a culture group and a wild group; step two: carrying out parent fish selection and intensive cultivation on the two basic groups, carrying out inter-group hybridization, and adopting artificial spawning induction and insemination; step three: through the processes of hatching, fry breeding, adult fish breeding and parent fish selecting and remaining, a population breeding route is adopted for fine breeding, and a population with stable characters is preferentially bred and used as a fine parent for application and popularization. The method can cultivate the improved variety parent of the mullet with stable quality, high survival rate and excellent properties.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for breeding pikes, in particular to a method for breeding improved variety parents of pikes.
Background
The pike is one of the main economic fishes with marine nearshore property, and is distributed in Bohai sea from north and south in China, and the Bohai sea is the main distribution area. The mullet has the characteristics of wide salinity, short food chain and rapid growth, and is an ideal cultured fish in the coastal areas in the north of China.
Most of the mullet culture seedlings are collected and caught in natural water areas, and the sea-caught seedlings have the defects of difficult transportation and high transportation death rate; the artificial hatching and breeding of the parent fishes are mostly from wild fishes in natural water areas, no professional fine variety field of mullets is used for cultivating the fine variety of the parent fishes, the shortage of high-quality fine variety parent fishes causes difficulty in fry hatching, the quality of the fries hatched in the fry field is uneven due to the unstable quality of the parent fishes, the shortage of high-quality fries required for cultivation is caused, the cultivation survival rate is low, the economic benefit of culturists is gradually reduced, and the adverse current situation that the shortage of the fine variety parent fishes causes the unstable hatching of the mullets and further causes the high-quality mullets to be incapable of meeting the increasing cultivation market demands is formed in the mullet cultivation industry.
The parent fish with good gonad maturity is the material basis of artificial propagation, so that the key of artificial propagation is to cultivate a large amount of high-quality mature parent fish. The lack of improved variety of mullet parents is the current situation restricting the artificial breeding of mullets, so that the healthy development of the mullet breeding industry is greatly influenced.
The invention patent application with the application number of 201711469898.7 discloses a mullet culture method, which comprises the following steps: pond selection, fry culture, feed management, disease prevention and treatment and daily management. The quality of the mullet cultivated by the mullet cultivation method is unstable, and high-quality mullet fine breed parents cannot be cultivated.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the method for cultivating the improved variety parent of the mullet, which has stable quality, high survival rate and wide application range.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for breeding improved variety parents of mullets comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: collecting parent fish and carrying out isolated culture in a parent fish culture pond to establish two basic groups, namely a culture group and a wild group;
step two: carrying out parent fish selection and intensive cultivation on the two basic groups, carrying out inter-group hybridization, and adopting artificial spawning induction and insemination;
step three: through the processes of hatching, fry breeding, adult fish breeding and parent fish selecting and remaining, a population breeding route is adopted for fine breeding, and a population with stable characters is preferentially bred and used as a fine parent for application and popularization.
Preferably, the parent fish breeding pond is a clay pond with a cement bottom, the area is more than 3 mu, the water depth is 1.5 m, the water quality is basically consistent with the water quality and salinity of the parent fish source area, 100 fish are bred in each mu, the average specification of each fish is 1.5 kg during breeding, and the male-female ratio is 3: 1-5: 1, feeding 3 times daily complete compound feed, feeding 3-5% of fish weight daily, maintaining pond patrol and detecting water quality every day, changing water 30-50cm every 3-7 days, adding seawater into fresh water-sourced parent fish when changing water each time until salinity reaches natural seawater salinity, salinization time 15-20 days, and completing brine transition at least one month before artificial induced spawning.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the culture population is a progeny of a wild species fish from the Bohai sea area bred in an inland reservoir.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the wild population is a wild population captured from the Bohai sea region and maintaining gene diversity and high heterozygosity, and the wild population is a population after hybridization with a culture population.
Preferably, in any of the above embodiments, the hybridization process is as follows: establishing a population F1 with different hybridization combinations, performing excellent economic character evaluation and selective breeding on the population, performing intraspecific hybridization on male and female parents of different hybridization populations F1 to breed different populations F2, performing excellent economic character evaluation and selective breeding on different populations F2 again, and performing interspecific hybridization, namely compound hybridization on different hybridization populations F2 to breed the next generation of population.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the artificial induced spawning requires that the water temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, and the chest cavity is used for injecting 1 to 3 times of oxytocin, wherein the oxytocin comprises luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue L HRH-A2, chorionic gonadotropin HCG, A-type mixed hormone and B-type mixed hormone.
In any of the above schemes, the temperature of the artificial induced spawning water is preferably 16-19 ℃.
In any of the above embodiments, preferably, the number of injections of oxytocin is 2 for female fish and 1 for male fish.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferred that the female fish is injected with the first luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2) at 3-6 microgram/kg, the female fish is injected with the second luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2) at 6-10 microgram/kg, the chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 1000-.
In any of the above aspects, preferably, the insemination is performed by dry insemination.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the dry insemination is performed when the ovum is mature, mellow, full, transparent and orange, has a single large oil ball, has good tension on the egg membrane, and is performed when the extruded ovum flows smoothly and has viscosity.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the dry insemination comprises the steps of wrapping mature female fish tightly with a towel, extruding eggs of the female fish into a clean basin, quickly dropping semen of male fish into the eggs, slightly stirring with feather, adding a small amount of incubation water while stirring, standing for 5 minutes after shaking uniformly, removing dirt such as blood clots, ovarian tissues and the like with a 10-mesh filter screen, and finally pouring into an incubation pool.
In any scheme, preferably, a cement pool is adopted for still water inflation incubation, the salinity is 15-25 per thousand, the incubation water temperature is 16-20 ℃, the egg distribution density is 8 ten thousand per square meter, continuous inflation is kept so that fish eggs can be turned over without dead angles, and the embryo development can be completed within 46-52 hours.
In any scheme, preferably, the seedling is cultivated in an indoor cement pond, the cultivation density is 5 ten thousand per cubic water body, the temperature is 20-24 ℃, the salinity is about 25 per thousand, feeding rotifers at the stage of feeding to 2.5 cm after 7 days after the film of the fish seedlings is broken, moving the fish seedlings to an outdoor soil pond or throwing in a sea area after the stage of 2.5 cm, cultivating the fish seedlings in the outdoor soil pond under natural conditions, putting 30-50 thousand of rotifers per mu, gradually dividing the pond along with the increase of the specification, and feeding the rotifers or feeding artificial particle feeds.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the improved variety breeding intensity and process route are as follows:
selecting over 1000 improved parent fishes, selecting 10 percent of the improved parent fishes in the process from fry to summer, selecting 20 percent of the improved parent fishes in the process from summer to fingerling, selecting 30 percent of first-instar fishes in the process from autumn to spring, selecting 50 percent of first-instar fishes in the process from first-instar fishes to second-instar fishes, selecting 80 percent of second-instar fishes to third-instar fishes, selecting 80 percent of parent fishes to be bred, and circularly performing according to the breeding intensity and the process route.
The invention provides a method for cultivating improved mullet parents, which can cultivate the improved mullet parents with stable quality, high survival rate and excellent properties.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the process route of the method for breeding improved variety of mullet parents of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of cross breeding of the method for breeding improved variety of mullet parents of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the breeding intensity and the process route of the improved variety parent breeding method of mullet according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A method for breeding a stock parent of a mullet comprises the following steps as shown in figure 1:
the method comprises the following steps: collecting parent fish and carrying out isolated culture in a parent fish culture pond to establish two basic groups, namely a culture group and a wild group;
step two: carrying out parent fish selection and intensive cultivation on the two basic groups, carrying out inter-group hybridization, and adopting artificial spawning induction and insemination;
step three: through the processes of hatching, fry breeding, adult fish breeding and parent fish selecting and remaining, a population breeding route is adopted for fine breeding, and a population with stable characters is preferentially bred and used as a fine parent for application and popularization.
A method for breeding improved variety parents of mullets comprises the following steps of firstly collecting parent fishes and carrying out isolated culture in a parent fish breeding pond to establish two basic populations of mullets: a breeding population and a wild population. The parent fish breeding pond is a clay pond with a cement bottom, the area is more than 3 mu, the water depth is 1.5 m, the water quality is basically consistent with the water quality and salinity of a parent fish source field, 100 fish are bred in each mu, the average specification of each fish is 1.5 kg during breeding, and the male-female ratio is 3: 1-5: 1, feeding the complete feed 3 times a day, and feeding the fish 3-5% of the weight of the fish daily.
The parent pike cultured in fresh water or brackish water with salinity lower than 5 per thousand needs a salinity environment with certain concentration at the final mature stage of gonad development due to heredity, so that saline water transition is needed, and the saline water transition is completed at least one month before the start of artificial induced spawning. In northern areas such as Hebei and Tianjin, the artificial spawning of the pike is generally between the late 4 months and the early 5 months, so the salt water transition is completed between the late 3 months and the early 4 months at latest. During the salt water transition period, the pond is kept and the water quality is detected every day, the water is changed by 30-50cm every 3-7 days, the seawater is added into the parent fish from the fresh water source during the water change every time until the salinity reaches the natural seawater salinity, and the salinization time is 15-20 days.
The artificial breeding of the pikes starts from the beginning of the sixties of the twentieth century, the breeding population is mainly from the bred offspring of the wild species of the Bohai sea area in China, and because the strict germplasm protection and breeding work is not carried out, the breeding population has great difference from the wild population in the aspects of ecological habits, propagation characteristics, genetic basis, economic characters and the like, and is mainly reflected in the early maturation, slow growth speed and poor disease resistance of the breeding population, and the source of the breeding population is inland reservoir. The wild population is obtained from a population obtained by capturing the wild population from the Bohai sea area and a culture population after hybridization, and the main sources of the wild population are natural sea areas and salt pan Wangzi. Because the wild population keeps gene diversity and higher heterozygosity, the wild population and the cultured population can be purified and rejuvenated by hybridization. Proved by practice, the parent fish caught from the natural water area has large fecundity and high yield after artificial intensive cultivation for more than 1 year.
In this embodiment, the hybridization process in the method for breeding the improved variety of mullet parent is as follows: through the hybridization between two populations of a breeding population and a wild population, a population F1 with different hybridization combinations is established, and the evaluation and selective cultivation of excellent economic characteristics are carried out, wherein the excellent economic characteristics mainly refer to high growth speed and strong disease resistance, the female parent and the male parent of each different hybridization population F1 are taken to carry out intraspecific hybridization to cultivate each different population F2, the evaluation and selective cultivation of the excellent economic characteristics are carried out on the different population F2 again, the interspecific hybridization, namely the compound hybridization, is carried out on the different hybridization populations F2 according to the operation route of the hybridization breeding of the breeding population and the wild population, the population with stable characteristics is cultivated to the next generation, and the population with stable characteristics is preferably bred to serve as the improved variety parent for application and popularization.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, first, the female parent in the breeding population, the male parent in the local wild population, and the male parent in the breeding population and the female parent in the local wild population are hybridized to obtain F1 male and female parents, then the obtained F1 male and female parents are hybridized intraspecies to breed corresponding F2 male and female parents, and then the obtained F2 male and female parents are hybridized interspecific to obtain the compound hybridization to breed the next generation population. Before each hybridization, different hybridization groups are subjected to excellent economic character evaluation and selective breeding according to growth speed and disease resistance, so that the bred mullet parents have more excellent characters.
In the embodiment, the artificial oxytocin is generally injected from 1 to 3 times in the chest cavity in the last ten days of 4 months to 5 months, the water temperature is stable above 15 ℃, the oxytocin temperature is suitable for 16-19 ℃, the artificial oxytocin is injected from 1 to 3 times in the chest cavity for most artificial oxytocin, the injection times are generally 2 times, the oxytocin can be selected from luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2), chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and mixed hormone A and mixed hormone B, the dosage and variety of the oxytocin can be flexibly controlled according to the gonad development degree of parent fish, two or more kinds of oxytocin are generally selected to be used in combination, the first needle of the female fish is injected with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2)3-6 micrograms/kg of fish, the second needle is injected with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2)6-10 micrograms/kg of fish, the first needle of the female fish is injected with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (HCG)1000 units of male sex hormone/kg or mixed hormone A5 units of the male fish, and the second needle is injected with male fish at intervals of 1500/kg of male fish 12 hours, if the female fish is injected with male fish 2 hours.
It should be noted that the injection time interval and injection dosage of oxytocin must be properly controlled, if the hormone injection time interval is short or the injection dosage is too large, the roe development deformity is easily caused, in order to avoid such a situation, two or three needles are generally adopted for injection, and the first needle or the first two needles are injected with the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (L HRH-A2), and marking is performed during injection, so that whether the oxytocin is injected can be clearly identified, and repetition or omission is avoided.
Under the condition of artificial breeding, the mullets generally cannot lay eggs and fertilize by themselves, and only can adopt artificial egg extrusion and insemination. Observing the induced spawning parent fish, wherein the female fish has an enlarged and soft belly and naturally droops, and a reproductive hole is red, swollen and protruded for the mature parent fish; the male fish lightly presses the abdomen and semen flows out. The semen with good quality is thick, milk white, large in semen amount, can be immediately and uniformly dispersed when dropped into water, and has high density and strong activity after activation during microscopic examination. The mature barracuda ovum is observed under a microscope, is mellow, transparent and orange, has a single large oil ball, and has good tension on the egg membrane; when eggs are squeezed, the eggs flow smoothly and have viscosity. Artificial insemination should be performed in time, and the fertilization rate is high.
In this example, when insemination is performed by the dry method, mature female fish is wrapped tightly with a towel, eggs of the female fish are squeezed into a clean basin, semen of male fish is dropped into the eggs rapidly, the sperms are stirred gently by feathers, a small amount of incubation water is added while stirring, the mixture is kept stand for 5 minutes after shaking up, then a 10-mesh filter screen is used for removing contaminants such as blood clots and ovarian tissues, and the mixture is poured into an incubation pool.
In the embodiment, the incubation adopts still water aerated incubation in a cement pool, the salinity is 15-25 per thousand, the incubation water temperature is 16-20 ℃, the egg laying density is preferably 8 ten thousand/cubic meter, continuous aeration is carried out, and the aeration quantity is preferably that the roes can be turned over without dead angles. The embryo development can be completed by the rupture of the fertilized egg membrane for 46 to 52 hours when the water temperature is between 16 and 20 ℃.
In the embodiment, the offspring seed is cultivated in an indoor cement pond, the cultivation density is about 5 thousands of seeds per cubic water body, the temperature is 20-24 ℃, and the salinity is about 25 per thousand. Feeding rotifers at the stage of starting feeding after 7 days of balance swimming after the fish fry breaks the membrane to 2.5 cm, feeding for 3-4 times every day, wherein the feeding amount is determined according to the hunger and fullness degree of the fish fry, and moving the fish fry into an outdoor soil pond or a sea area after the 2.5 cm stage. The living rotifer is fed, and the water quality can be ensured to be clean. The outdoor soil pond is used for natural condition cultivation, 30-50 thousands of insects are placed in each mu, the pond is gradually divided along with the increase of the specification, and the rotifers can be fed with artificial particle feed. The growing period of scales of the fry must be avoided at the time of pond division so as to avoid the death of the fry due to improper pond division. In order to effectively avoid the pollution of residual baits and fry excrement at the bottom of the pond to water quality, particularly the rising of water temperature at the later stage of seedling raising, the treatment on the water quality is emphasized, sewage suction equipment is strictly adhered to for 2 times every day, and the dirt at the bottom of the pond is timely removed.
In this embodiment, the improved variety breeding technology adopts a population breeding route, the main indexes of breeding are growth rate and disease resistance, and the breeding intensity and process route are shown in fig. 3: selecting over 1000 healthy and disease-free fine parent fishes, selecting 10% of the fine parent fishes from fry to summer, 20% of the fine parent fishes from summer to summer, 30% of first-instar fishes from autumn to spring, 50% of first-instar fishes from first-instar fishes to second-instar fishes, 80% of second-instar fishes from second-instar fishes to third-instar fishes, and 80% of parent fishes to be bred according to the breeding intensity and the process route in a circulating manner.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be covered by the scope of the present invention by the technical solutions and their equivalents and modifications within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for cultivating improved variety parents of mullets comprises the processes of cultivation pool selection and seedling cultivation, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: collecting parent fish and carrying out isolated culture in a parent fish culture pond to establish two basic groups, namely a culture group and a wild group;
step two: carrying out parent fish selection and intensive cultivation on the two basic groups, carrying out inter-group hybridization, and adopting artificial spawning induction and insemination;
step three: through the processes of hatching, fry breeding, adult fish breeding and parent fish selecting and remaining, a population breeding route is adopted for fine breeding, and a population with stable characters is preferentially bred and used as a fine parent for application and popularization.
2. The method for cultivating an improved variety of mullet parents of claim 1, wherein the parent fish cultivation pond is a clay pond with a cement bottom, the area of the clay pond is more than 3 mu, the water depth is 1.5 m, the water quality is basically consistent with the water salinity of the parent fish source area, 100 mullets are put in place per mu, the average specification of each mullet is 1.5 kg, and the male-female ratio is 3: 1-5: 1, feeding 3 times daily complete compound feed, feeding 3-5% of fish weight daily, maintaining pond patrol and detecting water quality every day, changing water 30-50cm every 3-7 days, adding seawater into fresh water-sourced parent fish when changing water each time until salinity reaches natural seawater salinity, salinization time 15-20 days, and completing brine transition at least one month before artificial induced spawning.
3. The method for breeding a mullet improved variety parent according to claim 1, wherein the breeding population is a descendant bred in an inland reservoir from a wild species fish in Bohai sea area.
4. The method for breeding a mullet improved variety parent according to claim 1, wherein the wild population is a wild population collected from the Bohai sea region and kept with gene diversity and higher heterozygosity, and a population after hybridization with a culture population.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the crossing process comprises: establishing a population F1 with different hybridization combinations, performing excellent economic character evaluation and selective breeding on the population, performing intraspecific hybridization on male and female parents of different hybridization populations F1 to breed different populations F2, performing excellent economic character evaluation and selective breeding on different populations F2 again, and performing interspecific hybridization, namely compound hybridization on different hybridization populations F2 to breed the next generation of population.
6. The method for breeding improved mullet parents of claim 1, wherein the artificial induced spawning requires water temperature to be stabilized above 15 ℃, and oxytocin is injected into the chest for 1 to 3 times, wherein the oxytocin comprises a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue L HRH-A2, chorionic gonadotropin HCG, a mixed hormone type A and a mixed hormone type B.
7. The method for breeding improved mullet parents of claim 6, wherein the artificial induced spawning water is suitably at a temperature of 16-19 ℃.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the number of injections of oxytocin is 2 for female fish and 1 for male fish.
9. The method for breeding improved variety of mullet parents of claim 8, wherein female fish is injected with the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog L HRH-A2 at a dose of 3-6 microgram/kg fish for the first time, and with the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog L HRH-A2 at a dose of 6-10 microgram/kg fish, and with the chorionic gonadotropin HCG at a dose of 1000-1500 IU/kg fish or 5 IU/kg fish with mixed hormone A and mixed hormone B at an interval of 12-18 hours for the second time, and male fish is injected together at the 2 nd injection of female fish.
10. A method of breeding a mullet improved variety parent according to claim 1, wherein said insemination is performed by dry insemination.
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